著者
志水 宏吉
出版者
一般社団法人日本教育学会
雑誌
教育學研究 (ISSN:03873161)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.73, no.4, pp.336-349, 2006-12-29

We reported the major findings of our research based on our own academic achievement tests towards elementary school and junior high school pupils in 2002. We then pointed out the fact that the differences of achievement between social groups have been expanded. Nowadays, that issue is seen to be one of the most serious educational problems in contemporary Japan. Although the differences of various educational outcomes such as academic achievements or educational aspirations between social groups are always emphasized, it is surprising that they seldom discuss about the ways in which those differences could be made smaller. I myself have been exploring the issue in these several years. In this paper, I will describe the progress and the future directions of our academic exploration on this particular educational issue. In section 2, I will give some consideration on the basic concepts such as 'gakuryoku' (academic achievement) and 'gakuryoku kakusa' (collective difference of academic achievement) and locate the existence of the schools that are actually reducing the differences in the context of the theory of effective school. That theory or research trend has been developed in the U.S.A. and the U.K. in these three decades. The concept of effective school is related to a kind of school that can reduce the differences of academic achievement between social groups such as social classes or ethnic groups. In section 3, the findings of our collaborative research carried our in 2002 will be shown and the actual contents of effective schools found out in the research will be discussed. In those schools (one elementary school and one junior high school), the averages of achievement of the children are pretty high and the ratios of low-achievers remain fairly small. The overall efforts of the school towards guaranteeing the minimum level of achievement for all the children seems to bear fruit sufficiently. In section 4, I will tough the contents of our on-going research project carried out in Osaka. The aim of the project is to find our various kinds of effective school in Japan and to draw common characteristics of those schools. We provisionally present seven factors that can contribute to make a Japanese school effective: not to make the children rough, to develop the good relationship among the children, school management emphasizing teamwork among members of staff, positive and practice-oriented school culture, collaboration with parents and local community, internal system guaranteeing the minimum level of achievement, existence of leaders and leadership. In section 5, I will consider several issues I order to prospect future development of research on school effectiveness in Japan. The following is the issues I will pick up: development of appropriate achievement tests, development of appropriate indication of family backgrounds, planning of longitudinal research on school effectiveness, necessity for research on the process of school improvement.
著者
林 宜嗣
出版者
関西学院大学
雑誌
經濟學論究 (ISSN:02868032)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.62, no.1, pp.81-96, 2008-07

Metropolitan areas of Japan have recently experienced significant structual changes. The population change exerts a big influence on the growth and decline of the city. In addition, urban deterioration leads to a migration of individuals to the suburbs. This paper inspects the population changes in the Tokyo and Osaka metropolitan areas and explains the close relationship btween urban amenities and migration. It finds that a decentralized urban public policy is necessary to stop cumulative city deterioration.
著者
本田 学 新藤 純子 岡本 勝男 川島 博之
出版者
システム農学会
雑誌
システム農学 (ISSN:09137548)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.24, no.3, pp.157-165, 2008-07-10

都市化や高齢化といった人口構成の変化を考慮し,中国の食料需要量を省市自治区・都市農村別に予測した。予測モデルは人口部門と食料需要部門から成る。人口部門では,人口移動を考慮したコホートモデルを用いて将来人口を推計し,食料需要部門では,所得を外生変数として一人当たり食料需要量を予測した。データの精度が疑わしい場合は,文献を参考に補正を行った。推計の結果,食用穀物及び動物性食品の需要量は,2005年の1.94億t,0.60億tから,2030年の1.35億t,0.99億tへとそれぞれ変化した。都市化と農村部の所得増加が,穀物から動物性食品への需要シフトを引き起こす。しかし,一人当たり需要量の格差解消や高齢化により,動物性食品需要の伸び率は今後低下する。