著者

岡田 桂

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.15110, (Released:2016-04-06)

参考文献数

28

---

This study analyzed the momentum of the (hetero) sexualization of masculinity through physical culture magazines published during the 1930s-1980s in the United States, and also examined the social conditions caused by the corresponding changes. Since Foucault suggested the “repressive hypothesis” of sexuality, it has been widely recognized that, at some moment in modern history, same sex desire was identified as an inevitable identity, rather than just a deviant act, as considered previously.  However, several recent studies have questioned this hypothesis as being oversimplified. By reviewing previous research, this study examined the momentum of segregation between hetero/homosexual desire, which was observed in the 1950s, i.e. much more recently than generally recognized, and the obvious hetero-sexualization of the masculine ideal, which occurred after the 1970s.  The method employed was to compare two major physical culture magazines. To provide a contrasting perspective with regard to different sexuality, the first (famous) physique magazine, which began to be published in 1951 for potentially homosexual customers, was adopted to comparatively and diachronically examine the representation of male figures on the cover pages. This analysis revealed the following results:  1. During the 1930s-1950s, the ideal of masculinity was not yet hetero-sexualized and exemplified a broad range of desire which was not yet segregated as hetero/homosexual.  2. During the 1950s-1960s, physical culture magazines started to exclude non-heterosexual elements from their representations because of the risk that they could be potentially interpreted as homosexual.  3. The rise of the sexual minority rights movement in and after the 1970s, and the 1980s AIDS panic promoted homosexual visibility and expedited homophobia as a form of counter-action. This advance caused rapid and obvious hetero-sexualization of mainstream physical culture media.  In conclusion, the reason for the hetero-sexualization of physical culture magazines was a reaction to the increasing presence of homosexuals. It could be said that the rise of heterosexual self-consciousness itself was, to some extent, a counter to, and paradoxically caused by the creation and increasing awareness of homosexual identity. Moreover, these changes in the masculine ideal, and especially the examples before the 1950s, suggest the possibility of an ideal masculinity shared by hetero/homosexual males, which Sedgwick (2001) suggests is a homosocial continuum—namely, homosociality without discontinuity between homosocial and homosexual desire.

著者

高橋 幸一

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.1, pp.19-30, 2011

被引用文献数

2

---

In recent decades, much evidence for women's sports in the ancient world has been uncovered. In ancient Greece, men concentrated on politics, wars, athletics, and the like, whereas desirable womanly qualities were considered to be beauty, modesty and obedience. Accordingly, no women's events were included in the ancient Olympic Games. It is said that married women were not allowed to be present at Olympia during the games, although unmarried women were permitted to watch the games. Except in militaristic Sparta, athletics were usually for male citizens.<br> However, in the festivals of Hera, only girls could compete in foot-races. Like the boys, Spartan girls paraded naked in the presence of the men and participated in foot-races, wrestling, discus and javelin. Tryphosa, but also her two sisters, competed in and won foot-races in several major athletic festivals, but not at Olympia. Although married women could not compete in the Olympics, they could win Olympic victories in the equestrian events. Thus it is certain that women did participate in athletics. This paper examines the participation of women in sports at the Olympic Games and the festivals of Hera.<br> Except for the priestess of Demeter Chamyne, married women were forbidden to attend the Olympics as spectators. Unmarried women and girls were also excluded from watching the games. In order to prevent bribery, trainers had to present themselves naked and undergo physical examinations. Unmarried women competed every four years in foot-races at the festivals of Hera held at Olympia. Some have suggested that the Heraian games became Panhellenic, but there is no historic evidence for this. The local festivals in which only women and girls were able to participate took place separately from the Olympics.<br> Kyniska of Sparta was the first women's Olympic victor in the four-horse chariot race. Agesilaus persuaded his sister Kyniska to enter a chariot race at Olympia and showed that Olympic chariot victories could be won by wealth and not by manly courage. However, it is certain that Kyniska was exceedingly ambitious to enter the Olympic Games, winning twice in all. However Kyniska's victories did not lead to the spreading of women's sports or to improvement of women's rights.<br>

著者

内藤 貴司 林 聡太郎

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.1, pp.1-11, 2018-06-10 (Released:2018-06-20)

参考文献数

63

被引用文献数

4

---

Individuals with spinal cord injury have a reduced afferent input to the thermoregulation center and lack both sweating capacity and vasomotor control below the level of the spinal cord lesion. A loss of heat loss capacity results in an excessive rise in core temperature, which in turn decreases exercise performance and increases the risk of heat-related illness. To prevent hyperthermia and improve exercise performance during exercise in hot environments, a popular strategy, body cooling, has been proposed. However, despite the interest and vast array of research into cooling strategies for able-bodied humans, less is known about the application of these cooling strategies for individuals with thermoregulatory impairment due to spinal cord injury. The purpose of this review was to investigate effective cooling strategies for attenuating the increase in body temperature in humans with spinal cord injury exercising in a hot environment. Cooling strategies for individuals with spinal cord injury involve external cooling such as water immersion and use of sprays, and cooling garments and internal cooling by ingestion of cold fluid. We addressed the practical issues associated with each of these methods. We concluded from our review that external cooling has been criticized for its impracticality during sporting competitions, although water immersion and the application of cooling garments do reduce the core temperature in individuals with spinal cord injury. However, ice ingestion has recently received considerable interest in studies of able-bodied humans. Therefore, we propose that ice ingestion could be an effective strategy for individuals with spinal cord injury.

著者

近藤 英男 辻本 勇 竹村 昭

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.1, 1963

著者

高橋 仁大 前田 明 西薗 秀嗣 倉田 博

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.1, pp.61-69, 2006 (Released:2008-01-25)

参考文献数

8

被引用文献数

1 2 1

---

Tennis has a peculiar scoring system. The purpose of this study was clarify the importance of counting one game in tennis matches by studying data from actual games, comprising 42 men's singles matches (907 games) during the Kyushu collegiate tennis championships held in 1997 and 1998. The main criterion for the analysis was the relationship between point-winning at each score and game-winning. It was found that (1) the rate of point-winning by game-winning players was 67.0%, and that the rate of point-winning by opponents was 33.0%. The game-winning players obtained 2/3 of all points. Furthermore (2), the rate of point-winning by players with a leading score was comparatively high at the time of either leading, such as in an up count or a down count, as well as when there was a difference in points at game-point. In particular, the rate of point-winning by game-winning players was significantly high on 0-15 and 15-30. (3) At scores of 30-30 and deuce (i.e. even count), the rate of point-winning by game-winning players was significantly high. These scores led an even count to game-point. These scores also showed a high frequency, and were the key to winning the game. These results suggest that scores of 30-30 and deuce are keys to game-winning, when gaining one point can lead to victory.

著者

豊嶋 陵司 田内 健二 遠藤 俊典 礒 繁雄 桜井 伸二

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.14062, (Released:2015-04-30)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

3 3

---

The purpose of this study was to clarify the biomechanical factors that influence intra-individual variations in step frequency (SF) and length (SL) during sprint running. One male sprinter participated as a study subject, and performed a 60-m sprint at maximal effort. Experiments were conducted 5 times, with a total number of 14 trials. The ground reaction force and positions of markers attached to the joints were recorded using force plates and a motion capture system. Trials were divided into SF type and SL type depending on the SF/SL ratio, and the kinematic variables and ground reaction force were compared. The main results were as follows.   1)  There were no significant differences in sprint velocity and stance time between the SF type and the SL type.   2)  The flight time of the SL type was longer than that of the SF type.   3)  Vertical components of the ground reaction force and impulse during the stance phase were larger for the SL type than for the SF type.   4)  The thigh angle of the swing leg was larger for the SL type than for the SF type during almost all phases.   5)  The hip joint of the swing leg was flexed to a greater degree during the stance phase and first half of the flight phase for the SL type than for the SF type.   6)  There were no marked differences in the segment and joint angular velocities between the SF type and the SL type.   These results indicate that changes in step frequency and step length with flight time are due to an increase or decrease of vertical impulse. Moreover, it was revealed that vertical impulse is influenced by the thigh angle of the swing leg during the stance phase, rather than by the angular velocity of the swing leg.

著者

滝沢 英夫 西尾 貫一 広田 公一 浅見 俊雄 豊田 博 遠藤 郁夫 小山 秀哉 菊池 武道 渡辺 慶寿 青山 冒二 松田 徳之助 下野 富紹 延藤 君雄 中野 俶江

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.5, 1971

著者

山田 理恵

出版者

Japan Society of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

2015

被引用文献数

1

---

The game of <i>dakyugi</i> (literally, "hitting-ball-game"), involving three components of play (hitting a ball, throwing a ball, and pushing of opponents), is a traditional stick game that has been passed down to the present in Kuwana City (Mie Prefecture).<br>  The purposes of this study were to examine the process of the game's revival and cultural features, and to clarify the significance of <i>dakyugi</i> as a traditional sport in regional development through sports. The materials used in this study were mainly collected through fieldwork at the Rikkyo Area Great Meeting and interviews with members of the preservation association, as well as investigation of historical sources.<br>  In the Meiji era, <i>dakyugi</i> had been played as a bravery game by boys in the Kuwana <i>gijyuku</i>, which inherited the idea of the Rikkyou-kan, a school in the fiefdom of Kuwana. Although <i>dakyugi</i> declined after World War II, it was revived to mark the 150th anniversary of Matsudaira Sadanobu's death in May 1978.<br>  Today, <i>dakyugi</i> is performed at the Kuwana Municipal Rikkyo Elementary School supported by the <i>Dakyugi</i> Preservation Association. Boys and girls of the school play the game at the athletic meeting held jointly by the school and Rikkyo area community. The game of <i>dakyugi</i> in Kuwana is noteworthy in promoting the behavior pattern and style of <i>samurai</i> culture that characterized the Edo era. In addition, <i>dakyugi</i> is considered to play an important role in the revitalization of provincial cities and in the establishment of local regional identity.<br>  The significance of traditional Japanese culture is emphasized in the present school education program. The current study indicates that traditional Japanese sport culture can play an important role in regional development in Japan.<br>

著者

藤野 健太 和田 博史 山内 亮 根本 研 関口 脩 伊藤 雅充

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.1, pp.187-201, 2017 (Released:2017-06-22)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

1

---

Strength and Conditioning (S&C) coaches are responsible for improving athletes' performance, which is achieved through various types of training. For athletes who are learning to improve their performance, it is important for the coach to guide their development by asking meaningful questions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the process by which questioning skills can be improved using Action Research (AR) methodology. In this study, 4 cycles of AR were conducted to improve the author's questioning skills, which were both lower-(complex) and higher-order (simple) questions, with avoidance of leading questions. The author of this paper was working as a S&C coach with a collegiate men's volleyball team. Fifteen players voluntarily participated in this study. As part of the AR methodology, the author selected an academic supervisor and a critical friend to observe and provide feedback based on coaching practices. An action plan was formulated through discussions based on the videotaped practices. A systematic observation approach was selected to elucidate behavioral differences in coaches over a 6-week period. A modified version of the Arizona State University Observation Instrument was also used.  Interviews were conducted to reveal athletes' feelings about the coach's use of questioning. Strength and vertical jump performance were assessed before and after the AR intervention. As a result of the AR, the author's questioning skills were improved. There were 3 processes through which questioning skills were improved: 1) increased familiarity with higher-order questioning, which made the athletes think rather than being told, 2) increased time for planning explicit higher and lower-order questions, and 3) challenging the thinking of athletes through the use of questioning to create a better interaction between coach and athletes. This study challenged the author's use and understanding of S&C coach questioning skills for the first time. From this research, the AR procedure was considered to be a very useful tool for improving the coaching skills of S&C coaches. Further research to seek ways of improving the pedagogical skills of S&C coaches will be necessary.

著者

山中 茂子 山中 好子

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.5, 1968

著者

林 裕三 猪飼 道夫

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.2, pp.168, 1966-07-15 (Released:2016-12-31)

著者

末木 新

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究

巻号頁・発行日

2017

---

Baseball is a thriving sport in Japanese high schools. However, there have been demands to shorten the instructional time for school extracurricular activities, resulting in a need to increase the effectiveness of such instruction. The present study was designed to examine the effects of three elements of team strength in high school baseball&mdash;pitching strength, batting strength, and defensive strength&mdash;on the outcome of a game. The materials used for analysis were the records of all of the 390 games and 780 teams involved in the National High School Baseball Championship from 2008 to 2015. Pitching strength, batting strength, and defensive strength were calculated using Fielding Independent Pitching (FIP), On-base Plus Slugging (OPS), and Defensive Efficiency Rating (DER), respectively. Logistic regression analysis (forced entry method) was conducted on the game outcome as the dependent variable and team FIP, team OPS, and DER as the independent variables. This analysis showed that the team FIP (odds ratio 0.80, 95% confidence interval 0.74&mdash;0.86), team OPS (odds ratio 8145, 95% confidence interval 1957&mdash;33898), and DER (odds ratio 5699019, 95% confidence interval 341274&mdash;95169408) were significantly associated with the outcome of the game. An assessment of the Wald statistic, which indicates the contribution rate of the dependent variables, showed that batting strength had the strongest effect on game outcome, followed by defensive strength. Compared to batting and defensive strength, pitching strength appeared to have only a small influence on game outcome. Therefore, for efficient improvement of team strength, it is considered that resources should be directed towards improving batting and defensive strength over pitching strength.<br>

著者

亀井 俊雄 北村 靖治

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.5, pp.82, 1969-07-31 (Released:2016-12-31)

著者

平山 邦明 杉崎 範英 加藤 えみか 金久 博昭 福永 哲夫 川上 泰雄

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.1, pp.33-43, 2010 (Released:2010-07-20)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

1 1

---

The purpose of the present study was to examine the influence of tendon elasticity, muscle strength and muscle activities on the amount of mechanical work enhancement associated with a counter movement. Twenty-one athletes performed a unilateral maximal jump using only the ankle joint with (CMJ) and without (no-CMJ) a counter movement on a sledge apparatus. Mechanical work done by the ankle joint was calculated from the ground reaction force and ankle joint kinematic parameters, and the difference between CMJ and no-CMJ conditions (ΔWork) was determined. During the exercise, electromyographic (EMG) activities were recorded from the triceps surae muscles. The maximal isometric plantar flexion torque and Achilles tendon stiffness were also determined using a torque meter and ultrasonogram. No significant correlation was found between ΔWork and either tendon stiffness or the maximal torque. In addition, neither the difference between CMJ and no-CMJ in iEMG nor mEMG was correlated with ΔWork. On the other hand, ΔWork was significantly correlated with the integrated EMG during the braking phase (r=0.52, p<0.05) and both the integrated (r=0.55, p<0.01) and mean (r=0.53, p<0.05) EMG during the push-off phase of CMJ. These results suggest that individual differences in ΔWork are influenced not by differences in the mechanical properties of the muscle-tendon unit, but by the individuality of muscle activities during CMJ.

著者

大島 雄治 藤井 範久

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.16011, (Released:2017-01-24)

参考文献数

39

---

The purpose of this study was (1) to quantify the contribution of the adductors and iliopsoas to the hip joint torque, and (2) to clarify the function of the adductors and iliopsoas for terminal support until early recovery in maximal velocity sprinting. Eight male track and field athletes volunteered for the present study, and sprinted 60 m from a standing start position. Ground reaction force to the right leg was measured using a force platform (1000 Hz) placed at the 50-m mark from the start position. Simultaneously, 3-dimensional coordinates of body landmarks were recorded by a motion capture system (250 Hz) with 20 cameras. The right hip joint torque was calculated using inverse dynamics. To estimate the muscle forces of the right lower limb, we created a musculoskeletal model. The contribution of the muscle forces to the right hip joint force was calculated based on both equations of motion for each segment and equations of constraint conditions for adjacent segments connected by a joint. The main results for terminal support until early recovery were: (1) The adductor muscles generated less torque during hip joint flexion. (2) These muscles were involved in forward acceleration of the leg on the same side. (3) The iliopsoas was involved in the forward swing of the thigh on the same side.  Based on these results, it can be concluded that the hip adductors do not function as hip flexors, but as forward accelerators of the leg on the same side, based on the hip joint adductor torque. In contrast, the iliopsoas does not function as a forward accelerators of the leg on the same side, but delivers forward swing to the thigh on the same side for hip joint flexion torque.

著者

宮西 智久 森本 吉謙

出版者

社団法人日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.4, pp.361-381, 2007

被引用文献数

1 3

---

A three-dimensional (3D) videography study was performed to clarify the mechanical effects of a change of pitching motion from an overhand throw (OH style) to a three-quarter throw (TQ style). Two collegiate pitchers (subjects A and B) who normally used the OH style participated. They were requested to change their original OH style into the TQ style. To do this, they were subjected to a one-year skill training program based on biomechanical principles and on knowledge such as the stretch-shortening cycle theory, muscle force-velocity relationship, and the motions of skilled pitchers (e.g., shoulder positioning at 90 degrees of abduction-adduction during the acceleration phase). Four pitches for subject A (two in pre-training, one during training and one in post-training), and three for subject B (one each in pre-training, training and post-training) were videotaped with the 3D DLT procedure using two high-speed cameras, and then analyzed. We then examined the mechanical differences between pre- and post-training. The speed of the ball at release increased progressively with every successive pitch for both subjects (Subject A : 1<SUP>st</SUP> : 130.3km/h ; 2<SUP>nd</SUP> : 133.2km/h ; 3<SUP>rd</SUP> : 135.7km/h ; 4<SUP>th</SUP> : 142.2km/h. Subject B : 1<SUP>st</SUP> : 131.0km/h ; 2<SUP>nd</SUP> : 135.0km/h ; 3<SUP>rd</SUP> : 139.3km/h). The pitching styles of both subjects changed from their original OH style to the TQ style, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The time-dependent patterns and peak values of the angular velocities of shoulder internal-external rotation and elbow flexion-extension of the throwing arm did not change very much. However, the peak value of the angular velocity of shoulder internal rotation occurred immediately after ball release for the OH style, while for the TQ style it occurred at ball release. As a result, the angular velocity of elbow extension at ball release was larger in the OH style than in the TQ style. On the other hand, the angular velocity of shoulder internal rotation at ball release was larger in the TQ style than in the OH style. These findings suggest that the increase in the speed of the ball is dominated by elbow extension in the OH style, and by shoulder internal rotation in the TQ style.

著者

菊地 邦雄 万井 正人 伊藤 一生

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.2, 1966

被引用文献数

2

著者

石垣 尚男

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.3, pp.185-192, 1988

被引用文献数

4 1

---

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether visual acuity improves or deteriorates by the exercise. Exercise was cycle ergometer pedaling for 15 minutes under the load; 20%, 50%, 80% of Maxmum Oxygen Intake of each subject with equal relative load among subjects. Accommodation function,Refraction and CFF (Critical Fusion Frequency) were measured for the investigation of the change of visual acuity. The subjects were 10 males (18-20 yrs) without eye diseases. 1. Visual acuity was deteriorated in all the cases of 20%, 50%, 80% Vo_2 max exercise load. The heavier the load, the more visual acuity deteriorated. Visual acuity recovered gradually after exercise in 20-30 minutes. 2. The heavier the load, the longer the near-point was extended, and recovered in about 20 minutes. 3. Deterioration of visual acuity and recovery process of visual acuity after exercise were similar to the changes of near-point. There was a significant correlation of 0.414 (p&lt0.05) between deterioration of visual acuity and extension of near-point immediately after exercise. 4. The frequency of accommodation fluctuation of crystalline lens was hardly changed. 5. Refraction (Sphere, Cylinder) was hardly changed. 6. CFF rose with every level of load. The heavier the load became, the higher CFF rose. Based on these reuslts, the main cause of the deterioration of visual acuity was assumed to be deterioration of accommodation function.

著者

飯田 頴男

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.1, 1959

著者

平嶋 裕輔 中山 雅雄 内藤 清志 浅井 武

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.13106, (Released:2014-09-20)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

3

---

The purpose of this study was to clarify the principal factors related to shot situations that affect the outcome of goalkeeping saves in soccer and to build a regression formula that would predict the difficulty of saving a shot. The samples were 551 shots at goal in the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. The shots data were collected using game performance analysis. For statistical processing, the principal factors affecting the outcome of a save in soccer were revealed using logistic regression analysis. The principal factors that influenced the results of a save attempt were: the duration between initiation of the shot and when the ball reached the goal, the presence or absence of a defender in front of the shooter, the presence or absence of a defender located lateral or posterior to the shooter, the part of the body used to perform the shot, i.e. the head or the leg, the type of shot, i.e., a liner, a lob, or a grounder, the shot course in a mediolateral direction, the shot course in a vertical direction, the presence or absence of a change in the direction of the shot by other players, the shooter's position angle in relation to the goal line and the line from the goal post to the shooter, and the distance from the center of the goal to the ball when the ball reached the goal line. In addition, a regression formula was constructed to predict the difficulty of the save by combining the odds ratios of the main factors. It was verified that the difficulty in making a save could be accurately predicted using the regression formula (84.8%). As a future task, using our regression formula, it would be practically important to develop predictors for evaluating the ability of a goalkeeper.