著者

大塚 淳

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.1, pp.39-47, 2010 (Released:2017-09-10)

参考文献数

10

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For the past few decades, the statistical analysis of causation, referred to as causal Bayes-net, has gained wide applicability to many scientific areas including economics, biology, psychology and others. Bayes-nets model the causal relationships with a graph-theoretic structure and evaluates the effect of a causal intervention with the aid of the probabilistic pattern called the Markov Condition. This paper firstly reviews this statistical approach to see how it works in tasks such as the prediction of causal consequence or the evaluation of counterfactual propositions. The success of Bayes-nets in these tasks comes not without philosophical implications. Two related interpretations of causality - the probabilistic reductionism and the interventionist theory - are examined in the second half of the paper. Although both of them suffer from the problem of unfaithfulness, i.e. the probabilistic independence not implied by the Markov Condition, it will be argued that resorting to the underlying mechanism, or the ‘invariance’, helps the interventionists to avoid the problem and to justify some assumptions in the use of Bayes-net.

著者

谷川 卓

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.2, pp.77-85, 2010-03-25 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

27

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In this paper, I argue that non-occurrences of events are not qualified as causal relatas from an ontological point of view. It is a matter of fact that we usually use sentences which appear to report non-occurrences of events as causes or effects. But such sentences do not represent the states of the world straightforwardly and hence requires an interpretation. According to the interpretation I endorse, sentences mentioning non-occurrences of events should be interpreted in terms of counterfactuals. This interpretation shows that non-occurrences of events are mentioned on the basis of the concept of possibility. This view is supported by clarifying the ontology of events, confirming the truth condition for counterfactuals, and analyzing cases of double prevention.

著者

塩野 直之

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.2, pp.67-76, 2010-03-25 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

15

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Shoemaker presented a theory of properties according to which there are no metaphysically possible worlds that are not causally possible, because the causal powers of properties are essential to them. The theory apparently has the consequence that the range of metaphysically possible worlds is considerably narrower than has normally been thought. On closer inspection, however, it seems to leave open the possibility that there are possible worlds with "alien" properties that are not instantiated in the actual world, those properties being governed by laws that do not govern actual world properties. This paper examines whether this possibility is a serious threat to Shoemaker's theory, and concludes that it may indeed be.

著者

糸山 浩司

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.2, pp.87-94, 2010-03-25 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

8

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南部陽一郎博士2008年ノーベル物理学賞受賞の対象となった素粒子物理学における対称性の自発的破れの機構を、場の量子論の成立、発展を含めて論じる。

著者

野内 玲

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.9-18, 2009-11-25 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

17

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Scientific realists are pressed to reply against the critical argument from the anti-realist, pessimistic induction. One of the promising positions for them is that of ontic structural realism. This position claims that scientific theories are true of world structure and we must ontologically commit ourselves not to theoretical entities but only to such structures, totally eliminating the former. This elimination of relata, with the admission of relations has subjected it to a barrage of criticism. In this paper, I survey the debates about ontic structural realism and examine where its defects, if any, lie.

著者

神山 和好

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.19-26, 2009-11-25 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

24

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Recently, Crispin Wright has proposed a unified strategy against skepticism (Wright, 2004). It is interesting as a defense to our attitude to "receive various things without doubt." But I have doubt in the effectiveness of the suggested program with Davies (Davies, 2004). However, I am not satisfied with the counterproposal of Davies either. In this paper I suggest an alternative anti-skeptical strategy after checking the proposals of Wright and Davies.

著者

柏端 達也

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.27-28, 2009-11-25 (Released:2017-08-01)

著者

前田 高弘

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.29-38, 2009-11-25 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

15

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It is often thought a difficult task to find a place for qualia in the physical world. The reason for this may be that qualia seem to be essentially intrinsic qualities so they cannot be captured entirely in terms of their causal-functional roles. This is the typical way in which qualia are thought to be physicalistically problematic. In this paper I rethink that very problem of qualia by means of metaphysical considerations concerning properties in general. The relevant question in the metaphysics of properties is whether properties have essences which determine their identities independently of their dispositional aspects. (Such essences are called 'quiddities'.) Indeed, the problem of qualia would take a different shape depending on the answer to that metaphysical question. I show this with reference to three main views on that question, namely, quidditism, the causal theory, and the identity theory. In closing, I make a brief remark about what these considerations imply for the relationship between physicalism and qualia.

著者

金杉 武司

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.39-48, 2009-11-25 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

15

---

Mental causation is one of the major problems in the philosophy of mind. It is a big problem not only for dualism but also for physicalism because even physicalists, as long as they accept the multiple realizability of mental properties, cannot identify mental properties with physical properties, therefore, they seem to be forced to exclude mental properties from physical causal relations. Sydney Shoemaker recently proposed interesting metaphysics of properties as a physicalist solution to this problem. According to Shoemaker, causal powers are essential to properties, and a realized property is a part of its realizer. This paper aims to assess the possibility of a physicalist solution to this problem through a critical examination of the adequacy of his solution.

著者

渡辺 恒夫

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.49-58, 2009-11-25 (Released:2017-08-01)

参考文献数

21

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Based on the considerations of two kinds of documents, those from the "Symposium about the environmental problem (1992)" and current several leading textbooks of environmental science, I picked up three kinds of antagonism in the epistemology of science: objectivity vs. subjectivity, analysis vs. synthesis, and value-neutral vs. value-oriented. "Modern science" has emphasized the left-side of these binary oppositions, rejecting the right-sides. However, our considerations suggested that the underlying epistemology of the environmental science stands on the right side: subjectivity, synthesis, and value-oriented. I ended this paper by emphasizing that more detailed considerations of the problem of subjectivity are necessary for the development of environmental science.

著者

根津 祐史

出版者

一般社団法人 日本繊維機械学会

雑誌

繊維機械学会誌 (ISSN:03710580)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.12, pp.675-682, 2006 (Released:2021-01-25)

著者

細谷 暁夫

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.31-34, 2009-02-25 (Released:2017-07-14)

参考文献数

12

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We briefly look at the background of the research field of "quanta and information" from the epistemological point of view. Then quantum computation is very briefly explained and in particular quantum brachistochrone as my own research. The optimal quantum control to drive a transition from a given state to a target state in the shortest time naturally leads to the two state vector formulation of quantum mechanics advocated by Aharonov et al.

著者

枝松 圭一

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.35-43, 2009-02-25 (Released:2017-07-14)

参考文献数

33

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Entanglement is not only a fascinating phenomena predicted by quantum mechanics but also an essential and practical resource of quantum information and communication technology. Photons are the most popular and promising media to generate, manipulate, and transmit the entanglement. In this review article, concepts and progress in the generation, observation, and characterization of entangled photons are presented.

著者

石川 芳男 杉浦 桂 中根 昌克 王丸 哲文

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.2, pp.59-66, 2009-03-31 (Released:2017-08-15)

参考文献数

10

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A numerical model (individual-based model) to describe ecosystem dynamics is proposed. The ecosystem is partitioned into the same time and space scale levels and the partitions at different levels are connected through transfer of mass. The partitioned system is expressed as aggregates of three-dimensional cells. Within the cells, nutrient intake, excretion, growth, reproduction, death, and movement of individual organisms are executed in accordance with the model rules. The mass transfer due to metabolic processes of organisms, including energy dissipation (efficiency) is described by difference equations. Movement to neighboring cells occurs through diffusion for substances, and through expansion of habitat range and migration in organisms. This individual-based model was applied to an experimental microecosystem (microcosm) derived from an aquatic ecosystem. This model was demonstrated to be applicable to descriptions from the micro behavior of individuals to macro system formation.

著者

中島 敏幸

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.2, pp.67-76, 2009-03-31 (Released:2017-08-15)

参考文献数

43

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A hierarchical view of natural systems provides an effective framework to describe a given process of interest effectively by focusing a particular hierarchical level. However, this raises a serious problem, how is the focal level restricted or determined by the upper and lower levels? This problem is seen in the theory of natural selection. The theory explains the evolution of a population of biological entities as an automatic consequence of differential heritable fitness among variants, in which the complex biotic/abiotic interactions are put into a black box ("environment"), and the existence of the variants is presupposed; no interactions are explicitly incorporated into this explanation between the focal (population) and the upper/lower levels. In this paper I analyze the inter-level interactions involved in the process of adaptive evolution, and show that it proceeds under upward determination (i.e. generation of novel genetic variants) from the lower level, and under downward one from the upper level such as ecosystem (i.e. supply of new genetic information, creation of selective environments, and dynamic mechanism of replacement).

著者

三島 瑞穂 菊池 誠

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.2, pp.53-57, 2009-03-31 (Released:2017-08-15)

参考文献数

7

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We use varieties of cognitive structures in cognitive activities. Classes and collections are two kinds of cognitive structures for class-inclusion reasoning introduced by Markman to analyze the Inhelder and Piaget's class-inclusion problem. In this paper, we shall review investigations on classes and collections in developmental psychology, and propose mathematical definitions and models of classes and collections. We shall show also interpretations of these two models.

著者

北島 雄一郎

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.1-7, 2009-02-25 (Released:2017-07-14)

参考文献数

10

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In algebraic quantum field theory, some von Neumann algebra is associated with any finite open set in Minkowski space-time. Such a von Neumann algebra is called a local algebra. Let V1 and V2 be two spacelikely separated spacetime regions and let N(V1) and N(V2) be local algebras associated with V1 and V2 respectively. In the present paper it is shown that N(V1) and N(V2) are logically independent if and only if any correlation between projections of N(V1) and N(V2) has a Reichenbach's pre-common cause explanation.

著者

島村 修平

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.19-29, 2009-02-25 (Released:2017-07-14)

参考文献数

10

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This paper discusses the view about the problem of self-knowledge that Crispin Wright has proposed in a series of his papers, which is closely related to Wittgenstein's 'rule-following' consideration. Based on his insight that intentions are not independent of subject's judgments about them (judgment dependence of intention, JDI), Wright offered the so-called 'extension-determination approach' to intentions (EDA). Though EDA is original and effective as an answer to the problem of self-knowledge, it intrinsically has a serious problem of infinite regress. This paper aims to suggest an alternative view that follows his basic insight (JDI) but that can avoid this serious problem.

著者

藁谷 敏晴 大森 仁

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.9-18, 2009-02-25 (Released:2017-07-14)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

1 1

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In a paper by Waragai and Shidori, a system of paraconsistent logic called PCL1 was proposed and a result showing the relation between PCL1 and the system of Modal Logic S5 was given. Though the classical negation plays an important role in the result, it was treated in an abstract way, so the present paper focuses on the concrete treatment of classical negation in PCL1 and makes the condition to enrich PCL1 with classical negation explicit. For this purpose, strong negation, which is defined by using a bottom particle in PCL1, is introduced and some of its results will be given. Also the notion of "behaving classically" in the extended system will be discussed.

著者

香川 知晶

出版者

科学基礎論学会

雑誌

科学基礎論研究 (ISSN:00227668)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.2, pp.87-92, 2008-03-30 (Released:2010-02-03)

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The nascent field of neuroethics consists of three main divisions: the neuroscience of ethics, the ethics of neuroscience, and the interface between neuroscience and society. This concept originated at the conference, “Neuroethics, Mapping the Field, ” in San Francisco in 2002, sponsored by the Dana Foundation. However, due to its enormity, this concept lacks clarity, and can be more accurately defined in two distinct ways: examining the conditions of neuroscience, and its comparison with the first appearance of the term “;neuro-ethics” in 1973 which was coined as a protest against an unethical neurological experimentation.