著者
山口 仁
出版者
日本マス・コミュニケーション学会
雑誌
マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.74, pp.76-93, 2009-01-31 (Released:2017-10-06)
参考文献数
24

In this paper, I consider the media coverage of dioxin emissions i n Japan. The“disproportionality” i s one element of the moral panic, and this focuses on theextent to which the“ degree of public concern over the behavior i tself, the problemi t poses, or condition i t creates i s far greater than i s true for comparable,even more damaging actions (Goode & Ben-Yehuda 1994:36)”. But about socialproblems have high “uncertainty”, such as environmental problems i n therisk society, we are hard to explaining the “objective” risk of social problemsand reviewing the process of construction. In this paper, I would suggest a standard to consider“ uncertainly”, and applyto the media coverage of dioxin emission i n Japan.
著者
丁 智恵
出版者
日本マス・コミュニケーション学会
雑誌
マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)
巻号頁・発行日
no.82, pp.111-131, 2013-01-31

This research examines how the image of the Other excluded from "national memory" was represented in Japanese television documentaries of the 1950s and 1960s as well as clarifies how intellectuals, journalists, and filmmakers had to resist the contradiction and incoherence of linking "public memory" with "national memory." After World War II, Japan's political, economic and social systems, which had maintained continuity before and during the war, were shaken substantially. Japanese recognition of their role in the war as promoted by the American General Headquarters lacked awareness of the perspective of the Asian nations Japan colonized. Nevertheless, critical television documentaries were made one after another during this time. This paper first examines how Asia's political, economic, and social history as well as changes in the skills and techniques necessary for making television programs influenced the representation of Korea in television documentaries. It then examines the changes in said representation by analyzing program images and interviewing the directors of several television documentary programs. First is Nihon no Sugao: Nihon no Naka no Chosen [The Real Japan: Korea in Japan] (1959: NHK), which was the first television documentary after the end of the war to focus on Koreans in Japan (Zainichi). Second is Daitokai no Ama [Women Divers in the Big City] (1965: Asahi Broadcast), which was made by Japan's first Korean television director. Finally, some documentary programs which portray Korean soldiers who were mobilized as part of the Japanese Army during the war are studied, including Wasurerareta Kogun [Forgotten Imperial Soldiers] (1963: Nihon Broadcast) , directed by Nagisa Oshima. Based on the findings of this study, I concluded that few documentary programs focused on Korea in the early days of television in Japan; however, those that did exist expressed some signs of responsibility for Japanese imperialism and colonialism in Korea.
著者
西 兼志
出版者
日本マス・コミュニケーション学会
雑誌
マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)
巻号頁・発行日
no.69, pp.73-89, 2006-07-31

An Italian semioticien, U. Eco, advanced the distinction paleo-neo television in 1983. And it is in French context, which experienced the privatization of the television in mid-80's, that the distinction has been developed in various ways by researchers such as F. Casetti, R. Odin, D. Mehl, A. Ehrenberg, and so on. In this paper, their various approaches are presented critically from the viewpoint of the speech act theory. But at the same time, it is also an attempt to transform this linguistic theory into a general media theory, especially inspired by mediologie.
著者
是永 論 酒井 信一郎
出版者
日本マス・コミュニケーション学会
雑誌
マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)
巻号頁・発行日
no.71, pp.107-128, 2007

This paper attempts to understand risk, namely that of BSE in Japan from morning news programs. We analyzed broadcast from January and February 2006 that examined BSE and the ensuing ban on import of U.S. beef to Japan according to Membership Categorization Analysis. We found that each actor drew its own borders, distinguishing between "Japanese" and "Americans, " so as to make the differentiating between the observable and the accountable. We also found that actors and their actions in media coverage are coherent and consistent according to the relevancy of the situation, thus giving perspectives to the discourse.
著者
近藤 和都
出版者
日本マス・コミュニケーション学会
雑誌
マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.87, pp.137-155, 2015

In traditional research on film reception, the cinema experience has been defined by the time period and the space in which audiences experienced the film. However, audiences also experience the cinema before and after going to the movies through the media, such as through film magazines, trailers, posters, and so on. Understanding how the film is received by audiences, researchers should consider other forms of media surrounding the film-going experience. From this perspective, this paper focuses on brochures that were published by almost all of the prewar movie theaters and analyzes the reading practices of audiences. We first compare exhibition practices by movie theaters with those by opera theaters, and argue that movie theater brochures were formed out of Western modern theater publications. The results show that prewar film exhibitors struggled to contextualize the movie into traditional theater exhibitions because cinemas were considered to be of a lower social standing than prior theater exhibitions. After exploring the origin of brochures, we focus on the contributors' column in which audiences expressed their opinions and differentiated themselves from each other to elevate their status. These contributions were regarded as a kind of literature and audiences usually read them before and after watching films. Some audiences were attracted to brochures and collected them. In particular, brochures published by movie theaters in Tokyo gained popularity. Because of the distribution system, a considerable number of films were only shown around the Kanto region. Instead of receiving original text, rural audiences experienced films vicariously through reading the brochures. Through the analyses above, we conclude that the way of watching films during 1920s in Japan was related not only to the film's text but also other practices such as writing and reading and audiences experienced something beyond the screen.
著者
上谷 香陽
出版者
日本マス・コミュニケーション学会
雑誌
マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)
巻号頁・発行日
no.49, pp.96-109, 232, 1996-07-31

The purpose of this paper is to explicate the activities that audience actually achieve in watching TV. In so doing, I would like to offer a new perspective for the study of mass communications. First, I reconsider the "text-reader" framework by which interpretive activities of audience have been studied. Second, by reference to research by D.Smith, I try to review this subject-object dichotomy. And last, I demonstrate how TV program-watching is actually organized as categorization practices. In conclusion, TV program watching is language-use activity or social activity.
著者
遠藤 薫
出版者
日本マス・コミュニケーション学会
雑誌
マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.77, pp.105-126, 2010

As usage of Internet has been increasing, the problem how communications through Internet are related to the formation of public opinion arose with huge attention. At this time, such interests are argued with the keyword "Public Opinion on the Net". However, if "Public Opinion on the Net" separates from "Opinion", basically, "Public Opinion on the Net" may consist of "Public Opinion on the Net" as special theory. In this paper, I examined the assumption above, and discussed how to analyze "Public Opinion Formation" process, in line with the times, when it is expected that our media environment will be more complex and interact among different carriers.
著者
山田 暢子
出版者
日本マス・コミュニケーション学会
雑誌
マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)
巻号頁・発行日
no.64, pp.164-177, 2004-01-31

The interest concerning "edutainment" has been increasing. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the circumstances and the factor of the appearance of the teaching materials using the manga of "Doraemon" as an example of edutainment for school children by comparing it to the original manga. There's conflict between manga and education, essentially. Therefore, various adjustments were required in order to appropriate manga to education as edutainment. There are two points. First, manga was evaluated as a positive form of information media; secondly, the original element of entertainment of the manga has been lost due to the educational aim.
著者
伊藤 高史
出版者
日本マス・コミュニケーション学会
雑誌
マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)
巻号頁・発行日
no.83, pp.97-114, 2013-07-31

This paper aims to establish a theoretical foundation for sociological analysis of dynamic and diversified nature of journalism, using such sociological concepts as interaction, structuration and field. A major school of sociology, like that of Max Weber, regards the interaction of agencies as a minimum analytic unit. Based on this understanding, we start our analysis of journalism with the interactions of journalists with their stake holders. Then, we identify two types of basic conditions for the work of journalists, that is, the interaction between a journalist and other journalists (colleagues, editors and competitors) and the interaction between a journalist and news sources. The latter is less discussed and more important than the former, as journalistic activities can be done only if journalists are fed information by news sources. The conditions created by the interaction of a journalist with other journalists and news sources can be understood with the concept of "structuration," as presented by Anthony Giddens. Such conditions not only restrict activities of journalists in certain ways, but also enable them to perform the roles expected by the public. The interactions are acted in the "field" of journalism as well as the fields of news sources. The concept "field", originally presented by French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, implies that the circles created by interactions are the circles of power relations. A journalist must be conceptualized as belonging to both the field of journalism and the fields of news sources. Journalists have many different working ethics and different working styles according to the news sources they cover. This is because different journalists covering different news sources belong to different fields. Understanding journalists as belonging to the field of news sources also helps understand the way journalists influence society through the power of news sources, not through the sway of public opinions.
著者
酒井 信一郎
出版者
日本マス・コミュニケーション学会
雑誌
マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)
巻号頁・発行日
no.77, pp.243-259, 2010-07-31

This paper discussed with the intertextual nature of discourse, and how the connection of various media texts is formulated by the participants. Contrary to prior media effect research, both cultural studies and cultural reception research produced valuable framework by bringing audience into the picture of mass communication and suggesting their active manner on media texts. However, because these studies methodologically separate the text and its audience in research, we have yet to address the study of the reading of media text. My approach, on the other hand, is an ethnomethodological one that focuses on member competence and understanding when reading media texts. A weblog article was analyzed according to Sacks' notion of membership categorization in addition to contemporary arguments in ethnomethodology and conversation analysis. The weblog article was composed of several media texts, all dispersed in time, location, and occasion: an excerpt from a PSA video on texting and driving, a quote from the director of the division of traffic safety, and an article by a weblogger about the video, followed by readers' comments. It was found that categorization was used in relation to each other and were coordinated, thus creating coherence between the media texts. For example, when the author of the weblog article used the membership category "parents" for describing one of the actors in the video, it was then cited by the director of traffic safety in his quote, then, further used by commentators of the weblog, not only verbatim but also in relation to (1) activities bound to that category, and (2) other categories, such as "infant", a co-incumbent of the same "family". To conclude, it is this network of categorization that gives coherence to a network of media texts.
著者
池田 信夫
出版者
日本マス・コミュニケーション学会
雑誌
マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)
巻号頁・発行日
no.45, pp.133-141, 212-211, 1994-07-30

Recently the problem of media's influence over society has been frequently argued, but never seems to be settled. Major contributions to this field such as the agenda- setting theory or the spiral of silence hypothesis have partly solved it, but have left much more to be solved. What makes this problem so opaque is the lack of a systematic analysis of the interaction between the media and the audience. H.A.Simon found that constituents' voting behavious are bounded by the "frames"by which they decide national issues. His concept of bounded rationality can be the cognitive foundation of the influence of agenda set by the media. It is an optimizing solution to the problem in which few values among many parameters are known exactly and it takes high information cost and algorithmic complexity to decide it by him/herself. A very simple game-theoretical model is introduced to formulate this cognitive view: we model the"spiral"effect as interdependence of two players' optimal strategies (agenda) in a"coordination game"played by the media and the audience (or a medium and another medium), in which one player's payoff is positive if and only if his/her strategy corresponds with another's. Examining its quasi-dynamic behaviour, we found that the more correlated media and audience's agenda, the stronger the spiral effect would be. An important reason for this interdependence is undecidedness of the coordination game: i.e.any cooperative solution is equivalent as long as one's strategy corresponds with another, so there is no criteria for deciding which of these"multiple equilibria"is more desirable than another. What makes such correspondence possible is not the players' rationality but their common knowledge that each other selects more"salient"agenda. This deductive conclusion of game theory coincides with the common wisdom of media theory, and might be a logical foundation of the spiral effect in setting agenda. These findings suggest how to asses the media's influence over the audience: it is not their proper"power"but their function to create such correspondence or momentum that makes them seem so influential. And this momentum will be accelerated by growing ignorance and undecidedness about national issues, because the information matrices we face are becoming more and more complex and multi-dimensional today. Since we will be more bounded and interdependent by sharing information, the media's seemingly strong power is only one symptom of the instability and precariousness of the coming"information society".
著者
小林 聡明
出版者
日本メディア学会
雑誌
マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.61, pp.146-161, 2002-07-31 (Released:2017-10-06)

The purpose of my paper is to analyze the development of Korean newspapers in Japan from 1945 to 1949. It focuses on the following two aspects. The first is the social context surrounding the birth, the second is the way in which these newspapers were affected and made change direction in such area as editorial policy of Korean newspapers in Japan, by a kind of "power". In this way, I clarify that Korean newspapers in Japan emerged in the all of the political groups integrated, and their editorial directions had been spreading diversely. However, the conflicts caused by the cold war and the changes in the publishing environment forced Korean newspapers to align with one or the other of the two Korean organizations. Thus, Korean newspapers in Japan lost their diversity and incorporated into the paradigm of binaries. The question now arises: What "power" compelled the Korean newspapers in Japan to split into two camps? A further direction of this study will be the analysis of the mechanism of power in the censorship system of GHQ/SCAP.