著者
坂本 拓弥
出版者
一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会
雑誌
体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.13008, (Released:2013-08-13)
参考文献数
53
被引用文献数
5 3

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the formation process of body culture, i.e., gestures and behavior, of physical education teachers in Japan based on phenomenological body theory, and to present a theoretical basis for the most desirable “PE teacher identity”. It has been pointed out that PE teacher body culture has a variety of influences on students. However, how a teacher acquires body culture has never been sufficiently considered. Therefore the paper focuses on the phenomenological body theory that suggests the relationship between habits and the perceptual experience of body culture formation. The main points of discussion are as follows: Previous studies have shown that the image of the PE teacher as a coach has been well established, and that clarification of the process of body culture formation is warranted. In previous studies, the body culture of PE teachers has been discussed mainly in terms of ‘habitus’. However, it has not been clarified how individual PE teachers embody such a culture. Phenomenological body theory indicates that acquisition of habit involves reworking and renewal of the body schema through perception influenced by culture. Based on this, analysis of corporal punishment as a typical example of body culture in school athletic clubs can be used to clarify the model formation of PE teacher's body culture. PE teachers' thoughts and behavior are unconsciously formed as a “body schema” through experience of school athletic clubs where a coach's one-sided method of instruction is almost unconditionally accepted by students striving to acquire athletic success. In conclusion, “PE teacher identity” is formed on the basis of original body culture, and is embodied as a habit through unconscious processes. This is why PE teachers seldom notice their behavior, and thus do not change or improve it. It is only through a “body schema” and perceptual experience that a PE teacher's thoughts and behavior, “PE teacher identity”, can be reconstructed. The possibility of PE teacher body theory can be established on the basis of this viewpoint.
著者
田中 喜代次
出版者
一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会
雑誌
体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.45, no.6, pp.679-694, 2000-11-10 (Released:2017-09-27)
被引用文献数
4 2

Cardiorespiratory fitness or cardiorespiratory endurance fitness(CREF) refers to the ability of the body to sustain prolonged, rhythmical exercise. The great interest over the last several decades in the importance of CREF stems from a series which report that endurance exercise performance is highly correlated to maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2max) and oxygen uptake at which systematic changes in lactate(LT:lactate threshold) and/or respiratory gas exchange measurements (VT:ventilatory threshold) occur as a result of an elevated metabolic acidosis. LT and VT have been used interchangeably with anaerobic threshold(AT) by a number of researches. VO_2max is the highest rate of oxygen uptake attainable for a given form of maximal or exhaustive ergometry. VO_2AT was first defined by Wasserman et al.(1973) as the level of oxygen uptake, above which aerobic energy production is supplemented by anaerobic mechanisms. In recent years, accumulative epidemiologic research results suggest that low levels of CREF, as represented by VO_2max or VO_2AT, are associated with increased risk of such chronic diseases as coronary artery disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, and several forms of cancer. Thus, from both human performance and health status perspectives, the importance of assessing CREF is very clear. However, direct measurement of CREF requires considerable expense in terms of high-quality equipment and well-trained exercise testing personnel. Close approximation of CREF using standardized exercise testing protocols also requires specialized equipment and trained personnel. Therefore, various combinations of critical factors that may be predictive of CREF have been used to accurately assess VO_2max and/or VO_2AT. Indirect assessment of VO_2max and VO_2AT, using self-perceived intensity(RPE:ratings of perceived exertion) and power output during submaximal cycling exercise as independent variables, is useful when large numbers of subjects are tested. The 12-min walk test at an intensity of RFE 13 also has high potential as a substitute for direct measurement. This manuscript summarizes the scientific rationale and reviews the critical findings of various researches in the area of CREF Measurement.
著者
深見 英一郎 岡澤 祥訓
出版者
一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会
雑誌
体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.61, no.2, pp.781-796, 2016 (Released:2016-12-14)
参考文献数
30
被引用文献数
7 3

The purpose of this study was to analyze consciousness with regard to team/individual goal-setting, desire to win, and individual opinion in relation to the satisfaction of students with athletic clubs.  We conducted a questionnaire survey of athletic clubs to investigate 3 issues related to team goal-setting: a) whether the goals were set or not, b) who was responsible for deciding the goals, and c) whether the goals were shared or not. We also investigated 3 issues related to students' personal goal-setting: a) whether the goals were set or not, b) whether a concrete plan for goal achievement was formulated or not, and c) whether an effort was made to accomplish these aims. We also investigated students' desire to win, the degree of reflection of individual student opinion, and satisfaction gained from applying individual aims using a survey of athletic club activity devised by the Japanese Ministry of Education (1997).  The study involved 4,104 students at 292 athletic clubs in 29 junior high schools, and 3,944 students at 249 athletic clubs in 23 high schools (8,048 students in total). The response rate was 69.9%.  The main results were as follows:  1) Most of the students had their own personal goals, made concrete plans for achieving them, and made an effort to accomplish their aims. Also, team goals were set, and these were decided and shared by all students.  2) Most of the students recognized that their teams were victory-oriented. In addition, they considered that coaches were positively responsive to students' opinions during practice and games.  3) Therefore, most students had a high level of satisfaction with their athletic clubs.
著者
亀井 誠生 岡本 直輝
出版者
一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会
雑誌
体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.67, pp.929-945, 2022 (Released:2022-11-11)
参考文献数
58

Since 2013, corporal punishment by coaches in athletic clubs has been decreasing. However, there have been instances of coaches perpetrating violence while coaching students, despite the existence of penalties for corporal punishment. Such instances may be due to individual personality, whereby feelings of dissatisfaction are easily translated into violence. In this study, we attempted to clarify the relationship between severe forms of coaching (corporal punishment, rants) and coaches' personalities. We obtained questionnaire responses from 425 college students regarding their experiences with corporal punishment and rants by their coaches and the Big Five personality traits of the coaches. Among the respondents, 21.9% (93 students) had experienced corporal punishment and 53.6% (227 students) had endured rants. Hierarchical cluster analysis was conducted to identify four coach personality clusters (Resilients, Overcontrollers, Undercontrollers, Non-identifiables). A comparison among the clusters revealed that overcontrolling coaches (high neuroticism, low agreeableness) exhibited a significantly higher frequency of corporal punishment and rants. These results indicate that a fundamental understanding of the individual characteristics behind the violent behavior (social behavior) of coaches is essential for eradication of violence such as corporal punishment and rants.
著者
湯 海鵬 溝口 正人 豊島 進太郎
出版者
一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会
雑誌
体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.47, no.2, pp.155-162, 2002-03-10 (Released:2017-09-27)

The ball size for table tennis was recently changed in the revision made to the international rules by the ITTF (International Table Tennis Federation), and the new ball has been in use for official games since October 2000. The new rules stipulate that the diameter of the ball should now be 40mm (an increase from 38mm), and the weight of the ball should be 2.7g (an increase from 2.5g). It is estimated that the style of play and game tactics will change to some extent as a result of the new ball. The purpose of this study was to compare the hitting properties of the new ball in comparison with the old one, in order to clarify the influence on play. The reduction ratio of ball speed from the shooting point to the receiving point was calculated using a ball-shooting machine and a speed measurement system. Initial velocities and ball spins were calculated using a golf-swing robot and a high-speed video camera system. The robot hit the balls with different hitting speeds and hitting angles by a racket attached to the robot arm. An all-around wooden bat pasted with a reverse-soft rubber sheet was used. Average rally times for the two kinds of ball were measured, and three kinds of basic shot-drive, chop and serve-were made in the rallies by skilled payers. The following results were obtained: (1) The initial speed of the new ball was 1-2% less, and the ball spin was 5-20% less than for the old ball. (2) No difference in the speed reduction ratio was observed between the new ball and the old one. (3) The average rally time for the new ball was 2-4% longer than for the old ball for drive and chop shots.
著者
増地 克之 法兼 真 小倉 大輝 窪田 友樹 松井 崇
出版者
一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会
雑誌
体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.65, pp.793-804, 2020 (Released:2020-11-25)
参考文献数
51

The 2017 revised rules for competitive judo require a higher level of stamina. Endurance capacity as a foundation of stamina is enhanced by training/conditioning involving optimum relative exercise intensities associated with the stress response, which has an important impact on biological adaptation mediated by the metabolic/endocrine system. Repetition training in judo techniques (uchikomi) for the shoulder throw (seoi-nage) as a typical hand technique (te-waza) induces blood lactate elevation and the stress response at a faster pace than 1 trial/1.5 s (20 trials/30 s), which is the optimum pace for enhancing endurance capacity in seoi-nage uchikomi. However, the optimum paces of uchikomi for foot techniques (ashi-waza such as uchi-mata, osoto-gari, and ouchi-gari), which are much more popular than hand techniques, remain untested. To address this issue, the present study investigated psychological, physiological, and biochemical parameters in collegiate male judo athletes during pace-incremental repetition training for foot techniques. For all techniques, the Borg scale, heart rate, and estimated oxygen consumption increased in a repetition pace-dependent manner. Blood lactate levels were unchanged at a slow repetition pace but began to increase at a pace of 1 trial/1.25 s (24 trials/30 s) for osoto-gari, 1 trial/1.0 s (30 trials/30 s) for uchi-mata, and 1 trial/0.85 s (35 trials/30 s) for ouchi-gari. At the maximal repetition pace, the level of blood lactate neared or exceeded 10 mM, and the level of plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), a stress marker, increased for all techniques. Our findings provide metabolic/endocrine evidence for the optimum paces of repetition training for foot techniques aimed at improvement of endurance capacity, which are ≧ 1 trial/1.25 s for osotogari, ≧ 1 trial/1.0 s for uchi-mata, and ≧ 1 trial/0.85 s for ouchi-gari. This experimental protocol and perspective on relative intensity related to metabolic/endocrine parameters in judo movements should ultimately contribute to better training/conditioning programs for judo-specific stamina.
著者
大久保 瞳 高井 秀明 坂部 崇政 楠本 恭久
出版者
一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会
雑誌
体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.60, no.1, pp.209-221, 2015 (Released:2015-06-13)
参考文献数
40
被引用文献数
3 3

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of time pressure (TP) on the speed of stimulus evaluation and processing resources, and speed and accuracy of the behavioral response, using P300. The participants were 13 physical education students (mean age 18.85 years, SD 0.95), who were presented with a flanker task involving spacing between letters. Under non-TP conditions, there was no feedback sound even if there was no reaction before the stimulus was replaced by a new stimulus. The TP condition was a feedback sound that was triggered if no reaction occurred within 350 ms. The results showed that in terms of behavioral parameters, the reaction time became shorter with increasing TP. In addition, response accuracy decreased with increasing TP. Among physiological indices, P300 latency at Pz was shorter and P300 amplitude at Pz was larger under TP conditions than under non-TP conditions. Our results suggest that TP shortens the process of stimulus evaluation, and that more processing resources are required under TP conditions.
著者
下窪 拓也
出版者
一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会
雑誌
体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.68, pp.87-102, 2023 (Released:2023-02-25)
参考文献数
64

The present study examined the relationship between family background and exercise habits in adulthood. Although previous studies have examined the relationship between socio-economic status (SES) and exercise habits, few have focused on the relationship between exercise habits in adulthood and SES of the family of origin. It has been suggested that the family's SES is correlated with exercise habits in childhood, and that such habits may be linked to those in adulthood. Furthermore, an individual's SES, including education and occupation, may be influenced by his/her family's SES. Thus, it is expected that a family's SES may affect an individual's exercise habits in adulthood directly or indirectly. In order to test this hypothesis, the present study examined the relationship between a family's SES and individual exercise habits in adulthood. The study was conducted at 2 different time points, as it has been found that the association between SES and exercise habits changed from the early 2000s to 2010s. Quantitative analysis of a Japanese General Social Survey performed in 2002 and 2018 was conducted. The sample was divided into 4 subgroups (according to sex and year). Multiple group structural equation modeling was employed. The dependent variable was the number of exercise days per month. The independent variables were family SES, particularly the economic condition at 15 years of age, educational attainment of the parents and the father's occupational prestige score, and the SES of the respondents, particularly their equivalent household income, educational attainment, and occupational prestige score. The results indicated that each variable in the family SES had an indirect positive effect on exercise habits in adulthood via the respondents' educational attainment. This means that those who grew up in families with a high SES tended to be more highly educated and thus more likely to exercise. Therefore, in order to reduce inequalities in exercise habits attributable to family SES, it is necessary to promote exercise habits among those with lower levels of education. Furthermore, although the father's occupational prestige score had a negative direct effect on women's exercise habits in 2002, this association was no longer statistically significant in 2018. This may be explained by changes in attitudes to gender roles and increases in sports participation between 2002 and 2018. Finally, the limitations of this research were discussed.
著者
平塚 卓也
出版者
一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会
雑誌
体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.68, pp.33-49, 2023 (Released:2023-02-02)
参考文献数
74

This study examined the 1955 setback to the plan aimed at establishing the Sport Bureau of the Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW) as part of the policymaking process related to establishing the Physical Education Bureau of the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (MESC) in 1958. By focusing on related interests, institutions, and ideas, the following points emerged. From the viewpoint of mutual interests, the various parties involved in physical education and sports were united about the need to establish an administrative organization. However, when the plan for MHW Sports Bureau emerged, a conflict of interest between the MESC and the MHW arose. Furthermore, the Japan Sports Association carefully observed trends in the MESC and MHW and acted to maximize its own interests. With regard to the institutions involved, during this period the government was basically not in a position to establish new administrative organizations because of the restrictions imposed by simplification of the administrative structure. In exceptional cases, political and public support was essential for the establishment of new administrative organizations. On the other hand, the partial revision of the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture establishment act in 1952 changed the organizational principle of the MESC internal bureaus, thereby eliminating one of the restrictions that prevented the establishment of the Physical Education Bureau. This was an important change in the reestablishment of the Bureau in 1958. From the viewpoint of ideas, the Minister Matsumura of the MESC was cautious about administrative intervention, whereas Minister Kawasaki of the MHW was proactive. However, the concept of the government actively intervening in public health and sanitation in postwar Japan was unfamiliar and provoked opposition. In addition, the Health and Physical Education Council proposed the concept of a Physical Education Bureau of the MESC, and ideas subsequently accumulated. On the other hand, there was no accumulation of ideas for the Sports Bureau of the MHL. Therefore, Kawasaki's statement was regarded as “just an idea”. Moreover, the opposition of the MESC to this plan meant that it created a “dualization” problem and was not supported by the public.
著者
明石 光史 田中 守 田中 宏暁 檜垣 靖樹
出版者
一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会
雑誌
体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.59, no.2, pp.745-754, 2014 (Released:2014-12-20)
参考文献数
26
被引用文献数
2

The purposes of this study were (1) to examine the effect of body contact (BC) on running power, and (2) to evaluate the relationship between physical ability and BC during measurement of both aerobic exercise and intermittent anaerobic running power in 14 male university handball players, all of whom were court players.   Significantly shorter running distances were achieved in the yo-yo intermittent endurance test [yo-yo IE] with full BC than without BC, and there was a significant relationship between the final distance run and the degree of BC. Intermittent exercise was measured by the intermittent shuttle sprint test (ISST) that involved eight 20-m shuttle sprints with a 20-s rest period after each sprint. The subjects exhibited a significantly lower retention rate during the 8th repetition of the ISST with BC than during the eighth repetition of the ISST without BC, but there was no significant correlation between the mean retention rates during the 2 tests. A positive correlation between retention rates during the ISST BC and muscle strength and body weight was evident from the first 2—3 sets of the ISST with BC, and a negative correlation was evident between the retention rates during the ISST BC and the yo-yo IE from the first 5 sets of the ISST with BC.   These results indicate that intermittent anaerobic running power is important for high aerobic ability. However, for intermittent exercise that includes BC, higher body weight and muscle strength are necessary to prevent any decrease in running power.
著者
山田 理恵 渡辺 融
出版者
一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会
雑誌
体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.56, no.1, pp.47-60, 2011 (Released:2011-07-08)
参考文献数
50
被引用文献数
2 1

The traditional Japanese game in which players hit a wooden disk known as a hama with wooden sticks is considered to be derived from gittyô, which is believed to have originated from dakyu, which is believed to be derived from the stick game that was played in western Asia in ancient times. Therefore, traditional Japanese stick games and Western polo have the same origin. In Kagoshima Prefecture, the game is called hamanage (literally, “disk-throw”), and it has been passed down in its traditional form through the Satsuma clan, having been performed by the children of samurai class in the old educational system (or gojû kyôiku) widely practiced since the Edo period. Today, the Kagoshima City Hamanage Preservation Society (Kagoshima-shi Hamanage Hozonkai), the Kajiki Town Association of Old Age Clubs (Kajiki-chô Rôjin-Kurabu Rengôkai), and the National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya (NIFS) set each of the playing rules, which have been compiled along traditional lines. The present study investigated the actual conditions of the Satsuma game of hamanage, focusing on Kajiki Town (Aira County). The sources used included mainly pictures and interviews with members of the Kajiki Town Association of Old Age Clubs collected by investigations, and game rule books edited by each organization. In Kajiki Town, the Association of Old Age Clubs set the original rules of hamanage using modern elements while considering the safety of the older people playing these games, and a hamanage meeting has been held as a part of the New Year events since 1980. It can be said that the hamanage played in Kajiki is an exciting and traditional culture activity passed down since ancient times, and illustrates the ideal role of traditional sports in local areas.
著者
信岡 沙希重 樋口 貴俊 中田 大貴 小川 哲也 加藤 孝基 中川 剣人 土江 寛裕 礒 繁雄 彼末 一之
出版者
一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会
雑誌
体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.60, no.2, pp.497-510, 2015 (Released:2015-12-18)
参考文献数
36
被引用文献数
5 4

The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between maximal running speed, step frequency, step frequency index, step length, step length index, foot contact time, and aerial time during sprinting in elementary school children. The participants were 335 girls and 352 boys (age: 6 to 12 years) who ran a 50-m sprint race as part of their school fitness test in 2013. Their maximal running speed, step frequency, and step length were calculated from images captured by video cameras (60 frames/second) located at the sides of the lanes. Contact time and aerial time over the distance from 20 m to 30 m were calculated from images captured by high-speed video cameras (300 frames/second) located at the side of the 25-m mark for the lanes. Two-way ANOVA with the Games-Howell procedure was used to test differences among all grades. Two-way ANCOVA was used to test interaction and the main effect of gender and grade on maximal running speed. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (r) and partial correlation coefficient (pr) were calculated to analyze the relationship between maximal running speed, step frequency, stride length, foot contact time, and aerial time. Step length (which was strongly correlated with maximal running speed) showed a strong partial correlation (controlled for age) with maximal running speed. Therefore, it is suggested that step length contributes to not only the increase in running speed with growth, but also individual differences in running speed among the children at the same age. There were slight tendencies for step frequency and foot contact time to increase with growth. However, these factors showed a significant partial correlation (controlled for age) with running speed. Therefore, it was suggested that these factors contribute to individual differences in running speed. The absence of a negative impact of a shorter foot contact time on stride length suggests that the running performance of school children could be improved by decreasing their foot contact time. In order to establish effective methods for augmenting the development of running ability in children, it will be necessary to consider foot contact time and aerial time in addition to step frequency and step length.
著者
白﨑 啓太 山辺 芳 明石 啓太 高嶋 渉
出版者
一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会
雑誌
体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.64, no.2, pp.637-645, 2019-12-16 (Released:2019-12-20)
参考文献数
15

In when riding in a group during cycling competitions, cyclists may become located side-by-side during positioning, rotation, and overtaking. The primary objective of this study was to analyze aerodynamic variation with differences in the number of riders (1 and 3) while cycling in parallel. It was assumed that the last cyclist would be riding in parallel with the immediate leading cyclist in the group. Wind tunnel experiments were implemented using a static mannequin and athletes as participants. A floor-mounted 6-component force balance was employed for conducting the measurements, and the athlete sat on a bicycle mounted on a bicycle stand. Experiments were subsequently conducted on groups comprising 2 riders (2R) and 4 riders (4R). The aerodynamic drag of the last rider (i.e., the mannequin) was measured for a wind speed of 16.67 m/s and for various relative spatial positions with respect to the front end of the immediate leading rider’s front wheel as the origin (longitudinal distance X = -1.38 m–0.07 m, lateral distance Y = 0.25 m–0.90 m; X = -1.38 m was applied solely when Y = 0.90 m for the case of 2R). The results indicated that at Y = 0.75 m–0.90 m, the drag of the last rider for both the 2R and 4R cases was equal to or higher than that for the single state. At Y = 0.50 m, the drag in the 2R case was equal to or higher than that for the single state (maximum value, 108.5% of the single state), whereas the drag in the 4R case was less (87.8–95.1%). It was also found that when a parallel cyclist approached a riding group comprising 3 or more cyclists, it was possible to decrease the drag to a value less than for the single state by riding in a position strictly adjacent to the riding group.
著者
裵 芝允
出版者
一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会
雑誌
体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.63, no.1, pp.185-198, 2018-06-10 (Released:2018-06-20)
参考文献数
28
被引用文献数
1 1

The purpose of this paper is to extend understanding of Richard Shusterman’s somaesthetics to education. In order to do so, John Dewey’s pragmatism will be placed in between somaesthetics and education. Dewey played an essential part in the development of somaesthetics――not only its genealogy but also its fundamental concepts, for instance, “body”, “practice”, and “body consciousness”. Examining Shusterman’s understanding of Dewey’s pragmatism will help to clarify the pragmatic aspects of somaesthetics. To examine the possibility of extended understanding of somaesthetics for education, the philosophy of physical education will be considered. Somaesthetics provides pragmatic viewpoints on the philosophy of physical education. From this viewpoint, the philosophy of physical education sould be based on live somatic experience rather than on foundationalism.