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The research to date on the fleet of the United States North Pacific Exploring and Surveying Expedition (NPSE), which visited Shimoda in May 1855, has concluded that the fleet's aim was to test the effectiveness of the treaty of peace and amity between Japan and the United States, known as the Kanagawa Convention (concluded 31 March 1854), under direct orders issued by the US Secretary of the Navy, despite the fact that the Convention had not yet been concluded when the NPSE departed from Norfolk, Virginia, in June 1853. The purpose of this article is to reveal more concrete detail the diplomatic purposes and reasons behind the NPSE's visit to Japan. It was in August 1852 that the NPSE was scheduled to be dispatched to survey the North Pacific maritime region, as part of US Navy and State Department policy aimed at challenging British hegemony and protecting whale fisheries in the region. While these objectives were similar to those of Commodore Perry's expedition to Japan, the NPSE also intended to negotiate with countries that Perry had not visited. This means that both Perry's expedition and the NPSE were equally important to US diplomacy regarding the North Pacific region. However, the two expeditions did not always cooperate. For example, the NPSE had to suspend its surveying activities when it arrived at Hong Kong in May 1854, because Perry had concentrated his vessels in Japan, leaving no US ships in the South China Sea to protect American merchants during the confusion created by the Taiping Rebellion. Finally, the author shows that when the NPSE did arrive in Shimoda, its aim was to open negotiations with Japan, not on the orders from the Navy, but on the decision of the NPSE Commander John Rodgers himself. Before heading for Japan, the NPSE visited the Ryukyu Kingdom, where Rodgers judged that the treaty between the Ryukyus and the United States, which had been concluded by Perry, was being violated by the government of the Ryukyus, a perception that probably influenced his decision to proceed to Japan. Contrary to the widely held view, the author shows that the Secretary of the Navy did not order the NPSE to visit Japan with the purpose of testing the effectiveness of the Convention of Kanagawa and calls for a reconsideration of the character of US diplomacy regarding the Pacific Ocean region, in general, and Japan, in particular during the mid-19th century.

2021-05-20 18:10:35
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1 0 0 0 IR 聞き書き・わが国における法史学の歩み(八) : 三浦澄雄先生にお聞きする

著者: わが国における法史学の歩み研究会岩野英夫
出版者: 同志社大学
雑誌: 同志社法學 (ISSN:03877612)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.62, no.5, pp.1557-1637, 2011-01

資料(Material)西洋法史学者・三浦澄雄先生の研究の歩みの聞き書きである。先生の研究ベースには全てを疑う、という観点がある。そしてさらにその観点のベースにあるのは戦争に翻弄された人生体験であり、聞き書きでは、その人生体験が三浦先生の研究にどのような影響を与えているのかに特に注目している。例えば「本当はどうだったんだ」というのが先生の口癖であるが、自分が見た物触った物以外信用しないという実証的な研究態度は「天皇のために死ぬこと」は当然のこととして思い込ませた教育などへの不信感に由来している。代表:岩野英夫