著者

辻原 万規彦 今村 仁美

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.82, no.737, pp.1859-1869, 2017 (Released:2017-07-30)

被引用文献数

2

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The sugar industry was the most important industry in Okinawa Prefecture before World War II. The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of sugar refinery factories' construction on area development in Okinawa Prefecture. This study focuses on the Nishihara (old/new), Takamine (old/new), Kadena, Tomigusuku and Ginowan sugar refinery factories located on the Okinawa Main Island, the Miyako sugar refinery factory located on the Miyako Island, and the Daito sugar refinery factory located on the South Daito Island, constructed before World War II. 1) Many old newspaper articles published in Okinawa Prefecture before World War II and other materials allowed us to reorganize their factory's construction processes and to examine the reasons to select each factory's location. These 7 factories' construction periods were divided into two phases; old Nishihara, old Takamine and Kadena factories were constructed around 1910, and other 6 factories were constructed around 1917. It is inferred that the former factory's constructions were caused by "Sugar Industry Development 10-year Plan" released at 1901 and the latter by "Okinawa Prefecture's Industry Development 10-year Plan" released at 1915. In addition, the water sources to cool their machines, the transportation of their sugar refinery machines to each factory site and the transportation of their sugar products from each site affected the selection of each factory's location. 2) Some aerial photos taken by the U.S. forces, in addition to some documents and other materials, were used to restore the former layouts for new Nishihara, new Takamine, Kadena, Miyako and Daito factories. However, Tomigusuku and Ginowan factories' former layouts were impossible to restore because of a lack of documents and materials since these two factories had operated for only a short time. New Takamine, Miyako and Daito factories were constructed later, divided their sites into their factory area and company-house area by using their geographical features. Three factories located on the Okinawa Main Island had a smaller company-house area than Daito factory located on the South Daito island, an isolated island, since their workers commuted from their surrounding villages at the former 3 factories. 3) Various materials and documents allowed us to examine the influence of these sugar refinery factories' construction in Okinawa Prefecture before World War II. Three factories; new Nishihara, new Takamine and Kadena, located on the Okinawa Main Island caused their surrounding area development by cooperating with light railways for transporting their sugar products to Naha, capital of Okinawa Prefecture. The Miyako factory caused the whole Miyako Island's industrial development since Miyako Island had few industries at that time and sugar industry was one of the main industries. The Daito factory caused the cultivation of South Daito Island itself since the pioneers for this island had started to cultivate sugar cane. In subsequent research, the comparison with the sugar industry in Okinawa Prefecture after World War II and the comparison with the sugar refinery factory and their company houses constructed in Taiwan, Hokkaido and other areas continue.

著者

コーザー ボウ 木方 十根 鷹野 敦

出版者

Architectural Institute of Japan

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.780, pp.687-696, 2021 (Released:2021-02-28)

参考文献数

31

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This study examines signage and monuments to discover how they may contribute to Built Environment Education (BEE) for self-directed lifelong learning. The site chosen for this study is Ishibashi Memorial Park in Kagoshima, due to its layered historical functions; currently as an educational park for Kagoshima’s stone bridge heritage, but formerly a battleground and religious site. This analysis is conducted using BECK (Built Environment Context of Knowledge) Charts developed in our previous study, which allows us to categorize types of knowledge presented, and to visualize where this knowledge is concentrated. The text and diagrams on 20 signs and 9 monuments are analyzed by coding phrases according to the horizontal and vertical axis of the BECK Chart. These codes were tabulated, the number of occurrences were entered into the corresponding cell on the chart, and each cell was assigned a tonal gradation with darker tones representing higher frequency. This allowed us to see at a glance which types of knowledge were mainly presented on each sign or monument. This analysis demonstrated that technical, political, and social knowledge about the built environment appeared most frequently. The amount of textual information available throughout the park is extensive, and thus it is possible to state that the signs and monuments have potential to contribute to BEE through self-directed lifelong learning. However, some hurdles to learning were also identified. Due to its many uses over time, this site contains a mixture of historic remains, reconstructed historical artifacts, and modern facilities. These are scattered throughout, and there is no clear attempt to integrate these coherently in the overall park design. This makes it difficult for visitors to infer the relationship between these disparate elements through the information on the signs alone. Additionally, reading the signs is time consuming, and depending on the background, motivation, and literacy of the visitor, the amount of effort needed to understand all the information on display is considerable. While the potential for BEE in the park is great, whether this translates into actual learning is questionable. This is an important consideration in relation to the design of parks which are intentionally educational. In terms of applying the BECK Chart, it was found that the original matrix label of ‘building’ was insufficient to address structures which are built, but are not buildings. This was rectified by adding the term ‘structure’ to the label, which allowed for wider application without losing the integrity of the original chart.

著者

今井 正次 赤松 光哉 中井 孝幸 上西 真哉

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.535, pp.107-113, 2000-09-30 (Released:2017-02-03)

参考文献数

9

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This paper is aimed abstract the planning points in combined classes as the learnig space by investigation of learning activities . 11 cases in 6 School were investigated and then simulated the learning activity in other learning cases. Learning activities are classified into lecturer, discussion, exercise and practice. Some conclusions are follows; ・In combined classes, teachers and school children devise the layout of their desks and blackboards to keep away from disturb each grade. ・When there are two grades in one classroom, it is agreeable to set up another learning comer for the conversion of learning activities.

著者

岩田 敏也

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, no.552, pp.295-302, 2002-02-28 (Released:2017-02-04)

参考文献数

22

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The aim of this research is to clarify the characteristic of the design and construction of beam svstetn in the main halls of the Esoteric Buddhist temple in TOKAl district in the Edo period. The conclusions are as follows. 1) There are some common distinctions of the beam svstem in "Gejin" (the outer chamber) of the Buddhist halls in this district in the Edo period, by which these Buddhist halls can be classified. 2) Some Buddhist halls adopted the Rainbow-beam of 3-pillar spans in the lengthwise direction of it, especially in the eastern part of MIKAWA and TOTOUMl areas. 3) These beam systems has developed still more in the Edo period, inheriting technical skills from the Medieval period. It has become more comnlicated with gigantic beams, in structure.

著者

有住 侑子 藤田 勝也

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, no.680, pp.2439-2444, 2012-10-30 (Released:2013-04-25)

参考文献数

19

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The consequence from Koji Fujii was considered centering on the tearoom of the Nakano family residence. The main points of argument solved in this paper are as follows.1. By construction of the tearoom of the Hiraike family residence, or the former Ogawa family residence, Dembei received influence from Fujii.2. Dembei had adopted in the plan the lighting method and the ventilating method which Fujii recommends.3. The influence from Fujii is seen in the Nakano family residence or the tearoom in Kyoto Botanical Garden.4. He investigated the mere not a copy but original design, Dembei being affected from Fujii.

著者

山本 昌和 吉村 英祐

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.79, no.701, pp.1515-1521, 2014-07-30 (Released:2014-09-30)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

1 2

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In order to obtain useful data for computer simulations of crowd flow in stations, we conducted surveys of upward crowds on stairs in real stations. We obtain detailed time series data of numbers, crowd flow coefficients, and walking speeds of people on stairs and confirm following 4 points quantitatively. 1. Crowd flow on stairs change from “unstable state” to “stable state” and “decreasing state”. 2. On narrow stairs, “unstable state” quickly disappears, and moves to “stable state”. 3. Crowd flow coefficients reach its peak and keep a stable value. 4. Walking speeds are almost constant during “stable state”.

著者

豊川 斎赫

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.783, pp.1569-1580, 2021-05-30 (Released:2021-05-30)

参考文献数

38

被引用文献数

3

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The purpose of this study was to reveal how difficult it was to realize large structures of reinforced concrete hyperbolic paraboloidal (H.P.) Shells in the earthquake-prone Japan of the 1950s. The analysis examined the design and construction of the Sunpu Kaikan, focusing on the roles of Kenzo Tange, Yoshikatsu Tsuboi, and the staff of their architectural laboratories. This study brings out the following four points.First, the designs of the Hiroshima Children’s Library and Ehime Prefectural Culture Center in the early 1950s helped Kenzo Tange and Tsuboi gain six insights. These were: curves that can be expressed by simple mathematical formulas, methods to prevent shell deformation, the relationship between shell and supports, the cost for construction, construction information, and acoustics arrangement. Tange and Tsuboi made significant use of these insights while constructing the H.P. shell for the Sunpu Kaikan.Second, while Tange and Tsuboi took keen interest in the shells created by overseas architects such as Saarinen, Stubbins, and Nervi, we found that they were trying to create shells that would match and surpass them. While Tsuboi has worked with general contractors to compile the “standard specifications for the construction of shell structures,” Aoki published a journal article outlining the shortcomings of the Sunpu Kaikan construction, similarly to Nervi. This attitude contributed greatly toward the subsequent development of large-scale architecture.Third, while designing the Niigata City Gymnasium, Miyagawa accurately understood the issues with the reinforced concrete H.P. shell of the Shizuoka Convention Hall and thus, proposed a steel framed H.P. shell. We also found that Tsuboi highly admired the fact that the shell of the Niigata City Gymnasium was not damaged by the 1964 Niigata Earthquake.Fourth, through the completion of the Shizuoka Convention Hall, Tange and Tsuboi were able to visualize the difficulties in construction, the construction costs, and the labor involved in the constructions of the huge H.P. shell. Their teams were aware of the limitations and the problems of reinforced concrete, and thus, decided to take on the challenge of designing a suspended roof structure for the Yoyogi National Gymnasium.Tsuboi focused on creating a balance between a large span and cost, exploring new possibilities for the designing of spatial structures by drawing ideas from bridge-building techniques.

著者

是澤 紀子

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.79, no.700, pp.1433-1439, 2014-06-30 (Released:2014-07-15)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

1 2

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Focusing on the early modern era when the "taboos" were established, this paper is to clarify the characteristics of landscape in shrine created by the tabooed land of Mt. Miwa from the perspective of the surrounding mountain forest, and landscapes in picture maps. At the same time as the major development of the Omiwa shrine in the Kanbun era (1661-73), taboos were established behind "Mitsu-Torii", and the area was classified as "Miwa Myojin Main Shrine Mountain". It shows that in that setting, from 1638 there was a view towards "Tomeyama" or the total protection of the entire mountain as, which at the same time was overlapping with a view towards the partial protection. Here we can see the condition of a multi-layered protection taking the shape, and already such an area could be seen in picture maps drawn before the establishment of the taboos.

著者

穂苅 耕介 神吉 紀世子

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.78, no.684, pp.403-412, 2013-02-28 (Released:2013-05-31)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

1

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In this paper, we analyzed the changes in relationships between local residents and local builders through the Machizukuri activities of a built-up area. And the effect of the local builder's participation for Machizukuri are clarified. As a resuits are follows. Volunteer local builders launched a small voluntary organization and participated in Machizukuri by using own position properly, as local builder or as local resident. As a result, the partnership is formed between some residents and local builders. And by the formed partnership, local builders are able to perform public projects with the help of residents and it reduced the work burden. But on other hand, the continuous participation in Machizukuri and to use own position properly are difficult, for young local builders who have limited experience and achievements.

著者

江本 弘

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.781, pp.1115-1122, 2021 (Released:2021-03-30)

参考文献数

3

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The start of the myth-making of the Katsura Imperial Villa as the acme of architectural aesthetics dates back to the early 1920s when the German-speaking world was beginning to be concerned about the pioneering nature of Japanese traditional dwelling’s wooden frame structure for its flexibility, openness, and close relationship of building and nature that preceded Western modernism. Manifestations of this line of interest involve Wasmuths Monatshefte für Baukunst’s earliest attention (1921/22) to a Japanese house being “full of inspiration for European architects,” and Bruno Taut’s reference in his Die Neue Wohnung in 1924. As those attempts were almost autonomous within the German-reading continent without sufficient reach to visual materials, ensuing interaction with the Japanese architectural world from the latter half of the 1920s greatly enhanced their knowledge production. The visit of the members of Bund Deutcher Architekten in Japan would result in the first introduction of Katsura as an intrinsically modern antiquity in the special issue of Die Form in July 1933. It was that the domestic modernist reevaluation of Katsura from Hideto Kishida’s mention in the end of the 1920s surreptitiously crossed an ocean to meet similar, but an even earlier search for a Japanese icon of the German-reading world of architecture. Bruno Taut emigrated to Japan simultaneously, and his literary propagations of Katsura’s modernity would be made from 1934 in Japanese, German, French, and English. But his words appeared to have told little to the indifferent French-reading world, and much less to German-reading world than Tetsuro Yoshida’s elaborate Das japanische Wohnhaus (1935); an influential work that met the exact demands by native professionals to a prompt number of reviews. Taut, in short, had an ephemeral effect just within Japanese audiences, however enormous it was. Given this circumstance, Japanese admiration of Katsura would become somewhat religiose in its reconstruction period after WWII, for it was naturally chosen as the appealing international symbol to promote Japanese modernity in line with the modern history of Euro-American architecture. The promotion, of course, firstly made towards American audiences: Ryuichi Hamaguchi in Architectural Forum (January 1953), Yoshinobu Ashihara in House+Home (June 1954), respectively stressed upon the significance of Katsura in the Western history of modern architecture; bibliographical pursuits from the Japanese architectural profession almost all followed this line at that time. While the postwar global Japonism starting from the U.S.-oriented, U.S-centric knowledge production would have something to tell centrifugally, the German-speaking world’s lasting interest in Japanese traditional architecture led Werner Blaser to come to Japan through Mies’s IIT, after which Blaser would publish Tempel und Teehaus in Japan (1955) that heavily relied upon Katsura and Mies that would soon be published in English and French (1956). Max Bill’s Italian Ludwig Miës van der Rohe (1955) was another witness to visually explain Mies’s aesthetic through Katsura. The myth of Katsura’s modernity had been thus formed well before Italian Architettura Cantiere (1960) featured Walter Gropius’s praise of Japanese architecture just before he and Kenzo Tange would publish Katsura: Tradition and Creation in Japanese Architecture in the same year. And those modernists’ interpretation of Katsura was contemporaneously rivaled by House Beautiful’s special issue on “Discover Shibui” (August 1960); Elizabeth Gordon, the anti-Miesian editor, set Katsura on the cover of the issue to deduce and trumpet yet another aesthetic from the same source as her enemy’s sympathizers.

著者

佐藤 凌 小澤 丈夫 角 哲

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.82, no.734, pp.1115-1123, 2017 (Released:2017-04-30)

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This paper is to describe the development process of architectural sheet metal technology and to clarify how to use sheet metal in modern detached houses designed by architects in Hokkaido. In Hokkaido, architects should pay special attention to the details of exterior because frost damage and deterioration due to the large temperature difference between inside and outside of the building are very serious. Consequently, houses in Hokkaido have developed in harsh climatic conditions, differentiated from traditional japanese houses in other regions over the years. For instance roof tile is not applicable to avoid the snow slide from the roof and it is indispensable to take air tightness, weatherability and insulation under cold climate into account. While there are various materials nowadays, sheet metal is the most relevant material in Hokkaido by such reasons, as well as the advantage in low cost and lightweight. This paper assumes that sheet metal technology has made its own development inevitably in Hokkaido responding to the specific climate conditions ahead of other regions in the modern period after World War II. The authors know that early works by Akihisa Endo, Fujio Adachi and Naoaki Ogaki reported about houses in Hokkaido before 1970's focusing on remarkable plan types, space configurations, roof shape and so on. On the other hand this paper examines charasteristics of the exterior since 1980's, the period that the progress was made in the insulation technology. Sanko Metal Industrial Co., Ltd., a major steel manufacturer in Japan, appeared in 1949. Sanko lead sheet metal industry then advanced to Hokkaido in 1950. It promoted mechanization of sheet metal production by "taking full responsibility for construction process". As a result, some sheet metal companies including Sanko associated voluntary organizations and created a total production and construction system and made contribution to the modernization of sheet metal technology corresponding to the social situation. In this paper, the authors report three major notable issues as follows: (1) While there were some independent craftsman unions in major cities, for instance, Sapporo, Otaru, Muroran and so on, they need to organize an integrated system which dominates such local unions to cooperate with each other. Two features were required, such as a hierarchical and cooperation system among several companies of production, construction and sale. Kitasanyukai established in 1960 is the most characteristic union. It contributed to achieve stable supply of sheet metal in Hokkaido. (2) To prevent rain leaking due to the heavy snow, it is inevitable that sheet metal technology was well-developed in Hokkaido. Densification of the city is another cause for the spread of sheet metal technology since the snow slide from the roof cause troubles with neighbors and damage the windows, walls and so on. Corresponding to such circumstance, Sanko invented molding machine for long metal plate roof. Since then, various sheet metal methods, which make possible to design pitched roofs even in densely populated area, was made, such as Snow Stopper Roof produced by Makita Co., Ltd.. (3) Houses with pitched roof, one of the main feature of the original landscape in Hokkaido, increased since the range of choices of roof shape and roofing method extended. Moreover, architects managed and improved to use sheet metal in each parts of exterior and started taking advantage of various light reflection and so on. Finally the authors concluded that sheet metal technology and craftmanship as well as craftmans unions in Hokkaido took a leading role after World War II.

著者

真鍋 恒博 大元 康司

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, no.560, pp.143-149, 2002

参考文献数

40

被引用文献数

3 4

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Many kinds of components, materials and building systems are turning according to the changes of building systems by several reasons. However, the changes of ordinary components are rarely recorded in detail. As fundamental data for development of building systems, it is important to record the changes of components and materials. In this study, we grasped the outline of development of integrated ceiling. The appearance of integrated ceiling in Japan is the same period as skyscraper. It was adopted in the Kasumigaseki building which is the fist skyscraper in Japan, and developed into adoption of the full-scale integrated ceiling in W. T. C. building.

著者

玄田 悠大 米森 公彦 竹内 雄一 永野 真義 中島 直人

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.87, no.793, pp.668-679, 2022

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<p>The purpose of this study is to grasp the act of conserving and inheriting modern architecture as a long-term sustainable process from the completion. The research subject is the former Tetsuma Akaboshi House, designed by Antonin Raymond. The viewpoints based on the conservation succession process are following.</p><p>1. Institutional status such as rights related to the owner</p><p> The system of rights related to the owner effectively responded to changes in the social situation.</p><p>2. Daily use by the owner and resident</p><p> It was effective that the owner and resident lived with the philosophy of supporting the building's maintenance and inheriting.</p>

著者

髙橋 元貴

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.87, no.792, pp.452-463, 2022-02-01 (Released:2022-02-01)

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the structural characteristics of maintenance system of Edo Castle moats based on the historical records for Fushin-bugyo’s daily operations. First, in order to set the subject of this paper's analysis, the spatial configuration of Edo castle moats is examined and the Fushin-bugyo’s management responsibilities and jurisdictional divisions on the moats are organized. Second, the multi-layered castle moats maintenance system is clarified from the aspect of management by the fushin-bugyo and the actual maintenance labor. In conclusion, the spatial characteristics of the castle moats and its duration are discussed.

著者

宗野 みなみ 永野 真義 中島 直人 宮城 俊作

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.87, no.792, pp.399-410, 2022

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<p>This paper aims to clarify how the living space of the townhouses is used during float festival, the characteristics of the space for watching it, and their transformations. Findings are as follows. First, the living space is open to the street, which has become more prominent at present. Hospitality has not changed, but the visitor type has been unified and fixed. Second, basically, the watching space faces the street. In addition, view of the street, daily use and floor finishing affect its selection. At present, a new watching space appeared with the change of living space.</p>

著者

千代 章一郎

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.87, no.792, pp.432-441, 2022

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<p>This paper aims to clarify cross points of interior decoration in Auguste Perret (1874-1954) and Le Corbusier (Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, 1887-1965) as the considerations concerning the concept of "decor" in the 20th century. As a result of chronological reorganization of the training of Jeanneret at the Perret's office and the subsequent communication between two mainly by correspendances, the difference between the two became clear in the discussion on "movable furniture" and "immovable furniture". It was also a question of strategy regarding the segmentation of structural skeleton and furniture. </p>

著者

川嶋 勝 大川 三雄 矢代 真己 田所 辰之助

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

no.791, pp.172-183, 2022-01

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<p>This study reveals the publishing activities of Kenchiku Shoin and examines the development of architectural books based on the characteristics of publication types.</p><p>1. Founded during the Meiji period, the pioneering Kenchiku Shoin is one of Japan's longest-running architectural publishers. Its activities are divided into four phases according to changes in the engineering literature field.</p><p>2. Kenchiku Shoin's architectural books a) fulfilled the demand for textbooks in the early days of architectural education, b) expanded readership to upwardly mobile, soon-to-be architecture clients by conveying visual information through plates, and c) contributed to the reinstatement of architecture in modern Japanese culture.</p>

著者

中谷 礼仁 庄子 幸佑 鈴木 明世

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

no.791, pp.221-231, 2022-01

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<p>In this paper, the sites where production and living have been sustained over thousands of years are named Millennium Villages, and we presented a methodology for grasping the candidate sites. It is based on the past research that village names recorded in <Wamyô Ruiju Shô> were compared with current location and then verified. The specific locations have been plotted in a spatial map, a comprehensive and objective grasp becomes possible. There are around 2000 candidates of Millennium Village. The results have been widely analyzed and the preference of the site selection has been found.</p>

著者

杉山 真魚 千代 章一郎 田所 辰之助

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

no.790, pp.2767-2778, 2021-12

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<p> The paper analyses Baillie Scott's words and drawings to clarify the range of his conception of 'decoration' in his theory of house building. </p><p> Section 2 focuses on his background to uncover his references to house design and decoration, discussing his activities from two perspectives: one, the significant influence of the Arts and Crafts movement on British architecture at the end of the 19th century; and two, Scott's reputation in Europe at the beginning of the 20th century. </p><p> Section 3 categorises 16 of Scott's writings on house building into four groups in chronological sequence: (a) articles about suburban houses; (b) articles about country houses and cottages; (c) his book <i>Houses and Gardens</i>; and (d) studies on the rational and British character. </p><p> Section 4 examines three meanings Scott ascribed to 'decoration'. The first, <i>superficial pretentiousness</i>, resulted from his negative attitude towards commercial decoration, such as painting woodwork and covering walls and ceilings with wallpapers, which he considered merely superadded ways to conceal structures. The second meaning, <i>decoration as architectural clothing</i>, considers the relationship between buildings and decorations. In Scott's view, a building's decoration should represent the clothing of architecture with pattern and colour. This required not a superficial but an organic evaluation of the relationship between architectural decoration and other interior factors, such as furnishings or floorplans, to which decorative designs are applied. This section focuses on the relief imparted by constructive features, the architectural embellishments connecting with furnishings, and heraldic decoration to create interiors with 'homely comfort'. The third meaning is <i>structural decoration</i>. Scott thought that a building without artistic pattern and colour should possess real structural beauty to which decoration provides the finishing touch. This manifested as the expression of structural facts by strengthening the texture and colour of natural materials. The goal of this treatment was an outside appearance akin to 'the earth's crust'—built structures that harmonised with nature. </p><p> Section 5 summarises the range of Scott's conception of 'decoration' in his theory of house building with a précis in table form of the subject matter and related keywords. It is thought that Scott's subject matter gradually deepened from <i>decoration as architectural clothing to structural decoration</i>. This variation would require the extension of the meaning of the word 'decoration'. Meanwhile, the expected effect of the finishing touch changed from 'homely comfort' to 'the earth's crust'. The latter relates to the essential problem of human common sense to nature. This section deals with a discussion of common decoration and its relation to the significance of the effect of 'the earth's crust'. It also refers to the problem of relationships between components of a house. </p>

著者

エンケ ホルワ 夏目 欣昇 濱田 晋一 麓 和善

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

no.790, pp.2755-2766, 2021-12

被引用文献数

1

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<p> Since BC, cities have been constructed on the Mongolian Plateau with the establishment of dynasties, but most turned to ruins. However, the Tibetan Buddhist temples built after the 16th century, which are an indispensable element in the process of Mongolians settling down from nomadic life, have been relatively well preserved in Inner Mongolia. These temples are considered the epitome of the Mongolian economy, culture, art, and construction technology of the time. Therefore, there is great value and significance in researching them systematically. Interestingly, these temples originated from Inner Mongolia, the southern part of Mongolia. The architectural design of these temples has been largely influenced by Chinese and Tibetan temple architecture and is therefore considered an important sample for studying temple architecture in both Mongolia and East Asia. Yet, there is still no systematic study on this subject. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to study the arrangement plan, which is the most important aspect in the design and first stage of temple construction of Inner Mongolian Tibetan Buddhist temples. </p><p> In this study, 30 well-preserved temples, that were constructed between the end of the Northern Yuan Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty were selected as the object of this research. Firstly, the temples were divided into different levels according to the historical background of the temples. Further, the temple buildings were also classified based on their functions. Lastly, the arrangement plan has been modeled, which was also classified into a series of different types to further clarify the characteristics of the arrangement of the Inner Mongolian Buddhist temples. </p><p> Results-wise, this study suggests that these temples could be divided into three levels: Province Level, League Level, and Banner Level. Furthermore, there were 56 kinds of temple buildings among these 30 temples, which were divided into 3 types according to their functions. In accordance with the main buildings among the 56 classifications, the arrangement form of the temple has shown to be divided into Integrated Type and Separated Type. Importantly, Integrated Type could be divided into more detailed types like Symmetric Type and Asymmetric Type. The characteristic arrangement plans of these temples in different regions have been clearly found through a comparative analysis of each level's temple arrangement of various types. Surprisingly, the reason behind the characteristics has been initially discovered during this study. </p><p> In conclusion, this study presents a classification of arrangement characteristics of Buddhist temples of Inner Mongolia, based on arrangement plans in a variety of temples in Inner Mongolia. Finally, this research also provides a foundation for further studies on Mongolian temple architecture. </p>