著者
名古屋 恒彦 稲邊 宣彦 田淵 健 大嶋 美奈子 NAGOYA Tsunehiko INABE Norihiko TABUCHI Ken OHSHIMA Minako
出版者
岩手大学教育学部附属教育実践総合センター
雑誌
岩手大学教育学部附属教育実践総合センター研究紀要 (ISSN:13472216)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.8, pp.161-171, 2009-03-01

近年、障害のある人たちへの就労支援施策の進展が著しい。2002年に示された「障害者基本計画」において、「雇用・就業は、障害者の自立・社会参加のための重要な柱であり、障害者が能力を最大限発揮し、働くことによって社会に貢献できるよう、その特性を踏まえた条件の整備を図る」とする方針が示され、施策の具体化が方向付けられた。2005年に成立した障害者自立支援法においても「就労移行支援」「就労継続支援」といった様々な形態での就労支援が重要な位置を占めている。 就労支援を特別支援教育で引き受ける場合の中核的な教育活動は職業教育である。職業教育に関して、名古屋らは、知的障害特別支援学校における職業教育に関する実践研究が、高等部段階のものに比べ中学部段階で低調であることを指摘している(名古屋、稲連、田村、田淵、2008)。2008年1月に公にされた中央教育審議会答申「幼稚園、小学校、中学校、高等学校及び特別支援学校の学習指導要領等の改善について」においても職業教育に関する記述は高等部段階に関するものである(中央教育審議会、2008)。 名古屋らは、特別支援教育における職業教育への関心が高等部段階を主とするものであることに対して、職業教育が義務教育最終段階である中学部においても重要であるとの認識に立ち、岩手大学教育学部附属特別支援学校(以下、「附属特別支援学校」)中学部における作業学習および働く活動を大きく位置づけた生活単元学習の授業研究を通じて、知的障害特別支援学校における職業教育のあり方を検討した(名古屋、稲連、田村、田淵、2008)。職業教育としてふさわしい作業活動として、現実度が高く、かつ生徒が主体的に取り組めることを重視して授業研究を行った。その結果、現実度の高い作業活動としては、学校が立地する、あるいは生徒が居住する地域での産業基盤との関係重視も十分に考慮されることが必要であることを指摘した。持続可能な材料の入手、作業ノウハウ、販路開拓などでの地域産業との連携の重要性が考えられた。地域産業との関係での材料入手については、附属特別支援学校が立地する地域でのリンゴ栽培で恒常的に生じる奔走材を再利用した製品開発が提案された。このことは環境への配慮としても有用であった(名古屋、稲達、田村、田淵、2008)。 生徒の活動の主体性については、実際の授業計画から場の設定、道具等の工夫、教師の共に活動しながらの支援と様々な場面での支援的対応にょって、実現できることが示唆された(名古屋、稲連、田村、田淵、2008)。 以上の名古屋らの研究を踏まえ、本研究では、附属特別支援学校に新たに設置された中学部作業学習「クラフト班」作業学習および同様の工程の存在する木工を中心とした生活単元学習の授業研究を通して、生徒の主体的取り組みを実現し、かっ地域産業に密着した持続可能な環境教育に資する作業学習の展開方法を明らかにすることを目的とする。とりわけ、地域産業との持続可能な関係構築の中で、現実度の高い作業展開を追究することとする。
著者
和井田 節子 小泉 晋一 田中 卓也 Setsuko Waida Koizumi Shinichi Tanaka Takuya
巻号頁・発行日
vol.14, pp.193-216, 2016-03-31

共栄大学教育学部では、2 年次必修演習科目「教育学基礎演習」(半期・1 単位)の中で「知的思考力」と、協同的に問題解決をする「社会的能力」の育成を目的に、教育政策的なテーマで、チームによるディベートを行っている。本研究では、2015 年の授業記録とアンケート結果から、ディベート学習の教育的効果と課題を検討した。その結果、「知的思考力」の向上は認められたが、「社会的能力」に関しては有意な効果は認められなかった。しかし、説得力のあるディベートができたチームには、協同的に準備ができたという感想を持つ傾向があり、チームワークのスキルを学ばせる必要も示唆された。
著者
菊池 智紀 古井 貞煕 堀 智織
雑誌
情報処理学会研究報告音声言語情報処理(SLP)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2002, no.121(2002-SLP-044), pp.225-230, 2002-12-16

本稿では,これまで我々が提案してきた単語抽出による要約手法の前処理として,重要文抽出を組み合わせた2段階の音声自動要約手法を提案する.本手法では音声認識の結果から,各文の構成単語の重要度,信頼度,言語的自然さの評価値から重要文抽出の要約スコアを求め,それをもとに認識率の低い文,理解困難な文をあらかじめ除いておく.次に,残された文に対して,同様の評価値に単語間遷移スコアを加えた要約スコアを最大にするような,部分単位列を抽出するという手法により要約文を作成し,高精度化をはかる.この手法を用いて講演音声を自動要約し,複数の被験者により作成された正解要約文単語ネットワークに基づく評価を行う.重要文抽出法を用いない従来までの要約手法との要約精度の比較を行った結果,提案手法の有効性が確認された.
著者
若林 功 八重田 淳 Isao WAKABAYASHI Jun YAEDA
雑誌
學苑 = GAKUEN (ISSN:13480103)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.904, pp.68-78, 2016-02-01

The importance of support in the workplace for persons with disabilities to adjust to working life has long been recognized in the literature. However, the effects of workplace support on the work adjustment of persons with disabilities have not been well documented. This paper examines whether workplace support is related to job satisfaction, performance (as evaluated by employers), organizational commitment, workplace integration, and their intention to quit their jobs. A survey of people with intellectual disabilities was conducted, and 169 answers were collected. The results of analysis of the survey are as follows: (a) workplace support consists of three factors: education, negative feedback, and supports for work performance, (b) moderate correlation was found between education and job satisfaction, (c) moderate correlation was found between organizational commitment and job satisfaction, and between workplace integration and job satisfaction; a moderate negative correlation was found between intention to quit job and job satisfaction, (d) only a weak negative correlation was found between intention to quit job and workplace support.
著者
郷良 淳子
出版者
甲南女子大学
雑誌
甲南女子大学研究紀要. 看護学・リハビリテーション学編 = Studies in nursing and rehabilitation (ISSN:18825788)
巻号頁・発行日
no.4, pp.181-187, 2010-03-18

30年近く入院している非定型精神病の女性患者Aさんとの語りを中心としたケーススタディーから、患者の「退屈」と「現実感覚を促す看護」について考察した。Aさんは、強迫症状を持ち、医療者にとって理解が困難な患者であった。しかし、散歩を中心とした看護者である筆者との週1回の1年半の関わりにおいて、理解困難と思われた精神症状の意味と健康的側面を見出すことができた。理解困難と思われる症状は、患者が訴えない「退屈」という症状である可能性が示唆され、散歩は、不安の伴わないメリハリのきいた時間感覚と現実感覚を持つことに繋がっていると考えられた。理解困難と思われる患者とも理解可能という信念を持ち、患者が語れる機会を提供すること、患者の語りと患者の行動と生きてきた歴史をつなげて理解することが、慢性期の精神科患者のケアのあり方を探る上で重要であることが示唆された。
著者
椎野 信雄
出版者
文教大学
雑誌
文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies Bunkyo University (ISSN:09173072)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.29, no.2, pp.11-26, 2019-01-31

There is a sociology of qualitative social research based on theoretical information from a Canadian sociologist Dorothy Smith’s sociology of institutional ethnography. Researchers using these approaches examine social problems, and explicate how these social problems are built up, and what social relations organize these problems. Several preparations are needed to practice these social researches. One of such preparations is to consider the terms (keywords) referred to in practicing social researches. The keywords of D. Smith, standpoint theory, institutional ethnography, ruling relations are selected. We will see “who is Dorothy Smith”, “what is the standpoint theory”, “institutional ethnography” ,and “what are ruling relations” as follows. These terms are sources of reference to practices of social researches based on institutional ethnography. We believe these keywords are useful as practical tools for social researches.
著者
椎野 信雄
出版者
文教大学
雑誌
文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies Bunkyo University (ISSN:09173072)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.29, no.1, pp.31-47, 2018-07-31

This paper does not take voting against the UN resolution “36/... the death penalty” (A/HRC/36/L.6) at the 36th session of the Human Rights Council (in September 2017) as voting against the resolution condemning death penalty for homosexuality. By interpreting this resolution as the resolution of “the question of the death penalty”, this paper will examine implications for sexual orientation of the opposition of the Japanese government to this resolution through considering the Japanese government’ reasoning for casting a vote against this resolution in light of the fact that the Japanese government cast a vote against this resolution.
著者
椎野 信雄
出版者
文教大学
雑誌
文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies Bunkyo University (ISSN:09173072)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.15, no.1, pp.47-56, 2004-07-01

Development in the 1970s was promoted on an economic growth basis. But objections to the economic growth basis have been raised since the latter half of 1970s. Development came into question in terms of global environment problem, local residents' campaigns, quality of life, the north-south problem and so on. The relation between developing countries' development and global environment conservation is one of the most crucial issues on global problems. Development problems have focused on 'poberty' from`environment and development' through humanist `social development'. In the meantime the concept of`human development' has been used in the international organizations. `Human development' took a turn into gender equality. No doubt`women in development' approach has been promoted since 1970s. In the 1990s,`gender and development' approach was adovocated instead of`women in development', and`the mainstreaming of gender' has been tackled. This paper attempts to examine the issues on the concept of women in`gender and development' approach.
著者
椎野 信雄
出版者
文教大学
雑誌
文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies Bunkyo University (ISSN:09173072)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.12, no.2, pp.69-79, 2002-02-01

On June 26, in 2000 President Clinton announced at a historic White House ceremony that the international Human Genome Project and Cellera Genomics Corporation have both completed an initial sequencing of the human genome - the genetic blueprint for human beings. On the same day, the public and private groups that sequenced the human genome announced jointly that they have completed rough drafts of the human genome. President Clinton hailed the announcement as "the most important, most wondrous map ever produced by humankind." He said, "Today, we are learning the language in which God created life. We are gaining ever more awe for the complexity, the beauty, the wonder of God's most divine and sacred gift. With this profound new knowledge, humankind is on the verge of gaining immense, new power to heal. Genome science will have a real impact on all our lives - and even more, on the lives of our children. It will revolutionize the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of most, if not all, human diseases." The rough draft of the entire human genome is regarded as a first glimpse of the instruction book previously known only to God, and a powerful new tool to find cures for disease. On the other hand, there are worries over discrimination in education, employment, promotion, insurance contracts, marriage and so on because of gene diagnoses and gene treatments. The General Conference of UNESCO in 1997 adopted "the Universal Declaration on Human Genome and Human Rights" in order to ban such discrimination. Recently ethical problems concerning genes and the genome have been much discussed. These problems are concerned with eugenics, especially the issue of whether the new eugenics ethically allows gene enhancement. Should society be against this new eugenics or for it? This paper examines the argument about "the theory and ethics of genetic engineering society" by a philosopher of science.
著者
椎野 信雄
出版者
文教大学
雑誌
文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies Bunkyo University (ISSN:09173072)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.11, no.2, pp.23-42, 2001-02-01

Various research programs in the "new" sociology of scientific knowledge emerged in the latter half of 1970s. British sociologists such as Barnes, Bloor, Mulkay, Collins and so forth were challenging the Mertonian functionalist sociology of science. The aim of the new sociology of scientific knowledge has been to investigate and explain the "contents" of scientific knowledge per se. Ethnomethodological studies of scientific practices were surrounded by the emergence of these "new" programs in social studies of science. Although ethnomethodological studies of science have often been understood without being distinguished from these "new" programs, it seems that ethnomethodological studies differ from these programs in their perspective on language, science and action. In spite of their commitments to a supposedly "radical" view of scientific knowledge, the new sociologies use some conventional social science terminologies and explanatory formulae, and seem caught in a trap concerning the usage of ordinary language in social science and philosophy. Garfinke's ethnomethodology appears to advocate a complete departure from these conventional views of language and science which the new programs have taken over. We will make sense of ethonomethodological studies of science by reviewing how ethonomethodology sees the "new" programs. In this paper we would like to leave a port to the sea of argumentation by regarding ethnomethodologist M. Lynch's studies of science as leading light. Ethnomethodology's agenda is, according to Lynch, to reconsider what it means to produce observations, descriptions and explanations of something "actual." Garfinkel's program is not interested in explaining scientific facts by reference to the social context of their production. The program does not try to construct comprehensive models of activities and institutions. Its objective is to examine how scientific works are produced from the disciplinary-specific Lebenswelt of scientific projects. The aim is not to explain "discovery" as a matter of "social construction" but to try to gain a better understanding of scientific work.
著者
Shiino Nobuo
出版者
文教大学
雑誌
文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies Bunkyo University (ISSN:09173072)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.11, no.1, pp.71-77, 2000-07-01

Cicourel tries to integrate structural conceptions with the contingencies of everyday social interaction. He understands social structure as accounts of situated social interaction. What is important to him is the way in which normative and situated representational devices are used to communicate human experiences and knowledge-claims of everyday social structure. He thinks that the understanding of social structure remains an accountable illusion of sociologists' common-sense knowledge unless we can reveal a procedural connection between interactional sequences among actors and structural framework. While the existing theory of status or role seems to provide a convenient shorthand for the observer to describe the actor's behaviour in social life, the notions of 'status' and 'role' as a structural feature of social order seldom point to the interactional consequences of everyday life. Cicourel thinks that any reference to the actor's perspective must cover both the researcher's and the actor's attempts to negotiate everyday activities or to organize socially acceptable behaviours over the course of social interaction in the situated settings. In this paper we examine Cicourel's social theory which deals with social interaction form within the actor's perspective over the course of the situated settings.
著者
椎野 信雄
出版者
文教大学
雑誌
文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies Bunkyo University (ISSN:09173072)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.8, pp.79-86, 1998-01-01

It is clear that there was an intimate relationship between ethnomethodology and conversation analysis in the 1960's, but latter-day conversation analysis may or may not have much to do with ethnomethodology. In the 1960's H. Sacks, together with H. Garfinkel, was explicating "demonstrably rational properties of indexical expressions." Certainly conversation analysis investgates "indexical expressions" by describing recurrent sequential actions in conversation and specifying formal rules for generating their organizational features, but its purpose is to develop a grammar for conversation. However, Garfinkel's ethnomethodological program is to investigate "the uses of grammar" (the uses of language). The original purpose in ethnomethodological studies was not to construct a formal structure of practical actions but to examine how formal structures are used in and as local courses of practical actions. Latter-day conversation analysis is not necessarily incompatible with ethnomethdological studies, but professionalized conversation analysis seems different from ethnomethodological studies in essential ways. This paper attempts to search for a possibility of ethnomethodological studies of social institutions by examining "professionalized" conversation analysis from the (postanalytic) ethnomethodological standpoint.
著者
椎野 信雄
出版者
文教大学
雑誌
文教大学国際学部紀要 = Journal of the Faculty of International Studies Bunkyo University (ISSN:09173072)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.7, pp.27-43, 1997-01-01

This paper attempts to explicate what ethnomethodological studies of science and mathematics are by considering chapters 8 & 9 of Making Sense of Ethnomethodology written by an ethnomethodological sociologist, E. Livingston. He is a leading expert in the field of ethnomethodological studies of science. He took his Ph. D in sociology at UCLA by writing The Ethnomethodological Foundations of Mathematics. His second book , Making Sense of Ethnomethodology, was written as a general introduction to ethnomethodology (EM below) , clearly presenting the features and purposes of studies in EM. EM tries to respecify the fundamental problems and methods of social science research in a radical way. Because of the technicalities of the EM's literature, difficulties in gaining access to EM's original studies and many misinterpretations of EM's studies, many professional sociologists do not seem to have a good understanding of the features and practices of EM. Dr. Livingston says, "I know of no academic discipline that suffered more at the hands of its expositors than ethnomethodology." With this in the background, the text of this book discusses many topics in EM studies, ranging from embodied settings, naturally organized ordinary activities and the problem of social order, including an introduction to conversational analysis, to the work of proving a theorem in Euclidean geometry. It provides a readable account of extended ethnomethodological studies. In Chapter 8 a statistics exercise is discussed and Chapter 9 is a self-contained introduction to EM. This chapter is said to be readable independently of the statistics exercise and to be central to the entire book.\n 本稿は,エスノメソドロジー的社会学者,エリク・リヴィングストンの著書『エスノメソドロジーを理解する』の第8章と第9章を素材にして,科学・数学のエスノメソドロジー研究とは何かを検討する試みである。彼は『数学のエスノメソドロジー的基礎づけ』でUCLAからPh. Dを取得した科学のエスノメソドロジストの第一人者である。『エスノメソドロジーを理解する』は,エスノメソドロジー(以下EMと略)へのわかりやすい一般的な入門書として書かれたものであり,EM研究の性質と目的を明確に,妥協せず紹介している。EMは,社会科学研究の基礎問題や方法のラディカルな再特定化を提示しているが,エスノメソドロジストの著作の専門性や,原型のEM研究に接触することの困難性,およびEM研究についての多くの誤解や曲解のために,一般の社会学者もEMの性質や実践を十分には理解できていないと思われる。「EMほど,解説者の手を通してひどい目に会ってきた学問分野を私は知らない」とは,リヴィングストンの言葉である。このような背景において本書のテクストは,具体的な場面・「自然に編成された普通の活動」・社会秩序問題からはじまり,会話分析入門を含んで,ユークリッド幾何学の定理の証明ワークの記述まで扱っており,広範なEM研究についての読みやすい説明を与えてくれるものである。そして本書の第8章は「統計学の練習問題」を論じており,第9章は自己充足的なEM入門であり,「統計学の練習問題」から独立して読むこともできる本書の中心部分なのである。

1 0 0 0 OA 科学の変容

著者
池内 了 Satoru IKEUCHI
出版者
総合研究大学院大学
雑誌
科学と社会2010
巻号頁・発行日
pp.547-561, 2011-03-31

第Ⅳ部 科学・技術と社会2009 第6章 科学・技術と社会(6)