著者

江夏 弘

出版者

京都大学

巻号頁・発行日

1953

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博士論文

著者

本多 清志

出版者

日本音声学会

雑誌

音声研究 (ISSN:13428675)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.2, pp.8-18, 1998-08-30 (Released:2017-08-31)

被引用文献数

1

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The x-ray microbeam system is a unique instrument to measure the movements of multiple flesh-points of speech articulators, and the recently updated system at the University of Wisconsin provides the most reliable means among available all methods. This review describes the summary of the system, the author's experience and recent studies by several researchers. Recent progress in particular is the development of the speech production database of English and Japanese speakers, which elucidates articulatory variability, speaker characteristics, and dynamic behavior of soft-tissue speech organs based on the comparison of a large number of subjects.

著者

片山 泰久

出版者

京都大学

巻号頁・発行日

1953

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博士論文

著者

田辺保著

出版者

白水社

巻号頁・発行日

1980

著者

入倉 友紀

出版者

日本映像学会

雑誌

映像学 (ISSN:02860279)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.103, pp.73-90, 2020-01-25 (Released:2020-02-25)

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本論文では、1916年から1919年にかけて活動したユニバーサル社の子会社、ブルーバード・フォトプレイズに着目する。同社は設立当初、作品の質を重視し、5リールの長編劇映画を週に1本公開するという理念を打ち出した。1910年代は、映画製作の主流が短編やシリアルから長編へと変化していった時代であり、ブルーバード社の活動に着目することは、ユニバーサル社の長編劇映画への取り組みを考える上で非常に重要である。ブルーバード社は同時代の日本映画へ与えた影響がよく知られている一方で、アメリカ映画史においては長い間忘れ去られた映画会社であった。しかし、近年のフェミニズム的な映画史再考の流れによって、同社は非常に多くの女性監督の作品を製作していたことが明らかになり、ようやく本国アメリカにおいても注目を集めつつある。しかし同社の全貌は未だ謎に包まれており、まとまった文献も存在していないのが現状である。そこで今回は、ブルーバード社の3年の活動期間に着目してその変遷を追いつつ、同社に在籍した3人の女性監督、ロイス・ウェバー、アイダ・メイ・パーク、エルシー・ジェーン・ウィルソンの活動を論じ、その影響を明らかにすることを目指す。

出版者

博文館

巻号頁・発行日

1914

著者

佐藤 真紀

出版者

信州大学人文学部

雑誌

信州大学人文科学論集 <人間情報学科編>

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, pp.41-46, 1998-02-20

著者

大塚 雄作

出版者

Japanese Society for Engineering Education

雑誌

工学教育 (ISSN:13412167)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.4, pp.4_14-4_20, 2007 (Released:2007-08-21)

参考文献数

6

被引用文献数

1 1

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To better utilize evaluations in higher education, it is necessary to share the methods of reviewing reliability and validity of examination scores and grades, and to accumulate and share data for confirming results. Before the GPA system is first introduced into a university or college, the reliability of examination scores and grades, especially for essay examinations, must be assured. Validity is a complicated concept, so should be assured in various ways, including using professional audits, theoretical models, and statistical data analysis. Because individual students and teachers are continually improving, using evaluations to appraise their progress is not always compatible with using evaluations in appraising the implementation of accountability in various departments or the university overall. To better utilize evaluations and improve higher education, evaluations should be integrated into the current system by sharing the vision of an academic learning community and promoting interaction between students and teachers based on sufficiently reliable and validated evaluation tools.

著者

楠 幹生 鐘江 保忠 藤田 究 井口 里香 北濱 郁雄 村口 浩 佐野 有季子 藤村 敬子 香西 俊哉

出版者

樹木医学会

雑誌

樹木医学研究 (ISSN:13440268)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.1, pp.8-12, 2017-01-31 (Released:2018-01-31)

参考文献数

10

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2016年に香川県高松市の盆栽産地において,Coleosporium phellodendriによるクロマツ葉さび病およびCronartium orientaleによるこぶ病の盆栽での発病リスクについて調査を行った.その結果,葉さび病については中間宿主となるキハダが輸出用盆栽園地の300m以内に存在しなかったため,本病害の盆栽での発生の可能性は極めて低いと考えられた.また,こぶ病については,輸出用盆栽園地の300m以内に中間宿主が存在した.しかし,樹齢約100年のクロマツにもこぶ症状が見られなかったことから,少なくとも100年間はこぶ病が発生していないか,あるいは発病していたとしても適切な管理により園地から完全に排除されていたと考えられる.この調査結果と両病原菌の生活環,盆栽の栽培管理方法,病害虫防除および気象条件を総合的に考えると,今後も両病害が発生する可能性は極めて低いと考察した.クロマツ盆栽については,欧州は葉さび病菌およびこぶ病菌について侵入を警戒しているが,すでに輸出されているゴヨウマツ盆栽と同様の検疫措置を実施することにより,欧州諸国への侵入リスクは極めて低いものと判断する.

著者

加藤 紘

出版者

日本産科婦人科学会

雑誌

日本産科婦人科学会雑誌 (ISSN:03009165)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.12, pp.1317-1326, 1970-12

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二重抗体法によりHCGの Radioimmunoassay を行つたが, その感度は10mIU/m1以上であつた.また Assay に対するHGH, HTSH, ACTH及び Prolactin の影響は軽微であり, 他の非特異的反応も殆んど認められなかつた.この Radioimmunoassay を妊婦及び絨毛性疾患患者のHCG測定に応用し次の結果を得た.1)妊婦血中及び尿中のHCG量は9~12週目にpeakを示した後速やかに減少し, 21週目より40週目にかけて再び漸増した.また羊水中のHCG量は, 妊娠前期において高値を示す例が多かつた.2)分娩時母体血, 臍帯静脈血及び羊水中のHCG量を測定し, 母体血と臍帯静脈血のHCG量に相関関係を認めた(γ=0.80).また新生児血中のHCGは生後16時間目で半減した.これらの成績より臍帯静脈血中のHCGは母体または胎盤由来のものと思われる.3)切迫流産患者の血中HCG量に対する尿中HCG量の割合は0.44±0.01となり, 正常妊婦の値0.80±0.12より低値であった.4)絨毛性疾患患者の血中HCG量を測定し, Follow up に利用した.経過良好な例では, 絨毛上皮腫では子宮単純全摘出術後4週間目に, また胞状奇胎では子宮内容除去術後3週間目に正常 Gonadotropin level に下降した.

著者

加藤 紘

出版者

山口大学

巻号頁・発行日

1971

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博士論文

著者

加藤,紘

出版者

日本産科婦人科学会

雑誌

日本産科婦人科學會雜誌

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.12, 1970-12-01

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二重抗体法によりHCGの Radioimmunoassay を行つたが, その感度は10mIU/m1以上であつた.また Assay に対するHGH, HTSH, ACTH及び Prolactin の影響は軽微であり, 他の非特異的反応も殆んど認められなかつた.この Radioimmunoassay を妊婦及び絨毛性疾患患者のHCG測定に応用し次の結果を得た.1)妊婦血中及び尿中のHCG量は9〜12週目にpeakを示した後速やかに減少し, 21週目より40週目にかけて再び漸増した.また羊水中のHCG量は, 妊娠前期において高値を示す例が多かつた.2)分娩時母体血, 臍帯静脈血及び羊水中のHCG量を測定し, 母体血と臍帯静脈血のHCG量に相関関係を認めた(γ=0.80).また新生児血中のHCGは生後16時間目で半減した.これらの成績より臍帯静脈血中のHCGは母体または胎盤由来のものと思われる.3)切迫流産患者の血中HCG量に対する尿中HCG量の割合は0.44±0.01となり, 正常妊婦の値0.80±0.12より低値であった.4)絨毛性疾患患者の血中HCG量を測定し, Follow up に利用した.経過良好な例では, 絨毛上皮腫では子宮単純全摘出術後4週間目に, また胞状奇胎では子宮内容除去術後3週間目に正常 Gonadotropin level に下降した.

著者

余 君宇 内出 崇彦 八木 勇治

出版者

日本地球惑星科学連合

雑誌

JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2020

巻号頁・発行日

2020-03-13

著者

オルテガ[著] 荒木優子訳

出版者

理想社

巻号頁・発行日

1969

著者

金原 壽郎 竹村 千幹

出版者

東京帝国大学地震研究所

雑誌

東京帝國大學地震研究所彙報 = Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute, Tokyo Imperial University (ISSN:00408972)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.4, pp.966-984, 1935-12-20

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The present report contains following articles, in which are described what we have observed at the time of the Siduoka earthquake of July 11, 1935: (1)Geographical distribution and modes of damages of houses. (2)Cracks on the ground and landslides. (3)Modes of vibrations of houses which may be suggested from data of their horizontal displacements.

著者

福富 孝治

出版者

東京帝国大学地震研究所

雑誌

東京帝國大學地震研究所彙報 = Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute, Tokyo Imperial University (ISSN:00408972)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.4, pp.1010-1018, 1935-12-20

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After the destructive Siduoka earthquake of July 11th, 1935. in strongly shaken area a precise levelling along a route of old Tokaido extending from Tegosi, Siduoka, to Sodesi near Okitu, and that along a route extending from Kunosan-sita to the eastern bank of the river Abe along Suruga Bay were carried out in four times. The relative vertical displacements of the bench marks along these level lines obtained by comparing the results of the recent measurements with those of earlier ones are shown in Table I-IV and in Fig5. 2~6. The writer made some discussions for the results.

著者

松原 弘典

出版者

University of Tokyo (東京大学)

巻号頁・発行日

2011-09-07

著者

平松 潤奈

出版者

北海道大学スラブ研究センター

雑誌

スラヴ研究 (ISSN:05626579)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, pp.321-353, 2004

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From the period of perestroika, there has been an argument in the criticism of Soviet culture that the Stalinist culture suppressed the representation of the body, which is irreducible to the canonical language. In this body/language opposition, the body is seen as deviation, excess or something antagonistic to the social and language order. But it is not appropriate to think that the body can be represented outside of and autonomous from language because, taking this assumption and regarding the body as something that needs release from the yoke of the language order, we only repeat the same scheme of such sayings that the body must be suppressed by language. The body should, therefore, be seen as that formed in the practice of language. In this light, dissident writer Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's text appears to tell how the body is formed in the language activity and treated by the language order. His text does not take the body/language opposition for granted, but probes the mechanism which this opposition stands on. Solzhenitsyn's novel, The First Circle, describes the process of the formation of the body far more clearly and elaborately than in any other of his writings. The central motif of the novel is voice-hearing, which inevitably raises the question of the relation of language and body. That is because, on one hand, voice carries linguistic messages, but on the other, it is a part of the human body. Voice separates from the body and goes through various media (recorder, telephone, radio etc.), but in this process it does not seem to lose the trace of the body in the form of its materiality, such as frequency and amplitude. This duality of voice plays a decisive role in The First Circle. In the beginning of the story, Innokentii Volodin, a young diplomat, calls the embassy of the United States in Moscow and reveals that a Soviet agent will receive information about the manufacturing of an atomic bomb. His conversation is tapped and recorded, and the Ministry of State Security (MGB) commits the tape to a special prison-institute commonly called a sharashka, where confined scientists and engineers are working for the benefit of the government. Gleb Nerzhin, a mathematician, and Lev Rubin, a linguist, are ordered to analyze the tape and identify the criminal among five suspects. The novel depicts in detail the process of voice analysis, which is to be examined concretely in this paper. Previous studies on Solzhenitsyn's novels have not read these technology motifs in their literal meaning. If attention is paid to descriptions of technology, they tend to concentrate on metaphorical and ideological interpretations of them (the telephone network stands for the bureaucratic system of the socialist state, for instance) and ignore the material and practical aspect of them. Solzhenitsyn himself lived in a sharashka for three years, and the model of Nerzhin is the author. He compared the sharashka to "the first circle" (borrowed from Dante's The Divine Comedy), which is the most privileged place among the concentration camps. There, prisoners were exempted from hard labor and even enjoyed freedom of speech, unthinkable in the outside society. Their work was directly connected with the benefit of the state, and significant contribution sometimes freed them. Many technical experts imprisoned in the sharashka, however, belonged to the generations before the Revolution, and a part of them were anti-Stalinist sympathizers. What sustained this inclination was their assurance of the autonomy of "techno-elite," but in fact their life depended on the technological innovation which they devised for the regime. In other words, the channels of their voices are strictly controlled, but at the same time their technology regulates the conditions on how voices are transmitted. Located in this ambiguous position of sharashka, the prisoners in The First Circle are confronted with difficult ethical questions to decide one after another. The depiction of the analysis of Volodin's voice is based on a true story Solzhenitsyn experienced in the sharashka and that Rubin's model Lev Kopelev wrote a detailed memoir about. By the time they take up Volodin's case, the prisoners have been engaged in the development of a scrambler phone that can protect Stalin's telephone conversation from being tapped by encoding and decoding human voices. The decoded voice must be identifiable with the speaker as well as being clearly heard. Looking back to the duality of voice mentioned above, clarity of voice (what one is saying) is related to its linguistic aspect, while identification (who is speaking) to its materiality or body. The latter is considered more complicated than the former, and what is necessary for the analysis of Volodin's voice is the latter (who is the criminal). To develop this special apparatus, Nerzhin (Solzhenitsyn) and Rubin (Kopelev) used a device called "visible speech," the prototype of today's sound spectrograph. It gives voiceprints which records frequency and energy of voices according to time. Rubin thinks their patterns differ from person to person, so he can identify the criminal by comparing the voiceprints of given tapes. But, in fact, voiceprint does not reveal the owner of the voice by itself. It only transcribes the materiality (body) of voice, which is unique and unrepeatable every time. To identify the owner, one must find some distinct features of his voice, always unchangeable. Rubin (Kopelev) has inmates and staff in the sharashka read the same words and syllables in various ways, but, as he confessed, Kopelev could not discover such features. What is important here is that the identity of voice is sought by articulating its materiality (voiceprints) linguistically (by particular words and syllables). In The First Circle, through voice analysis, Rubin focuses his attention on two suspects, Volodin and Shchevronok, and he tells his boss that Shchevronok is more suspicious. But that is a mistake. His boss reports to a MGB official about two suspects, requiring more data, but the official rejects the request and announces that he will arrest both. Here the strict examination of voice properties turns to absurdity. We might wonder, with all of the complicated investigation, which Rubin is forced to work on, why the author lets Rubin make a mistake and for the authorities to arrest an innocent man. Before answering this question, we should reexamine the special nature of Volodin's case -- a crime on the telephone line. As it was already seen, voice has two aspects; it is regarded as a trace of the body (and this trace also has materiality) and a carrier of language simultaneously. This duality of voice makes Volodin's case very unique. On one hand, his voice transmits linguistic message, which is recognized as a crime in the social order. On the other hand, his voice is the criminal act itself. It means that the language order and the bodily act are connected directly in his voice. Usually, bodily acts, occurring in particular time and space, are unrepeatable. But Volodin's recorded voice makes it repeatable. Through the process of voice analysis, the repeatable body (materiality) of voice is articulated to the language order and identified with its owner. In this sense, the identifiable body of the criminal is formed in the practice of the language order. We may think that Rubin's mistake shows the imperfection of this articulation system: he could not tell the difference between two men's voices. This imperfection, however, is necessary to the order. Stalin in the novel suspects that 5 to 8 percent of the people in the state are not content with the present regime although they vote for it in elections. Stalin asserts that the MGB can exist only because there are always hidden enemies in the society. His suspicion keeps on creating newly imagined enemies, who do not appear in elections, that is, who are not articulated to the language order (election has the simplest linguistic form -- yes or no). This supposed percentage of hidden enemies can be seen here as corresponding to the percentage Rubin mistakes. For Rubin's identification process is accompanied with the possibility of misidentification, and this misidentification (the imperfection of articulation) produces the hidden body of enemies behind the language order. Thus, the imperfection of the articulation technology makes the language order produce suppressible body. The voice analysis depicted in the novel shows the process of how the deviant body is produced, identified and oppressed in the regulation of social and linguistic order. Along with Rubin's voice analysis, the novel presents a different kind of voice-hearing. Nerzhin is said to have "strange hearing," with which he has been able to hear suppressed people moaning and shrieking since his childhood. This voice reaches him without going through any material medium -- newspaper, radio, or telephone. He does not trust them at all. Volodin's voice is carried by the telephone line and analyzed by the device of visible speech, by which, as a result, he is arrested. Adding to such media technologies, one more medium participates in voice analysis -- the body of the analyzer (Rubin); the clarity of decoded voice is examined by his ears, one of which is deaf, a fact which Rubin hides from people around him. Furthermore, when Rubin (Kopelev) has to infer from a voiceprint what the voice is saying in front of a MGB official, Nerzhin (Solzhenitsyn) secretly tries to help Rubin by showing the answer by gesture. All these mediums are described as things which deceive people. Among the mediums in the novel, written letters in documents are particularly deceptive. Recorded letters are easily placed under the control of a third party so they do not hold the truth. The cause of the deceptiveness is the materiality of media and body. Nerzhin's hearing is "strange" and fantastic because it omits such media technology and body, which seems indispensable for normal communication, and still can catch voices. Denying all the mediums, Nerzhin tries to approach the origin of suppressed people's voice. In the sharashka he likes to go and listen to Spiridon, a plain peasant, because Spiridon is a blind and illiterate man that is cut from the deceptive media networks (Rubin calls this Nerzhin's "going to the people" in fun). Nerzhin cannot learn any principle of life from Spiridon's tales, but just listens to his voice through his "soul" while sitting side by side; Nerzhin's hearing is independent of reason and media. Nerzhin goes further this way "to the people" and takes a much more radical step by refusing to take part in the work on the cryptography for the scrambler phone, as a result of which he is sent to a regular concentration camp. To leave the sharashka, which serves the regime with media technology, means that he will join the truly suppressed people. At the last moment in the sharashka, Nerzhin sees the van that will transport him and fellow prisoners elsewhere through Moscow city. He sees the word "Meat" painted on the body of the van for disguise. This detail has rich implication. The word "Meat" does not only hide the body of prisoners in the car, but exposes by accident the violence of the language order which treats the human body as "meat." In this scene, violence is not generated in the situation where language has already screened out the body as recent criticism insists, but when language designates the body in a certain way. Throwing his own body from the language order to outside of it, Nerzhin reveals such violence because in this moment he can observe both aspects of Soviet society. This is the point where the relation between language and body is determined. After that, the viewpoint of the narrative suddenly switches to a foreign newspaper reporter who sees the van on the street and takes the word "Meat" as it is. Nerzhin's body vanishes to outside of language but leaves the strange hearing to readers, who now know the violence of language. This consequence of Solzhenitsyn's novel has been criticized in two ways; first, it distinguishes the world of suppressed ordinary people as something sacred. Secondly, it stands in an omnipotent position which commands view of both sides of Soviet society. These arguments are apparently true, but, as we have seen in this paper, The First Circle narrates how two aspects of society (suppressing language order and suppressed body) are being separated. In this separation consists violence, which is depicted in the last scene of the novel (the scene about the "Meat" van). In fact, Nerzhin's vanishing body acts as the medium that informs readers of the two aspects of Soviet society, though he will not admit that the human body functions as a medium. It can be said that Solzhenitsyn himself, when he writes The Gulag Archipelago, for example, works as such a medium, articulating the "reality" of concentration camps to language text.

著者

石本 巳四雄

出版者

東京帝国大学地震研究所

雑誌

東京帝國大學地震研究所彙報 = Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute, Tokyo Imperial University (ISSN:00408972)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.2, pp.240-247, 1936-06-05

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地震動中に卓越する加速度の大なる波動の周期は各地に於て一定ならす其の地盤の良否と密接な關係を有する事は既に數囘報告したものであるが,今囘は特に地盤の悪いと考へられる埼玉縣出羽村と東京市芝區濱崎町とにおける觀測結果とを述べ,表面層の厚さと卓越振動周期との關係に就て言及し度いと思ふ.

著者

石本 巳四雄

出版者

東京帝国大学地震研究所

雑誌

東京帝國大學地震研究所彙報 = Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute, Tokyo Imperial University (ISSN:00408972)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.2, pp.536-543, 1937-06-20