著者

西尾 哲夫 Tetsuo Nishio

出版者

国立民族学博物館

雑誌

民博通信 = Minpaku Tsushin (ISSN:03862836)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.163, pp.4-9, 2018-12-28

著者

三尾 稔 福内 千絵 木下 彰子 中谷 純江 Minoru Mio Chie Fukuuchi Akiko Kinoshita Sumie Nakatani

出版者

国立民族学博物館

巻号頁・発行日

2011-09-22

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会期・会場: 2011年9月22日-11月29日 国立民族学博物館 編集 財団法人 千里文化財団

著者

前川 真由子

出版者

国立民族学博物館

雑誌

国立民族学博物館研究報告 = Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology (ISSN:0385180X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.1, pp.71-118, 2017-09-29

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本論は人々が考える「理想的なオーストラリア」を同国の反捕鯨思想の中から考察していくものである。長らくオーストラリアでは反捕鯨思想が広く支持されており,鯨に対する人道主義的な立場が取られてきた。先行研究では鯨に対する人道主義を,モラル・キャピタルといったトランスナショナルな反捕鯨思想の広がりの中で展開されてきた概念と共に考察し,動物との関係性から西洋近代的な人間像を追求していく人々の様子を明らかにしている。一方で本論は先行研究に依拠しながらも,これまでの議論では言及されることの少なかったオーストラリアに特有の歴史的,政治的,地理的な文脈から,同国で高まる反捕鯨の社会的背景を紐解いていく作業を試みたい。特に,「われわれのオーストラリア」や「われわれオーストラリア人」といった人々が想像する理想的なオーストラリアが,鯨を含む自然を媒介にして描かれる様子を彼らの語りから分析していく。

著者

高橋 沙奈美

出版者

国立民族学博物館

雑誌

国立民族学博物館研究報告 (ISSN:0385180X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.2, pp.235-251, 2015

著者

江口 重幸 Shigeyuki Eguchi

出版者

国立民族学博物館

雑誌

国立民族学博物館研究報告 = Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology (ISSN:0385180X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.4, pp.1113-1179, 1988-03-26

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This paper examines two cases of fox possession (kitsunetsuki)in a mountain village in eastern Shiga Prefecture. The studyfocuses on the socio-religious and clinical context of the expressionof possession.In Japan, kitsunetsuki has long been one of the most familiarexpressions of indigenous "madness". Nevertheless, psychiatricresearch on the phenomenon, including those from folkloristicand religious perspectives, have been conducted only since the1960s. Hitherto, kitsunetsuki had been regarded as a vestige ofsuperstition.The first part of the paper deals with some methodologicalproblems encountered when spirit possession is defined as a"culture-bound syndrome". The features of this phenomenonchange according to various approaches used to understand it.In the second part, two cases are examined from psychiatricrecords. In the first a 18-year-old male became psychoticallyexcited after fatigue and a traffic accident. During his severeconfusion he manifested fox-like jumping actions. His familyregarded him as being possessed by local gods, and so left himunattended for a month. He was hospitalized and was incomplete remission after three months of treatment. Hisillness is diagnosed as "atypical psychosis" [MITSUDA 1979:121-124].In the second case a 34-year-old housewife (an aunt of themale in the first case), entered a psychiatric hospital as a resultof illness induced by conjugal discord. After undergoing a seriesof religious rituals to evict the fox that possessed her, she came tohear the voices of three foxes. Her illness is diagnosed as typical"invocations psychosis" [MORITA (森田) 1915: 286-287].These two cases reveal a discrepancy between traditionaltherapeutic ritual and modern psychiatric treatment.In the third part of this paper, Kitsunetsuki is re-examinedfrom the socio-religious viewpoint, based on interviews withvillagers. The reasons for the occurrence in this village ofsymptoms of fox possession are considered in their cultural andreligious contexts. Kitsunetsuki of this district can be traced backto folkloristic and religious lines. Among other phenomena thisis attested to by many folktales of foxes, public religious ritualspracticed by the folkpriest, occasional visits of a man of the"mountain religion" and his furious performances under godpossession,and the famous kyogen play, which contains themetamorphosis of fox, derived from the family temple of thevillagers. A major factor was acute social change in 1950s (e.g.,in the marriage system, in traditional forestry, etc.). Onetherapeutic religious cult which came to exert considerableinfluence over the traditional religious order of this village wasfinally absorbed into a large sect of Buddhism. Typically,spirit possession in this village seemed to be formed in accordancewith the god-possessing seances of this cult. From this standpointthe two cases examined expressed themselves through the symbolicrepresentation of "fox", when they reached psychologicalcrises. The other curious disease, "K village disease", is avariant product of this process. These acts of performance aremolded upon the complicated socio-cultural background;"possession complex" .The last part of this paper presents some complementaldiscussions on the expression of fox-possession. The folkloristicand "symptomatic" peculiarity of this mountainous district, andits tendency to combine with spirit possession, is analysed andcompared with that in the plain district. Two different types ofshamanism, spirit possession and ecstacy, are reconsidered,based on the analogy of schizophrenic symptoms and othermystical thoughts. The body in a state of possession and theassociated healing process are reviewed from theatrical andpolitical points of view.After examining kitsunetsuki as a performed expression, it ispointed out that the Westernized psychiatric nomenclature only

著者

久保 正敏 Masatoshi Kubo

出版者

国立民族学博物館

雑誌

国立民族学博物館研究報告 = Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology (ISSN:0385180X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.4, pp.943-986, 1991-03-28

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This paper traces the history of Japanese popular songs fromthe viewpoint of "Travel". The historical span of the discussionis confined to the Showa era, for the following two reasons:1) The modern system of producing popular songs wasestablished at the very beginning of the Showa era;2) The distinct contrast between urban areas and the provinces,together with the social unrest in those days, motivated thetraveling and drifting of the people, and consequently broughtthe travel songs or sight-seeing songs into fashion.In this paper, travels sung in popular songs are categorizedinto three types: outward travel, homeward travel, andwandering travel. Outward travel is motivated by a yearningfor some place and can thus be viewed as future-oriented travel.Homeward travel is motivated mainly by homesickness or somememory of the past. Wandering travel is accompanied byhomesickness in many cases. The popular songs of the Showaera are reviewed according to these three types of travel.In sections 1 and 2, the themes of travel in popular songs aresummarized, and then songs whose words contain place namesor descriptions of local scenery are analyzed. It is pointed outthat changes in the ratio of the number of such songs to thenumber of all popular songs are very similar to change inpopulation drift.In sections 3, 4 and 5, popular songs are reviewed andanalyzed in regard to outward travel, homeward travel, andwandering travel respectively. The evident correlation betweenthe words in these songs and the social environment is shown.Section 6 deals with a few songs relating to spiritual travels.In section 7, changes in travel songs are reviewed froma unique analytical viewpoint. Assuming that the story of thewords of a popular song is scenarized, each song can becategorized as either a close-up type or a long-shot type interms of camera angle, according to the words depicting scenesand manners and the personal pronouns contained in the wordsof the song. Based on this idea, several genres of travel songs areparameterized and mapped on a two-dimensional space, correspondingto the camera angle of the story of the song. Theresult of the mapping shows that travel songs became more andmore of the close-up type with the passing of time, which seemsto parallel the increasing tendency of Japanese society towardprivate-life-oriented conservatism.

著者

島村 一平 Ippei Shimamura

出版者

国立民族学博物館

雑誌

国立民族学博物館調査報告 = Senri Ethnological Reports (ISSN:13406787)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, pp.431-461, 2009-03-31

著者

佐々木 史郎

出版者

国立民族学博物館

雑誌

国立民族学博物館研究報告 (ISSN:0385180X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.4, pp.683-763, 1997

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the trade activity of theancestors of the indigenous peoples of the Lower Amur Basin in the 18thand 19th centuries and to reexamine the discourse of their society andculture in classical ethnography. They have usually been described ashunters, fishermen, or collectors of wild plants in much ethnographysince the late 19th century, and the primitiveness of their foraging lifestyle, fishing and hunting techniques, and social structure has often beenunderlined by anthropologists, ethnologists, and historians. Thepolicies of the former Soviet Union to rescue them from the poverty causedby their primitive level of production was based on such discourse ofthe scholars.However, were they really poor? Were their life style, culture, andsociety really primitive? Historical documents written by Japanese explorersand investigators in the 18th and 19th centuries, MogamiTokunai, Mamiya Rinzo, Nakamura Koichiro, and so on, indicate thatthey had a highly sophisticated culture and a complex society. For example,modern ethnologists often underline the fact that the peoples of theLower Amur were ichthyophagi, and that a piece of dried fish occupiedthe same position as a piece of bread in European meals. On the contrary,Japanese investigators said that their staple food was a cup of boiledmillet, usually put in a small bowl of china or lacquer ware. Thoughethnologists often described fish skin coats in detail, most of theirclothes were made of cotton, and their ritual costumes were even madeof silk. It is a fact that millet, cotton, silk, china, and lacquer ware werenot their original products, but Chinese or Japanese ones which theyobtained through trade with Chinese and Japanese. It is also a fact,however, that these things occupied an important position in theircultural complex. It is an injustice for researchers not to properlyevaluate them and not to pay any attention to the trade activity.The trade activity of the ancestors of the peoples of the Lower Amurin the 18th and 19th centuries was called "Santan trade" by Japanese investigatorsof the same centuries. "Santan" was an ethnonym of the peopleof the Lower Amur, which had often been used as a name of theancestors of the indigenous people of this region as a whole. It wasMamiya Rinzo who clarified who the Santan people were. In his investigationin 1809 and 1810 he found out that the Santan lived betweenthe villages of "Uruge" (bIppH, later Russian village "MaxcrMTojm cHA") and "Poru" Mon, later Ul'chi village "LlepxbIti Ap") , thatthey called themselves "Mango" (this is the same self denotation as"Mangguni") , and that their neighbors upstream along the river werecalled "Korudekke" (Goldok) and those downstream were called"Sumerenkuru". The range of habitation, the self denotation "Mango",and the linguistic materials indicate that the Santan people wereancestors of the Tungus-speaking peoples of the Lower Amur today,especially the Ul'chi (Olcha) and a part of the lower Nanai (Goldi) .The Santan trade has long been studied as a theme of historicalstudies of Northern Japan. However, though many facts have beenclarified from the historical point of view, historians have long overlookedan important one namely that it was trade that kept the levels of lifeand culture of the peoples of the Lower Amur and Sakhalin in the 18thand 19th centuries higher than those described in ethnography. This isbecause the historians could not evaluate the function and role of tradeactivity in the society and culture of the indigenous peoples, becausetheir point of view was usually set not on the side of the indigenoustraders, but on that of authors or editors of literary sources, who wereoften government bureaucrats.This paper is one of my experiments, in which I try to describe thehistorical events of the peoples of the Lower Amur and Sakhalin such asthe Santan trade from the point of view of those who were described inthe literary sources. The final end of the experiments is a diachronicreview of the society and culture of the peoples of this region, and Iwould like to sweep away such images as "primitive", "uncivilized" or"natural people", created by anthropologists and ethnologists since theend of the 19th century.As a result of an examination of the historical literature of Japaneseinvestigators, regional government archives of the Qing dynasty (the lastdynasty of China) , reports of ethnological researches by Russianethnologists, and my own field data, I can point out the followingcharacteristics of the trade activity of the peoples of the Lower Amurand Sakhalin:1) The main peoples who were enthusiastically engaged in the Santantrade were the Santan and the Sumerenkuru (the ancestors of the AmurNivkh) , and some differences were apparent in their trading styles. Forexample, the Santan people did their business on the main traffic route ofthis region, which went from Lower Sungari to the southern end ofSakhalin through Amur and the western coast of Sakhalin, they played arole of mediator between Japanese and Chinese, and obtained a largeprofit from this business. On the contrary, the Sumerenkuru traders extendedtheir business area to the tributaries of the Lower Amur, the coastof the sea of Okhotsk and the eastern coast of Sakhalin, and played arole of distributor of Chinese and Japanese commodities among thepeoples of these areas.2) Usually the Santan and Sumerenkuru traders did not fix a businessplace but often went round their customers, being engaged in sable hunting.However, the temporary branch office of the Qing dynasty, whichwas constructed at Kiji or Deren and opened every summer, often playedthe role of a periodical market, in which the Santan and Sumerenkurutraders did their business not only with Manchu officials and merchantsbut also with other indigenous traders.3) The trading crew of Santan or Sumerenkuru traders consisted ofseveral persons from a village led by a hala i da (chief of a clan) orgashan da (head of village) nominated by the Qing dynasty.4) The conceptual classification of trade and tribute was recognized bythe Santan and Sumerenkuru peoples.5) Credit sale was the main custom of the Santan and Sumerenkurutraders in the 18th and 19th centuries. They applied it to trade with allcustomers without exception. The business with the Ainu, who, it wassaid, suffered from their debt to the Santan traders, was not a special oneto cheat them of their property.6) The trade activity of the peoples of the Lower Amur and Sakhalinswung between trade and tribute (in other words, between economy andpolitics) , influenced by the change of political conditions of this regionand the location of each people.6-1) In the 18th century, when the administrative system of the Qingdynasty was under construction on the Lower Amur and Sakhalin,tribute was superior to trade, because the regional administration of thedynasty was enthusiastically intervening in the social life of the people toestablish the sovereignty of the dynasty among them. After the end ofthe 18th century, however, when the dynasty was losing its politicalpower over the people of this region, the position of trade and tributewas reversed.6-2) The relation between trade and tribute was different among the peopleaccording to their location. I can classify them into three groups.The first is the people who lived on the main route of the trade, comparativelyfar from the regional centers of the countries (China andJapan) , i.e. the Santan and Sumerenkuru (the ancestors of the Ul'chiand Amur Nivkh) . They could take advantage of their location to intensivelyconduct their trading business without administrative intervention.The second group is those who lived on the main route of thetrade, near to the regional center of the countries, i.e. the Korudekke(the ancestors of the Nanai) and the Ainu. Their location was too closeto the center to be free from the governmental power of the countries,though their status was higher than that of the people of the first group.It was more important for them to accomplish various obligations thanto be engaged in free trade. The third group is those who lived far fromboth the main trade route and the regional center of the countries, i.e.the ancestors of the Sakhalin Nivkh, Uilta (Oroks) , Orochi, Negidars,and Evenki hunters. They were providers of fur and consumers ofChinese and Japanese products for the Santan and Sumerenkuru traders.7) The prosperity of the Santan trade from the end of 18th century to themiddle of the 19th century was held by the political and economicbalance between China and Japan on Sakhalin, and the profits of theSantan and Sumerenkuru traders were much dependent on the differencein demand and prices between China and Japan. For example, therewas a great demand for sable fur in China, and the Chinese and Manchupeople paid much for it, while the Japanese were not interested in it at alland sold it to the Santan and Sumerenkuru traders much cheaper than inChina. Therefore, their trade activity was fatally damaged by thedestruction of this balance by the third power, imperial Russia.Though I could not completely carry out the second purpose of thispaper, i.e. a reexamination of the ethnographic discourse of the societyand culture of the people of the Lower Amur basin, I could make a firststep in accomplishing it by clarifying the characteristics of their trade activity.I would like to make further steps in other papers, in which I willexamine such problems as the political background of the Santan trade,the quality and quantity of the profit of the Santan and Sumerenkurutraders, methodological problems of historical studies of the indigenouspeople of this region, and so on.

著者

藤原 潤子 Fujiwara Junko フジワラ ジュンコ

出版者

国立民族学博物館

雑誌

国立民族学博物館調査報告 (ISSN:13406787)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.78, pp.309-329, 2008-12-26

著者

近藤 雅樹 Kondo Masaki コンドウ マサキ

出版者

国立民族学博物館

雑誌

国立民族学博物館研究報告 (ISSN:0385180X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, pp.763-842, 1992-03-31

著者

宇田川 妙子 Udagawa Taeko ウダガワ タエコ

出版者

国立民族学博物館

雑誌

国立民族学博物館研究報告 (ISSN:0385180X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.1, pp.1-38, 2008

著者

熊倉 功夫 Isao Kumakura

出版者

国立民族学博物館

雑誌

国立民族学博物館研究報告別冊 = Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology Special Issue (ISSN:0288190X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.016, pp.99-119, 1991-12-25

著者

近森 高明 Takaaki Chikamori

出版者

国立民族学博物館

雑誌

国立民族学博物館調査報告 = Senri Ethnological Reports (ISSN:13406787)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.80, pp.53-71, 2009-03-31

著者

Yukako Yoshida 吉田 ゆか子

出版者

国立民族学博物館

雑誌

国立民族学博物館研究報告 = Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology (ISSN:0385180X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.2, pp.223-251, 2021-09-30

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1980 年代以降の人類学では,モノが人間に使われたり,意味や価値を付与されたりする側面だけでなく,モノの側からの人間への働きかけや,モノと人の相互的作用によって出来事が生成されるプロセスに着目している。また,そこに物質性がいかに関わるのかという問いも重要性を帯びている。本特集は,こうした「マテリアリティの人類学」の関心を上演芸術の研究と交差させ,新たな視座を探求するものである。本特集では,芸能を人とモノの織りなす営みと捉え直し,表現や伝承にモノがどのように関与するのかを考察する。モノの物質性に触発され想像力や創造性が刺激されるプロセスにも注目する。そのなかでは,舞台後もつづく日常におけるモノと人の関わりの影響,モノの移動がもたらす事柄,人とモノ(例えば楽器や他者の身体)が「1 つになる」といった事態,などの新たな研究テーマも生まれる。

著者

小長谷 有紀 Konagaya Yuki コナガヤ ユキ

出版者

国立民族学博物館

雑誌

国立民族学博物館研究報告 (ISSN:0385180X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.4, pp.425-447, 2013

著者

井上 紘一 Koichi Inoue

出版者

国立民族学博物館

雑誌

国立民族学博物館調査報告 = Senri Ethnological Reports (ISSN:13406787)

巻号頁・発行日

no.82, pp.289-313, 2009-03-31

著者

大村 敬一 Omura Keiichi オオムラ ケイイチ

出版者

国立民族学博物館

雑誌

国立民族学博物館調査報告 (ISSN:13406787)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.131, pp.125-164, 2015-11-30

著者

遠藤 愛子 Aiko Endo

出版者

国立民族学博物館

雑誌

国立民族学博物館調査報告 = Senri Ethnological Reports (ISSN:13406787)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.97, pp.237-267, 2011-03-01

著者

村上 大輔 Daisuke Murakami

出版者

国立民族学博物館

雑誌

国立民族学博物館研究報告 = Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology (ISSN:0385180X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.3, pp.501-536, 2022-03-09

著者

山本 紀夫 Norio Yamamoto

出版者

国立民族学博物館

雑誌

国立民族学博物館調査報告 = Senri Ethnological Reports (ISSN:13406787)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.117, 2014-03-24