著者
田中 美知太郎
出版者
日本西洋古典学会
雑誌
西洋古典學研究 (ISSN:04479114)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.10, pp.1-19, 1962-03-31

The idea of ελευθερια as conceived by the ancient Greeks was primarily political As against external forces, it meant independence from any foreign rule, something to be defended at any cost in face of the terror of foreign encroachment and in the state itself, it meant not to be under the rule of a tyrant, something to be long commemorated when successfully achieved As they recognized such a state of being as established among themselves, and as they observed furthermore the fact that all the other peoples (βαρβαροι) were invariably under absolute despotism, they came to be strongly convinced that freedom was just the word for the Greeks only As a result, it did not strike the Greeks as being strange to treat the 'barbarians' as δουλοι, though theoretically they were not absolutely without doubt regarding the master-slave relation among themselves To them the situation appeared as natural as the racial difference between the two And, though what we call the idea of equality (ισηγορια, ισονομια) had been early cultivated among the Greeks, it was destined to be kept within that boundary, never crossing over the barrier between the Greeks and the barbarians It has been criticized that the Greek concept of ελευθερια was narrow and limited, not only from the view-point above stated, but also on the ground that the ελευθρια known to them was political only, and never had anything to do with individual and personal liberty However, could one be justified to acknowledge such a statement ? In Book VIII of the Republic Plato states that the supreme good sought for m democracy is the liberty, which is explained as 'the state of being able to do whatever one desires to do' (εξουσια ποιειν οτι τιζ βουλεται) And we find a similar concept of liberty employed by Aristotle, Politics V 1-2, in his definition of demociacy We might possibly say that m ancient Greece, at least in those democratic states, personal liberty was not unknown either Not only do we read this m those philosophical works just mentioned, but also in the historical writings of Thucydides E g to the mind of those men on the Scilian expedition, their mother country now far away was, first of all, a country of greatest ελευθερια, where every man was free to enjoy his daily life subject to no control (πατριδοζ τηζ ελευτερωτατηζ και τηζ εν αυτη ανεπιτακτου4 πασιν ειζ την διαιταν εξουσιαζ) And the Epitaphian Oration of Pericles might well be regarded as a decisive vote (ο κολοφων) for one in the position of defending the ελευθερια of the Greeks, for Pericles is here found ensuring personal liberty in everyday life as well as political freedom Such personal liberty, however, as is supposed to have been realized in a state such as Athens, was something which could only be secured and defended provided that the independence of the state and the political freedom were ensured, something too delicate to stand by itself And this is the very reason why Pericles had in addition to lay great emphasis on the necessity of observing the law written or unwritten as an essential condition in order that they might keep their mutual relationship untouched with any infringing on the interests of the others Maintenance of the balance, however, between the ordinance of law and personal liberty was left to the good sense of individuals, the harmony between the two being optimistically just expected, and, apart from this, there was hardly to be found any positive principle sufficient to guarantee that harmony Nor was this all, the increasing tendency towards making slight of the laws, which found its theorization in the so-called νομοζφυσιζ controversy, exposed this balance to the danger of being overthrown Such was the radical form of personal liberty which Plato perceived in the decadence of democracy, where law was utterly disregarded, σωφροσυνη lost and every επιθυμια liberated, resulting in anarchy, which in its turn was to give birth to tyranny We find the Gorgias introducing the claim that such personal liberty was realized in the person of Macedonian despots This, we should say, means to deny the traditional idea of freedom of the Greeks and to find the utmost of ελευθερια in barbarian despots, the exact opposite of the former When we think of the Greek history succeeding the period in question, we might well call it an ironical paradox
著者
青木 美土里
巻号頁・発行日
2021-03

歴史人口学と歴史社会学の視点で、人の移動に関する先行研究の一部を整理した上で、現状の課題を明らかにし、自らの研究の立ち位置を確認する。順序としては、まず研究のきっかけとなった極私的体験について紹介し、修士課程での研究について説明。その上で現在、博士課程において進めている研究のテーマとその背景である明治近代以降の家族形態の変化と人の移動について述べた。また、2020年、地球規模で直面しているCOVID-19のもたらす社会変化についても僅かながら言及した。先行研究は、主に鬼頭宏の著作を用いて、歴史人口学の視点から人口と文明の関連性、産業化に起因する人口増加と、明治近代以降、日本で起きた農村から都市部への人口移動を整理。次に、佐藤香の著作に従って、歴史社会学の視点から、世界における人の移動プロセスにかかわる学史の流れ、現在の日本における同テーマの研究するにあたっての限界と課題について整理した。最後に、筆者の家系を研究の対象とすることで、その課題に対する新たな突破口を見出そうとした。
著者
万年 和明
出版者
日本ウイルス学会
雑誌
ウイルス (ISSN:00426857)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.52, no.1, pp.21-25, 2002
被引用文献数
2

いったん発症するとほぼ100%死亡する狂犬病はウイルス性の人獣共通感染症であり, 全ての温血動物が感受性を持っている. 人類文明の創生期からすでにその怖ろしさが記録に残っているこの疾病は, 野犬や野生動物が感染環を維持していて, 健康な人や動物が偶発的に発症前後の動物と接触することで感染がおこるが, 幸いにも日本では50年近くも発生が見られない. ここでは, 狂犬病ウイルスについて概略を説明する.
著者
内田 次信
出版者
京都大学
雑誌
西洋古典論集 (ISSN:02897113)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.11, pp.62-80, 1994-03-30

この論文は国立情報学研究所の学術雑誌公開支援事業により電子化されました。In the first half of the Odyssey, both the hero's longing for his wife and her attachment to her absent husband are emphasized. This could suggest to the audience that the poet would reproduce the original naive world of the homecomer, but in the second part the hero manifests mistrust of women in general, and would not confide his true self or intention of revenge to his wife. It is only after he successfully fights off the suitors that Penelope acknowledges him as her husband. She was excluded from the fighting but, in the underworld the ghost of a suitor tells of Penelope's assistance to her husband with the plot. Thereupon, Agamemnon praises Odysseus for having Penelope as his wife, which again reminds us of the romantic world of the folk tale. It would have been easier and his victory more certain, if Odysseus had really gotten Penelope's aid, as may have occurred in the original tale. But to Odysseus, who represents the modern man, such a world was alien. The discrepancy between the two worlds creates irony.
著者
安岡 孝一
出版者
国立研究開発法人 科学技術振興機構
雑誌
情報管理 (ISSN:00217298)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.48, no.8, pp.487-495, 2005

日本の漢字情報処理における難題のひとつに,異体字処理の問題がある。当用漢字表およびそれに続く常用漢字表が,固有名詞を埒(らち)外としてしまった結果,人名における漢字と,地名における漢字が,それぞれ異なる字体を持つに至った,という現実が,この問題をさらに複雑なものとしている。この問題を解決するには,Unicodeのような「漢字統合」を主眼とする文字コードでは力不足であり,むしろ日本国内向けに特化された文字コードが望ましい。本稿で紹介するAdobe-Japan1-6は,Adobe Systems社が日本向けに開発した文字コードだが,日本市場でのニーズ,特に異体字処理を,非常に強く意識した文字コードとなっている。
著者
鶴田 尚美 TSURUTA Naomi
出版者
京都女子大学現代社会学部
雑誌
現代社会研究 (ISSN:18842623)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.16, pp.55-65, 2013-12

通常わたしたちは、死は人生において最大の悪だと考えており、短い生よりも長い生の方がよりよいと思っている。それでは、不老不死であったとしたなら、わたしたちの人生はよりよいものになるのだろうか。バーナード・ウィリアムズは、不死は本人にとって望ましいものではなく、不死の人間は必然的に人生に退屈すると論じている。本稿は、ウィリアムズの主張の根底にある人格概念をデレク・パーフィットの還元主義的人格概念と比較しつつ、ウィリアムズの議論を批判的に検討する。In 'The Makropulos case: reflections on tedium of immortality', Bernard Williams argued as follows: if death is a misfortune and a longer life is better than a shorter life, then death at any time is evil, and it is better to live than die. Then, it would be not only always better to live but also better to live always, that is, never die. However, an endless life must be meaningless, and we have no reason to want to live till eternity, because eternal life must be a life which is intolerably boring. According to Williams, a person has a certain character and his/her own conception of life and integrity, which is important for us as persons. In contrast, Derek Parfit suggests that personal identity in itself is not important. According to his 'reductionism' account, what really matters to us is not personal identity, but psychological connectedness or continuity (relation R) over time. In this paper, I will examine Williams' supposition that a person must have a fixed character, and then criticize his explanation that an immortal person necessary fails to boredom. Next, I will explain Parfit's theory of personal identity and point out that what matters in my survival is not identity over time, but relation R. Finally, I will conclude that Parfit's concept of person is more plausible to apply to our real human lives.
著者
渡辺 研 岡本 奨
出版者
社団法人 日本食品科学工学会
雑誌
日本食品工業学会誌 (ISSN:00290394)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.22, no.7, pp.325-330, 1975
被引用文献数
3

大豆グロブリンの湯葉状皮膜の組織と生成過程を走査型電子顕微鏡観察,呈色反応などで検討した。<BR>(1) 皮膜は水分含量が60~80%であるが,凍結乾燥によって上部に氷結晶の跡が認められない組織化の比較的進んだ層と,下部に組織化の低い層をもち,後者は肥厚しながら約40μまでは経時的に前者に移行する。ミロン試験とキサントプロテイン試験で皮膜表面は鮮明な呈色反応をし,裏面はほとんど反応しなかった。また大豆グロブリンのペーストを加熱して得られるゲルはミロン試験で微紅色にとどまり,湯葉状皮膜と加熱ゲルの組織の相異が示された。<BR>(2) 成膜初期に気液界面に形成される層をモデル固相,たとえばアセチルローズ,セロファン,ニトロセルローズ,フィブロインあるいは羽毛ケラチンなどのフィルムでおきかえても,この固液界面に皮膜を生成することができた。表面での水分蒸発速度が0.049mg/cmcm<SUP>2</SUP>・min以下のフィルム面では成膜しなかった。モデル固液界面で生成した皮膜は従来の製法による湯葉皮膜と同様の組織をもつことが観察された。またこの皮膜は湯葉独特の表面のシワがなく,セロファン面で得られたものでは破断強度が従来の製法のものより大きくなった。<BR>なお,7Sおよび11Sグロブリンは分子構造や皮膜 強度において顕著な差異があるにもかかわらず,皮膜の組織においてはきわだった差異がみられなかった。