著者

蔭山 雅洋 岩本 峰明 杉山 敬 水谷 未来 金久 博昭 前田 明

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.1, pp.189-201, 2014 (Released:2014-06-13)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

10 3

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The present study measured isometric muscular strength and mean power elicited by trunk twisting and trunk rotation during pitching in 28 university baseball pitchers aged 18-22 years. Based on the correlations among these measurements, the purpose of the study was to clarify 1) the influence of ball velocity on isometric muscular strength, trunk power output during the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) and trunk rotation during pitching and 2) the influence of augmentation which is an index of SSC elicited by trunk rotation on trunk rotation during pitching. We also determined mean power and augmentation during concentric (CT) and SSC rebound (RT) throws of medicine balls weighing 5 kg while twisting the trunk. Augmentation while throwing the medicine ball was positively correlated with ball velocity (r=0.619, p<0.01), and augmentation of the medicine ball was positively correlated with torso rotation velocity at 18-27% and at 46-75% (r=0.398-0.542, p<0.05), and trunk twist velocity at 60-66% (r=0.378-0.395, p<0.05) of the second phase (from stride foot contact to instant release of the ball) during the pitching motion. In addition, pitched ball velocity was positively correlated with the velocities of pelvic rotation at 37-78% (r=0.378-0.488, p<0.05), torso rotation at 46-87% (r=0.391-0.711, p<0.05) and trunk twist at 63-83% (r=0.375-0.499, p<0.05) during the second phase of the pitching motion. These results indicate that pitchers with a larger ball velocity can use SSC movement generated by twisting the trunk, which effectively increases trunk rotation from the first half to middle of the second phase, and they can also increase trunk rotation during the second phase.

著者

蔭山 雅洋 鈴木 智晴 藤井 雅文 中本 浩揮 和田 智仁 前田 明

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.2, pp.517-535, 2016 (Released:2016-12-14)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

2 5

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The purpose of this study was to clarify the profiles of lower limb and trunk motion during baseball pitching in relation to differences between the mound and the flat ground, and to determine the motion characteristics while pitching from the 2 locations.  The subjects were 12 baseball pitchers (age 18.6±2.5 yr, height 173.4±6.5 cm, weight 74.7±11.0 kg) who belonged to high school or university baseball teams. Three-dimensional positions of 36 reflective markers attached to each subject were tracked by an optical motion capture system (Mac3D System) with 12 cameras. The ground-reaction forces (GRF) of the pivot and stride legs during pitching were determined using 2 multicomponent force plates. Pitching motion was divided into two phases: phase 1 was defined as the period from when the knee of the stride leg reached maximal height (MKH: 0%time) until the point when the stride foot made contact with the ground (SFC: 100%time), while phase 2 was defined as the period from the SFC until the point when the ball was released (REL: 200%time). Ball velocity was measured using a radar gun.  The results were as follows: 1) The maximum and average ball velocities were significantly higher when pitching was performed from the mound than from the flat ground (p<0.05). 2) Hip/knee flexion angles and hip abduction/extension angular velocities on the pivot leg were significantly greater for mound pitching than for flat ground pitching, and the hip/knee extension angle and hip adduction/internal rotation/flexion angular velocities on the stride leg were significantly greater for the former (p<0.05). 3) The GRF of the stride leg was significantly greater for mound pitching than for flat ground pitching (p<0.01). 4) Upper torso and pelvis angle/angular velocities at SFC and the maximum pelvis, upper torso and trunk tilt angular velocities were significantly greater for mound pitching than for flat ground pitching (p<0.05).  The present results indicate that baseball pitchers show biomechanical differences in the kinematic and kinetic profiles of the trunk and lower limbs when pitching from the mound in comparison with the flat ground, and that high school or collegiate baseball pitchers can increase their pitched ball velocity by using the height of the mound.

著者

鈴木 天理 小松 崇志 角川 隆明 萬久 博敏 前田 明

出版者

日本水泳・水中運動学会

雑誌

水泳水中運動科学 (ISSN:18806937)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.1, pp.1-12, 2021 (Released:2021-03-18)

参考文献数

15

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The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of different step movement of relay starts with a back plate in competitive swimming. Twelve elite swimmers performed three different types of relay start and Kick Start. The start motions were recorded by six video cameras, and the 3D-DLT method was used to calculate the kinematic variables. As a result, there were no significant difference for male swimmers in the variables related to velocity and angle between No-Step and Single-Step, but the Advanced-Step attained a higher horizontal velocity at take-off. In female swimmers, there was no difference in all relay starts. In addition, Advanced-Step did not exceed the performance of the Kick Start. This fact shows that swimmers don't make the advantage that they don't have to make a pause in a relay start.

著者

蔭山 雅洋 鈴木 智晴 岩本 峰明 中島 一 前田 明

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.2, pp.737-757, 2015 (Released:2015-12-18)

参考文献数

39

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The purpose of the present study was to clarify the profiles of the lower limb and trunk motion during baseball pitching in relation to their differences between the wind-up and the set positions, and to determine how the ball pitching velocity can be increased in the set position. The subjects were 12 high school baseball pitchers (age: 16.4±0.5 yr, height: 173.7±4.8 cm, weight: 64.8±8.1 kg). Pitching was assessed using a three-dimensional motion system and 2 multicomponent force plates. It was found that 1) the maximum and average pitched ball velocities were significantly lower in the set position than in the wind-up position, 2) the maximum ground-reaction force of the pivot and stride legs and the impulse of pivot during the stride phase (from the time of maximal stride knee height to the time of maximal anterior push-off force) were significantly lower in the set position than in the wind-up position, and 3) the maximum upper torso/trunk twist angular velocity and the pelvis/upper torso angular velocity at moment of the stride foot contact were significantly lower in the set position than in the wind-up position. These results indicate that 1) the ball pitching velocity in the set position is lower than in the wind-up position. In addition, the factors associated with this lower ball velocity are suggested to be 2) decreased momentum of the pivot leg and 3) decreased rotation motion of the trunk during the arm acceleration phase.   Therefore, in order to increase ball pitching velocity in the set position, increasing the moment to the rear of the pivot leg during a short period and improvement of lower limb strength/power with the extension movement of the hip and knee joint may be important factors.

著者

清水 潤 前田 明子

出版者

日本神経治療学会

雑誌

神経治療学 (ISSN:09168443)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.2, pp.141-145, 2020 (Released:2020-08-31)

参考文献数

9

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The idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) are a group of heterogenous conditions showing immune–mediated muscle damage. Increasing numbers of myositis–specific autoantibodies (MSAs) or myositis–associated autoantibodies (MAAs) have been shown to be associated with a majority of patients with IIMs year after year. It has been known that there are associations between these autoantibodies, especially MSAs, and characteristic clinical features. Anti–mitochondrial antibody (AMA) is a characteristic marker of primary biliary cirrhosis. We previously studied clinical features of IIMs associated with AMA and reported. In the report, we found that IIMs associated with AMA frequently include patients with a clinically chronic disease course, muscle atrophy, cardiopulmonary involvement and granulomatous inflammation. After we reported, several case repots mainly in Japanese literature and four case series in English literature have been reported on clinicopathological features of IIMs associated with AMA. Of the four case series, one is negative, one is partly supportive, and two are supportive to our findings. In this review, we summarized the findings of four case series in English literature in comparison with our previous report. We also discussed the reasons of the differences in findings among reports. Considering growing numbers of literature supporting association between AMAs and characteristic clinical features ; chronic disease course, muscle atrophy, and cardiac involvement, we believe AMA should be added to the growing list of myositis–associated antibodies.

著者

須藤 美音 久木 宏紀 水谷 章夫 大内 康平 中島 靖夫 前田 明洋

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.79, no.705, pp.2367-2374, 2014-11-30 (Released:2014-11-30)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

2

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In modern times, economic and social systems have shifted from industrial- to knowledge-based, and economic competition is driven by the productivity of knowledge workers. knowledge workers are expected to make innovative contributions and create new value. Therefore, improving the productivity of knowledge workers is an important aspect of future spatial planning. Recent architectural studies have embraced the concept of productivity. These studies have primarily focused on “information processing” and “knowledge processing” such as work and learning efficiencies. However, the hierarchy of “knowledge creation” is very difficult to evaluate, and has been largely neglected. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the spatial/environmental elements required for a knowledge creation space, focusing on university researchers. As a result of questioners survey for 198 university students, “Thinking and Creating,” while relaxation elements were important, physical environments were rated less highly.

著者

前田 明 Akira Maeda

出版者

淑徳大学図書委員会

雑誌

淑徳大学紀要 (ISSN:02851245)

巻号頁・発行日

no.3, pp.153-164, 1969-03

著者

小海宏之 前田明子 山本愛 加藤佑佳 岡村香織 園田薫 安藤悦子 岸川雄介

出版者

花園大学

雑誌

花園大学社会福祉学部研究紀要 (ISSN:09192042)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, pp.91-96, 2010-03

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本研究は、小海ら(2000 ,2004,2008)による日本語版 Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE)の検出力と特異性を明らかにした。この MMSEの cut-off値を 24/25点とした場合、感度 0.837、特異度 0.957となり、臨床群( amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment; MCIと probable Alzheimer's Disease; ADを含む)と健常群を判別するためのスクリーニングテストとして、十分な検出力と特異性を有することが示唆された。しかし、同様に 26/27点を cut-off値とした場合、感度 0.889、特異度 0.739となり、amnestic MCI群と健常群を判別するためのスクリーニングテストとして、十分な検出力と特異性を有するとは言い難く、他の認知機能検査による精査を行う必要性があることが示唆された。

著者

鈴木 智晴 藤井 雅文 村上 光平 中本 浩揮 前田 明

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.1, pp.79-87, 2019-06-17 (Released:2019-06-25)

参考文献数

8

被引用文献数

2

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One of the important roles of a baseball catcher is to check whether an opponent is trying to steal a base. This checking action must occur as part of other events: a quick throwing action (short operation time), a high ball speed (short duration of ball flight), and accurate tagging (the time from the fielder catching the ball to touching the opponent runner is short). In other words, in order for the catcher to check whether an opponent is trying to steal a base, it is necessary to shorten the time between catching the ball and when the fielder touches the opponent runner. However, the relationship between the time and the possibility of checking for an attempt to steal a base and the influence of each phase on the steal check rate have not been examined. The present study investigated the relationship between the time required to prevent a steal and the steal check rate of a baseball catcher using video recordings. The video recordings used for our analysis were videos of steal check successes and failures in exhibition and official university and amateur baseball games, with a focus on runners attempting to steal second base. We classified Motion Time as the period from catching the initial pitch to ball release, Ball Time as the period from ball release to ball arrival at second base, and Touch Time as the period from ball arrival at second base to the fielder touching the runner; the sum of these 3 phases was defined as All Time, and the sum of Motion Time and Ball Time was defined as Pop Time. We constructed 3 models in which the success or failure of the steal check was set as a target variable and each phase time as an explanatory variable, and performed logistic regression analysis on each model. As a result, we clarified that the baseball catcher could check for a steal if the All Time was less than 2.429 s, and there was a significant negative correlation between the steal check rate and All Time. In addition, among the three phases, Touch Time had the greatest effect on the steal check rate. Therefore, it was suggested that accurate throwing is the most important factor in preventing a steal to second base.

著者

蔭山 雅洋 岩本 峰明 杉山 敬 水谷 未来 金久 博昭 前田 明

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.13014, (Released:2014-04-04)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

6 3

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The present study measured isometric muscular strength and mean power elicited by trunk twisting and trunk rotation during pitching in 28 university baseball pitchers aged 18-22 years. Based on the correlations among these measurements, the purpose of the study was to clarify 1) the influence of ball velocity on isometric muscular strength, trunk power output during the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) and trunk rotation during pitching and 2) the influence of augmentation which is an index of SSC elicited by trunk rotation on trunk rotation during pitching. We also determined mean power and augmentation during concentric (CT) and SSC rebound (RT) throws of medicine balls weighing 5 kg while twisting the trunk. Augmentation while throwing the medicine ball was positively correlated with ball velocity (r=0.619, p<0.01), and augmentation of the medicine ball was positively correlated with torso rotation velocity at 18-27% and at 46-75% (r=0.398-0.542, p<0.05), and trunk twist velocity at 60-66% (r=0.378-0.395, p<0.05) of the second phase (from stride foot contact to instant release of the ball) during the pitching motion. In addition, pitched ball velocity was positively correlated with the velocities of pelvic rotation at 37-78% (r=0.378-0.488, p<0.05), torso rotation at 46-87% (r=0.391-0.711, p<0.05) and trunk twist at 63-83% (r=0.375-0.499, p<0.05) during the second phase of the pitching motion. These results indicate that pitchers with a larger ball velocity can use SSC movement generated by twisting the trunk, which effectively increases trunk rotation from the first half to middle of the second phase, and they can also increase trunk rotation during the second phase.

著者

椿 武 前阪 茂樹 下川 美佳 竹中 健太郎 前田 明

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.3, pp.157-165, 2017-03-31 (Released:2018-03-12)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

1

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of lunge training on the striking ability of kendo players. Twelve university kendo players were assigned to either a training (n=6) or a control (n=6) group. The subjects in the training group performed lunge training three times a week for four weeks. After this training period, the pull-speed of the left leg during striking (p<0.01), the forward step distance of the right foot, maximal ground reaction force, maximal leg extension power, and the greatest leg split distance (p<0.05) all increased significantly in the training group. This study demonstrated that lunge training was effective in increasing the striking ability (i.e. increasing the pull-speed of the left leg after a strike) of kendo players.

著者

縄田 亮太 石井 泰光 前田 明

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.1, pp.111-122, 2013 (Released:2013-06-08)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

1 1

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The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of different ball distances on the upper and lower limbs for the overhand pass in volleyball. Eleven male college volleyball players participated. The subjects performed the overhand pass toward objects located at three different ball distances (3, 6, and 9 m) on two force platforms, and motion analysis was performed via a motion capture system comprising 12 high-speed video cameras.The following results were obtained: (1) As the ball distance increased, the maximum dorsal flexion angular velocity of the wrist decreased, whereas the length of the pull phase, the vertical peak force on the rear leg, the maximum extension angular velocity of the hip and knee, and the maximum plantar flexion angular velocity of the ankle all increased. Therefore, adjustment of the ball distance for the overhand pass was facilitated by changing the impulse of the ball caused by increasing the intensity of both the rear leg step and the wrist stiffness. (2) In the previous instructional manual, the buffer action for the falling ball during overhand passing was facilitated by flexion of the whole body. However, in this study, the buffer action was facilitated conducted only with the upper limb irrespective of the ball distance. From the viewpoint of the series of movements during overhand passing, the whole body was used in the period from flexion to extension, but the flexion action of the whole body was incorporated into the preparatory phase, and the buffer did not involve the lower limbs after ball contact.This difference between the previous instructional manual and the present findings are attributed to the imprecise definition of movement phases in the manual.

著者

森島 恒雄 富樫 武弘 中村 祐輔 横田 俊平 田代 眞人 岡部 信彦 奥野 良信 布井 博幸 山口 〓次 細矢 光亮 市川 光太郎 水口 雅 河島 尚志 塩見 正司 市山 高志 玉腰 暁子 佐多 徹太郎 木村 宏 山田 至康 宮崎 千明 黒木 春郎 鍵本 聖一 岩崎 琢也 栗原 まな 奥村 彰久 前田 明彦 中野 貴司 荒川 浩一 尾内 一信 藤井 史敏 安井 良則 坂下 裕子 黒川 雅代子 瀬藤 万里子 井上 ひとみ 多屋 馨子 岡田 晴恵 二宮 伸介 山下 信子 長尾 隆志 和田 智顕

雑誌

小児感染免疫 (ISSN:09174931)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.4, pp.343-366, 2005-12-01

参考文献数

20

著者

蔭山 雅洋 鈴木 智晴 杉山 敬 和田 智仁 前田 明

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.1, pp.87-102, 2015 (Released:2015-06-13)

参考文献数

34

被引用文献数

4 3

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The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between ball velocity and the mechanical power of the lower limbs during pitching motion in 30 collegiate baseball pitchers. 3-dimensional positions of 37 reflective markers attached to the subject were tracked by an optical motion capture system (Mac3D System) with 12 cameras. The ground-reaction forces (GRF) of the pivot and stride legs during pitching were determined using 2 multicomponent force plates. Pitching motion was assessed in terms of the joint torques, joint torque powers and work done by each of joint in the lower limbs using a three-dimensional motion system. The joint torques of the hip, knee, and ankle were calculated using inverse-dynamics computation of a musculoskeletal human model (nMotion musculous 1.51). Pitching motion was divided into 2 phases: phase 1 was defined as the time taken from the knee of the stride leg reaching maximal height (MKH, 0%time) to the stride foot making contact with the ground (SFC, 100%time), and phase 2 was defined as the time taken from SFC to the ball being released (REL, 200%time).  These studies revealed that the positive work resulting from hip abduction (r=0.401) and knee extension (r=0.355) of the pivot leg (Phase 1) was positively correlated with ball velocity (p<0.05). The positive work resulting from hip adduction (r=0.359) and knee extension (r=0.409) of the stride leg (Phase 2) was positively correlated with ball velocity (p<0.05). In addition, the pitched ball velocity was positively correlated with pivot hip abduction torque at 74–94%time, pivot hip internal rotation torque at 76–89%time, stride hip adduction torque at 96–114%time, stride hip adduction torque power at 108–114%time, stride knee extension torque at 101–131%time, stride knee extension angular velocities at 158–189%time, and stride knee extension torque power at 156–174%time (p<0.05).   These results indicate that a pitcher with high pitched ball velocity can generate hip abduction and knee extension power of the pivot leg, and that these are increased by hip abduction and hip internal rotation torque when moving the body forward before stride foot contact. In addition, it is suggested that high-ball-velocity pitchers can generate hip abduction and knee extension torque in order to stabilize the body just after stride foot contact, and that these are increased by the knee extension power for increasing trunk rotation and trunk twisting from the first half to the middle of the second phase.   Therefore, the present results indicate that pitchers with a higher ball velocity can generate greater mechanical power of the lower limbs for increasing the energy of trunk rotation and the arm.

著者

高橋 仁大 前田 明 西薗 秀嗣 倉田 博

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.1, pp.61-69, 2006 (Released:2008-01-25)

参考文献数

8

被引用文献数

1 2 1

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Tennis has a peculiar scoring system. The purpose of this study was clarify the importance of counting one game in tennis matches by studying data from actual games, comprising 42 men's singles matches (907 games) during the Kyushu collegiate tennis championships held in 1997 and 1998. The main criterion for the analysis was the relationship between point-winning at each score and game-winning. It was found that (1) the rate of point-winning by game-winning players was 67.0%, and that the rate of point-winning by opponents was 33.0%. The game-winning players obtained 2/3 of all points. Furthermore (2), the rate of point-winning by players with a leading score was comparatively high at the time of either leading, such as in an up count or a down count, as well as when there was a difference in points at game-point. In particular, the rate of point-winning by game-winning players was significantly high on 0-15 and 15-30. (3) At scores of 30-30 and deuce (i.e. even count), the rate of point-winning by game-winning players was significantly high. These scores led an even count to game-point. These scores also showed a high frequency, and were the key to winning the game. These results suggest that scores of 30-30 and deuce are keys to game-winning, when gaining one point can lead to victory.

著者

柘植 治人 永江 加代 前田 明子 前野 元秀 早川 享志

出版者

日本ビタミン学会

雑誌

ビタミン (ISSN:0006386X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, no.2, 1993-02-25

著者

増野 雄一 三好 麻希 前田 明信 福本 和生 髙石 義浩

出版者

一般社団法人 日本透析医学会

雑誌

日本透析医学会雑誌 (ISSN:13403451)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.11, pp.627-634, 2015 (Released:2015-11-27)

参考文献数

28

被引用文献数

2 1

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慢性維持透析患者の高齢化, 透析期間の長期化が進んでおり, 透析患者の健康状態の維持・向上させるための一つの手段として運動療法の重要性が高まっている. 一般的な血液透析の場合, 透析日は時間的制約や透析後の疲労感により身体活動量が低下するため, 透析施行中の運動療法の必要性は高い. 透析施行中の自転車エルゴメーターやゴムチューブなど運動器具を用いた運動療法により透析患者の運動機能やquality of life (QOL) が向上すると報告されている. 本研究では当院外来血液透析患者23名を対象とし, 運動器具を用いない簡便な方法で下肢の筋力強化運動をセルフトレーニングにて12週間実施し, 移動能力・QOLの効果を検討した. 歩行・立ち上がり能力, 膝伸展筋力の向上など移動能力が改善し, 日常役割機能の向上やQOLの改善を認めた. われわれが施行した運動療法においても移動能力やQOLの向上が示唆された.

著者

飯田 祐士 前田 明

出版者

日本スポーツパフォーマンス学会

雑誌

スポーツパフォーマンス研究 (ISSN:21871787)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, pp.1-8, 2023 (Released:2023-03-16)

参考文献数

16

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本研究の目的は,大学トップレベルの女子卓球部の体力測定データから,大学女子卓球選手における体力要素の指標を示すこと,競技力にかかわる測定項目を明らかにすること,体力要素向上の一要因と考えられるトレーニングプログラムの一例を示すことであった.示されたデータから,競技力(レギュラーと非レギュラー)との関連性より,立ち幅跳びと20m 走が有効な測定項目であることが明らかとなった.またこれらの測定項目に関連する体力要素向上には,下肢の一般的なレジスタンストレーニングに加え,プライオメトリックスやダンベルを使用したウエイトリフティングエクササイズを用いて,年間を通したトレーニングプログラムを実施することが有効である可能性が示唆された.

著者

蔭山 雅洋 鈴木 智晴 前田 明

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.19105, (Released:2020-04-21)

被引用文献数

1

著者

縄田 亮太 石井 泰光 前田 明

出版者

日本コーチング学会

雑誌

コーチング学研究 (ISSN:21851646)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.1, pp.41-52, 2014-11-20 (Released:2019-09-02)

参考文献数

20

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The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics of the overhand pass in beach volleyball (BVB) by comparing it with the overhand pass in volleyball (VB). The following results were obtained:     (1) In the pull phase, wrist dorsiflexion occurred in VB. On the other hand, in BVB, the elbow was bent in addition to the wrist dorsiflexion. This finding suggests that there is a difference in the buffer action of the elbow between VB and BVB.     (2) In the push phase, the maximum angular velocities of knee and ankle joints were not during VB but during BVB. This finding suggests a timing difference in lower extension between VB and BVB. And, the largest angular velocity of the upper limbs was seen in the wrist during VB, whereas it was seen in the elbow during BVB. This suggests the segment of the body that accelerates the ball in VB is different from that in BVB. Besides, the timing for extending the upper and lower limbs differs in VB but is comparatively near in BVB.     These results suggest that the characteristics of BVB involve the buffer action of the ball with the elbow in addition to that with the wrist, and the acceleration of the ball with the knee and ankle and the simultaneous elbow extension.