著者

桜井 直文

出版者

明治大学人文科学研究所

雑誌

明治大学人文科学研究所紀要 (ISSN:05433894)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, pp.314-348, 2014-03

著者

山森 宙史

出版者

日本マス・コミュニケーション学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

no.87, pp.197-216, 2015-07-31

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This study aims to consider the historical process of establishing of Manga by focusing on Comic Book Sections in Japanese bookstores from the early 1970s to 1980s. Prior studies on Manga tend to focus on trades outside of regular distribution channels to emphasize peculiar characteristics of the emerging media. Consequently, the social process during the 1970s and 1980s to pervade Manga almost all of the retail bookstores through wholesalers has not been clarified. The article shows how Manga to be recognized as one of the established genre in bookstores by concentrating on the particular standard of shinshoban (pocket paperback edition) comics which became one of the best sellers in retail bookstores after the 1970s. The early spread of permanent section of shinshoban comics during the 1970s can be understood as a conflict between Manga and other genre of books, mostly literal arts, and through industrial change surrounding book business as a background. In the late 1970s, sale structure of the small and medium-sized retail bookstores became more dependent on the shinshoban comics. The situation forced booksellers to redefine the identity of their bookstore represented in the composition of sections. Accordingly, most booksellers decided to redefine the identity of their bookstores as a space for consumption from a space of cultural excellence. Booksellers defined Manga merely as a commodity and accepted shinshoban comics to make up a permanent section in their bookstores to compromise their ideals. However, constructing Manga sections in bookstores was nothing less than legitimizing Manga as one of the established genres of printed books. Therefore, the establishment of Manga in the 1970s and 1980s can be seen as a process of reconsidering the publication culture for the Japanese publication industry in a transitional period.

著者

渡辺富久子

出版者

国立国会図書館

雑誌

外国の立法 : 立法情報・翻訳・解説 (ISSN:13492071)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.(月刊版. 269-1), 2016-10

著者

Hiroyuki Tsutsui Hiroshi Ito Masafumi Kitakaze Issei Komuro Toyoaki Murohara Tohru Izumi Kenji Sunagawa Yoshio Yasumura Masafumi Yano Kazuhiro Yamamoto Tsutomu Yoshikawa Takayoshi Tsutamoto Junwei Zhang Akifumi Okayama Yoshihiko Ichikawa Kazuhiro Kanmuri Masunori Matsuzaki for the J-EMPHASIS-HF Study Group

出版者

日本循環器学会

雑誌

Circulation Journal (ISSN:13469843)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.CJ-17-0323, (Released:2017-08-19)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

23

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Background:The mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist eplerenone improved clinical outcomes among patients with heart failure with reduced ejection faction (HFrEF) in the EMPHASIS-HF (Eplerenone in Mild Patients Hospitalization And SurvIval Study in Heart Failure) study. However, similar efficacy and safety have not been established in Japanese patients. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of eplerenone in patients with HFrEF in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled outcome study (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01115855). The aim of the study was to evaluate efficacy predefined as consistency of the primary endpoint with that of EMPHASIS-HF at a point estimate of <1 for the hazard ratio.Methods and Results:HFrEF patients with NYHA functional class II–IV and an EF ≤35% received eplerenone (n=111) or placebo (n=110) on top of standard therapy for at least 12 months. The primary endpoint was a composite of death from cardiovascular causes or hospitalization for HF. The primary endpoint occurred in 29.7% of patients in the eplerenone group vs. 32.7% in the placebo group [hazard ratio=0.85 (95% CI: 0.53–1.36)]. Hospitalization for any cause and changes in plasma BNP and LVEF were favorable with eplerenone. A total of 17 patients (15.3%) in the eplerenone group and 10 patients (9.1%) in the placebo group died. Adverse events, including hyperkalemia, were similar between the groups.Conclusions:Eplerenone was well-tolerated in Japanese patients with HFrEF and showed results consistent with those reported in the EMPHASIS-HF study.

著者

Ryoichi Ema Ryota Akagi Taku Wakahara Yasuo Kawakami

出版者

一般社団法人日本体力医学会

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.1, pp.37-46, 2016-03-25 (Released:2016-03-18)

参考文献数

97

被引用文献数

31

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The present review summarizes current evidence and unresolved issues regarding training-induced changes in the architecture of human skeletal muscles. As architectural parameters, we focused on the fascicle length and pennation angle, which are related to force-generating capability of pennate muscles. Cross-sectional studies in sport athletes suggested changes in both the parameters following chronic sport-specific activities. Longitudinal training intervention experiments indicated direct evidence of the plasticity of the two parameters induced by resistance training, but no consensus has been reached regarding the factors influencing those changes. Considering the importance of fascicle arrangement on muscle function, future studies are required to explain the underpinning mechanisms of the adaptation.

著者

谷口 裕信

出版者

皇学館大学史学会

雑誌

皇学館史学 (ISSN:09122435)

巻号頁・発行日

no.31, pp.77-110, 2016-03

著者

小山 敏夫

出版者

関西学院大学

雑誌

言語と文化 = 語言与文化 (ISSN:13438530)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, pp.111-127, 1998-03-01

著者

岡谷 英夫

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.257-264, 2015-01-06 (Released:2015-01-06)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

1 2

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Sensory words such as onomatopoeia are difficult for students of Japanese because their cultures are different. How onomatopoeia are dealt with in elementary school compulsory education has been reviewed with the aim of considering how it can be applied to students of Japanese as a second language. Five Japanese textbooks that are currently in use at elementary schools for native speakers of Japanese were examined to see which onomatopoeic words appear and to what extent. A total of 6,443 onomatopoeic words were listed in these textbooks. Of the vast range of 6,443 words from the originally wide variety of words as counted from grade 1 to grade 6 from all the Japanese language textbooks, 92 were high-frequency onomatopoeic words which are proposed as the “basic onomatopoeia for beginners” as well as what kind of onomatopoeia and to what extent. These 92 high-frequency onomatopoeic words appeared 3,416 times, or 53.02% of the total 6,443 onomatopoeic words. If these 92 onomatopoeic words were studied, then over 50% of onomatopoeic words would be comprehensible to learners of Japanese. In addition, which verbs appear in conjunction with these onomatopoeic words together with their frequency are indicated.

出版者

講談社

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.21, 1962-05

著者

赤塚 若樹

出版者

首都大学東京大学院 人文科学研究科 表象文化論分野

雑誌

ファーズ Phases

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, pp.64-77, 2012-12-25

著者

神足祐太郎

出版者

国立国会図書館

雑誌

レファレンス (ISSN:1349208X)

巻号頁・発行日

no.749, 2013-06

著者

西田 豊明

出版者

国立研究開発法人 科学技術振興機構

雑誌

情報管理 (ISSN:00217298)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.5, pp.339-344, 2017-08-01 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

7

著者

上野 将敬

出版者

日本霊長類学会

雑誌

霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.1, pp.21-34, 2017-06-20 (Released:2017-07-27)

参考文献数

105

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Group-living primates are likely to spend a substantial amount of time grooming and resting with a small number of other group members. Such close and enduring relationships are regarded as affiliative. The properties of affiliative relationships are not fully understood and no consensus exists on how to quantitatively describe them. In this review, I explain the primate behaviors that are related to affiliative relationships and examine the means for using these behaviors to measure the relationship. Traditionally, affiliative relationships are defined by the frequency of proximity and grooming. Individuals with frequent proximity and grooming tend to perform altruistic behaviors for their partners without immediate return from them, groom each other in a reciprocal manner in the long-term, show distress and reconcile after agonistic interactions, and synchronize their behaviors with those of their partners. Thus, in addition to measuring the frequencies of proximity and grooming, these behavioral tendencies might be used as indices of affiliative relationships. Similarly, other questions concerning affiliative relationships remain unexplained. Some studies show that affiliative relationships increase reproductive success, but the mechanisms leading to fitness outcomes remain unclear. Although typically in primates, related individuals tend to form affiliative relationships, such relationships are also formed with unrelated individuals. Affiliative relationships could mitigate the negative effects of competition among individuals in large social groups and ensure that the individuals that form the relationship receive benefits from each other (e.g., agonistic support and collective mobbing). It is also unclear whether the affiliated relationships of nonhuman primates are equivalent to those of humans. Further research is necessary to elucidate similarities or differences in affiliative relationships between human and nonhuman primates.

著者

渡辺 雅男

出版者

国立社会保障・人口問題研究所

雑誌

季刊社会保障研究 (ISSN:03873064)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.1, pp.127-130, 2015

出版者

拓務省拓務局

巻号頁・発行日

1936

著者

ヴルフ クリストフ 河野 桃子 田口 康大 渡邊 福太郎 Kono Momoko Taguchi Kodai Watanabe Fukutaro

出版者

東京大学大学院教育学研究科基礎教育学研究室

雑誌

研究室紀要 (ISSN:02857766)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, pp.83-92, 2012-06

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翻訳

著者

奥村勝之著

出版者

ネスコ

巻号頁・発行日

1995

著者

米村 傳治郎

出版者

日本物理教育学会

雑誌

物理教育学会年会物理教育研究大会予稿集

巻号頁・発行日

no.10, 1993-08-09

著者

菊池 章

出版者

一般社団法人 日本臨床薬理学会

雑誌

臨床薬理 (ISSN:03881601)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.2, pp.19S-20S, 2010 (Released:2010-06-22)

出版者

日本膜学会

雑誌

膜 (ISSN:03851036)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.6, pp.294-303, 2009 (Released:2015-06-14)

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All living organisms on the earth rely solely on a single molecule as an energy currency, ATP (adenosine triphosphate). This small molecule supports nearly all the activities that require energy, and our body synthesizes roughly as much ATP every day as our body weight. In the biological world, ATP synthesis is certainly the most prevalent chemical reaction and the enzyme, ATP synthase, responsible for most of this task, is one of the most ubiquitous, abundant proteins on the earth. ATP synthase uses physical rotation of its own subunits as a step of catalysis - a novel mechanism, different from any other known enzymes. Rotation is not a favourite motion in living organisms; there is no animal with wheels, no bird with a propeller, and no fish with a screw. The crystal structures of the main part of ATP synthase show in atomic detail how the appearance of this world tiniest motor made of protein is remarkably reminiscent of the man–made motors. The driving force that spins ATP synthase is trans-membrane gradient of hydrogen ion concentration that is generated by respiration (burning the food) or by sunshine. We have videoimaged the rotary motion of ATP synthase that spins as fast as several hundred revolutions per second. The mechanism of the motor is completely different from the man–made motor. ATP synthase is bi–particle structure with a common rotary shaft. The flow of hydrogen ions through the lower particle drives the rotation of the central rotor that then forces upper particle to make the bending motion for synthesis of ATP. Imagine billions of billion rotary motors are spinning in our body, day and night, without rest. When the motors stop, we die.