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1 0 0 0 OA 生活習慣と排便異常

著者: 細田誠弥
出版者: 順天堂医学会
雑誌: 順天堂医学 (ISSN:00226769)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.50, no.4, pp.330-337, 2004-12-22 (Released:2014-11-12)
参考文献数: 15
被引用文献数: 6 4

食事を中心とした生活習慣の変化に伴い, 様々な消化器症状が問題となっている. 特にその摂取量において, 食物繊維が減少する一方, 脂肪食が増加したことによって, 便秘と下痢などの便通異常を訴える人が増えている. 排便の生理的仕組みとして, (1) 胃・結腸反射, (2) 結腸蠕動運動, (3) 直腸の排便反射, が重要な役割を果たしている. この仕組みのいずれかが障害されると, 便通異常がもたらされることになる. また, その原因によって便秘と下痢もいくつかに分類され対処の方法も異なるが, 昨今注目を集めている代表的疾患が過敏性腸症候群である. その症状を改善させるには, 便通異常が生活習慣病の一症状として表れていることを踏まえると, 適切な生活指導が最も重要であると考えられる.

2020-07-09 05:18:03
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1 0 0 0 OA 托卵習性に見る鳥類の繁殖適応

著者: 樋口広芳
出版者: THE SOCIETY FOR REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
雑誌: Journal of Reproduction and Development (ISSN:09168818)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.41, no.6, pp.j127-j133, 1995 (Released:2010-10-20)
被引用文献数: 1 2

鳥類には,他の鳥の巣に卵を産みこみ,その後の抱卵や育雛をその巣の主にまかせてしまう托卵習性をもつものがいる.そうした鳥の代表,カッコウ属(Cuculus)のカッコウ類の托卵習性について調べてみると,この類のメスは,托卵相手の産卵期の巣にやってきて,巣内の卵を1個抜きとったあと,自分の卵を1個産みこむ.1羽のメスが1巣に托卵するのは1卵だけである.産卵に費やす時間は,数秒から10秒前後と非常に短い.産み込む卵は,托卵相手の卵より少し大きく,色や模様がよく似ている傾向がある.孵化したヒナは,孵化後数時間以上経つと,巣内の卵あるいはヒナを1つずつ背中にのせてすべて巣外に押し出す.これらの特徴はどれも,托卵を成功に導くこと,あるいはより効率よいものにすることにかかわっている.カッコウ類の1羽のメスが1繁殖期に産む,あるいは産卵可能な卵の数は,数個から25個と一般鳥類に比べて多い.これは,巣づくりや育雛から解放されることによって,その分のエネルギーを卵形成にふり向けることができるからだと思われる.

2020-07-09 03:25:52
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1 0 0 0 OA 伯耆国刀工元能登守菅原包則履歴

著者: 岩根則重著
出版者: 宮本春造
巻号頁・発行日: 1893

2020-07-09 02:30:14
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1 0 0 0 OA ナラティヴ・アプローチに基づくイノベーション・プロセスの解明

著者: 宇田川元一黒澤壮史佐々木将人
出版者: 埼玉大学
雑誌: 挑戦的萌芽研究
巻号頁・発行日: 2015-04-01

本研究はナラティヴ・アプローチの視点を応用し、イノベーション・プロセスに対して新たな視座を提供し、その解明に寄与することにある。ナラティヴ・アプローチとは、語りに媒介されて現実が生成する過程を描き出す研究視座である。この知見は、医療や臨床心理の領域において展開されている。本研究を通じて、イノベーション・プロセスは、語りに媒介されていることが明らかになると同時に、媒介されることを通じて、次のプロセスがまた生成してくるというイノベーション・プロセスの連鎖的な過程が明らかになった。

2020-07-09 02:20:00
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https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-15K13047/

1 0 0 0 OA 2.CATV網での高速データサービス

著者: 北川和雄
出版者: 一般社団法人映像情報メディア学会
雑誌: 映像情報メディア学会誌 (ISSN:13426907)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.61, no.1, pp.10-16, 2007-01-01 (Released:2009-05-20)
参考文献数: 6

2020-07-09 02:13:06
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1 0 0 0 OA 空から見た人吉庄・交通と新田開発

著者: 服部英雄
出版者: 公益財団法人史学会
雑誌: 史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.87, no.8, pp.1166-1196,1267-, 1978-08-20 (Released:2017-10-05)

I.Transportation Routes The special characteristics of medieval transportation routes in and out of Kuma gun (which includes Hitoyoshi no sho) were as follows : First, in spite of the provincial border barriers, they enabled Kuma gun to maintain close contacts with Masaki-in, Hyuga and Ushikuso-in, Satsuma, and also linked directly to Kuninaka, Higo, i.e., the Kumamoto plains. Second, of the communication links to each of the provincial seats in Hyuga, Osumi, and Satsuma, the function of a major artery connecting Kuma gun to Kyoto and Kamakura was assigned to the road to Hyuga over Kyushu's spinal mountain range. This choice was made because it passed through Taragi, the domain of the Hitoyoshi Sagaras' soryo (惣領). The weight placed on the Kuma-Hyuga route reflected the system of subordination of shoshi (庶子) to soryo. However, the internal disturbances that split the imperial lineages set the Hitoyoshi Sagaras and the Taragi Sagaras off against each other. Because this development made the road to Hyuga inaccessible, the Hitoyoshi Sagaras developed an alternate arterial route, called Sashiki Dori, in the direction of Yatsushiro Bay. This move corresponded to the weakening centripetal force directed toward Kyoto and Kamakura, i.e., the gradual breaking down of shoen (庄園) and gokenin (御家人) structures. Having acquired one transportation route in the direction of Yatsushiro Bay, the Hitoyoshi Sagaras cut another road, Azechi Dori, during the warring period for exclusively military purposes. II.Shinden Development (shinden 新田 -newly reclaimed rice fields) First, an attempt was made to reconstruct the Sagaras' hold as the jito (地頭) of Hitoyoshi no sho, on the area around Samuta Horinouchi, relying on the aerial photo, land registration map and on-the-spot investigations. In contrast to the rest of this general region, a rectangular pattern of land division indicated clearly the Sagaras' well planned development. A good illustration was the irrigation system. The Sagaras altered the natural course of water and dammed it to flow into Samuta Horinouchi. At the point of each change of course and at the springs on the plateau, temples (bodaiji 菩提寺) were constructed. Inasmuch as bodaiji had no familial ties to the Sagaras, we can assume that the temples functioned as places for popular worship. Any changes in the nature of the temples corresponded to the changes in the irrigation system. The above observation led to a conclusion that, in order to solidify their power, the Sagaras sought to control and develop old rice fields rather than open shinden. Secondly, the same attempt was made through examining the written documents. Here, it was found that, both the jito and the ryoke (領家) had definite limitations on shares (tokubun 得分) they could take from old rice fields called kishoden (起請田), leaving the peasants with a possibility of certain independence. In the case of shinden, however, only the ryoke's share was restricted, while the jito's share, having no set limitations, tended to absorb the entire surplus. Thus, the Sagaras succeeded in extending a tight control over shinden, which were synonymous to "jito-developed" rice fields. A land investigation of Shogen (1259 -60) indicates that ryoke were denied any share from these rice fields, and illustrates clearly the marked encroachment of jito-ryoshu power. The two examinations above led to seemingly contradictory conclusions regarding the nature of the Sagaras' power basis : kishoden from the on-the-spot investigation, and shinden from the written documents. The explanation is found in the changing designations for the rice fields : kishoden were transformed into "shinden" --that is, rice fields directly administered by the jito. This explains why, at the time of the Shogen investigation, the jito was able to deny the ryoke any share from the land. The figures in the Shogen land(View PDF for the rest of the abstract.)

2020-07-09 01:33:32
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1 0 0 0 OA 戦国相良氏の三郡支配

著者: 服部英雄
出版者: 公益財団法人史学会
雑誌: 史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.86, no.9, pp.1283-1324,1419-, 1977-09-20 (Released:2017-10-05)

Why did Sagara move from his home base at Hitoyoshi, in Kuma district (gun 郡), to the newly subjugated area of Yatsushiro district? The usual explanation is that Yatsushiro district was controlled by a particularly strong private military group of local bushi landlords (kokujin 国人), the Yatsushiro-shu. The standing theory is that all of the three districts of the Sagara territory, Kuma, Yatsushiro, and Ashikita, had similar bushi military federations. The authority structure of these federations had three characteristics ; 1)the group of Elders (Otona 老者) of each of the three districts were independent ; 2)the Elders were the leaders of their own federations ; and 3)the Council of the federations, i.e., each group in consultation, regulated the Sagara. However, an investigation of historical documents shows that all of the above assumptions of the accepted theory are incorrect. That is, 1)group of Elders existed only in Sagara's home district at Hitoyoshi, and in his secondary headquarters at Yatsushiro ; 2)the Elders also served as officials of the Sagara, i.e., they held appointments in the daimyo's government ; and 3)the councils of these federations could not regulate the Sagara. In fact, the Yatsushiro federation (Yatsushiro-shu) was not a group of independent bushi, but an organization formed by the Sagara in a deliberate policy of placing the military at strategically-located castle towns (jokamachi 城下町). It is clear that the organization was composed of bushi, directly under Sagara control, who had been separated from their own lands. There had been many bushi landlords (kokujin 国人) with strong control of their own lands within Sagara's domain. Sagara intended to force them to move to castle towns away from their private lands to facilitate military mobilization. The Sagara gave special status to the military federations stationed in the castle towns, the Yatsushiro-shu and the Hitoyoshi-shu. One of their privileges was the right to request legislation (hosshiki oseidashi 法式仰出), one function of direct participation in the political activity of the Sagara power structure. Sagara's move to Yatsushiro, a subjugated district away from his home base, Kuma, necessitated strengthening his policy to separate bushi landlords from their local strong-holds. Sagara's strategy succeeded for a time, but in the end it could not be realized because an internal disorder forced him to evacuate Yatsushiro and return to Hitoyoshi.

2020-07-09 01:33:04
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1 0 0 0 IR 南九州における戦国・織豊期城下町と権力 (都市の地域特性の形成と展開過程--近世以降の流通と文化を中心に(共同研究)日本における都市生活史の研究)

著者: 千田嘉博
出版者: 国立歴史民俗博物館
雑誌: 国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 (ISSN:02867400)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.103, pp.13-32, 2003-03

城郭プランは権力構造とどのように連関してできあがったのか。この問題を解くために、きわめて特徴的な城郭プランをもった南九州に焦点をあてて検討を行った。まず鹿児島県知覧城を事例に南九州の戦国期城郭の分立構造を把握した。そして城内に多数の武家屋敷が凝集し、それが近世の麓集落の直接の母胎になったことを確認した。ついで熊本県人吉城を事例に知覧城で確認した城郭構造ができあがった要因を検討した。この議論を進める上で重要なのは人吉城の城郭遺跡が完全な形で残されており、踏査を行うことで把握可能であったことである。そして『相良氏文書』や『八代日記』などの良好な史料を基盤として勝俣鎮夫と服部英雄が深めた戦国期相良氏の権力構造の問題を踏査成果とあわせることで再検討できたことである。この結果、人吉城の分立的な城郭プランは地形要因だけではなく、築城主体の権力構造の特色を反映してできたと結論づけた。そしてこうした築城主体の権力構造と城郭プランとの相関関係は日本列島の城郭・城下を遺跡に即して分析する都市空間研究を進める上で、重要な視座となることを指摘した。