著者

福山 英一 山下 太 徐 世慶 溝口 一生 滝沢 茂 川方 裕則

雑誌

JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2020

巻号頁・発行日

2020-03-13

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We have been conducting meter-scale rock friction experiments using the large-scale shaking table at NIED since 2012. We have completed 5 series of experiments, each of which included about 20 experiments. One of the purposes of these experiments was to investigate the spatial scaling of the friction since the friction laws we use today were derived from centimeter-scale experiments. Another purpose was to monitor rupture evolution and local stress field using near-fault high-resolution measurements. In this talk, we will showcase some key results derived from our rock friction experiments.Regarding the spatial scaling of friction, we recognized that the local frictional strength was not uniform on the fault and its spatial variation had a significant impact to the macroscopic frictional strength (Yamashita et al., 2015). In addition, the scaling behavior seems different between rock-on rock friction and that with a gouge layer. In the rock-on-rock case, gouge generation changes the strength in space. But if the gouge layer already exists, strength depends on the rearrangements of the gouge particles (Yamashita et al., 2018).Regarding rupture evolution on laboratory fault, we pointed out a previously overlooked difficulty in direct measuring the two-dimensional (2D) evolution of the rupture front. Under very special condition, we could overcome this difficulty by installing 2D strain gauge arrays inside the rock sample. We found that the free surface effects at both edges of the fault had a significant effect on rupture nucleation (Fukuyama et al., 2018). In addition, the strain behavior close to the fault edge might not be the same as that on the fault, even if the sensors were installed within 10 mm away from the fault. Using numerical simulations, we could reproduce the observed strain data by extrapolating a simple friction behavior on the fault surface, suggesting that the way of deriving the friction law needs to be revised (Xu et al., 2019).We also discovered some interesting fault behaviors during our experiments. By changing loading rate or fault surface condition, we could frequently reproduce super shear rupture events in the laboratory, which were thought to be rare in nature. By investigating the cohesive zone length of the rupture front in the supershear regime, we showed that the experimental results could reach a good match with one of the theoretical predictions Fukuyama et al. (2017). Moreover, we observed slow slip events with supersonic propagation velocity during some experiments (Fukuyama et al., 2019), whose interpretation is still underway.The above results bridge the gap between the traditional small-scale lab experiments and the field observations, and can be useful for improving our understandings of fault rheology and earthquake physics.

著者

泉 祐輔

雑誌

JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2020

巻号頁・発行日

2020-07-04

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神奈川県三浦半島最南端に位置する城ヶ島は、過去に繰り返し起きた地震で隆起して海岸段丘を形成している。段丘面上には複数のポットホールが見つかる。そのうちの1つについて、1703年元禄関東地震と1923年大正関東地震による地殻変動の記録、および現地調査で得られた穿孔貝の生痕化石の記録から、ポットホールの形成期間を考察した。その結果、対象のポットホールは、元禄関東地震から大正関東地震までの約220年間で形成されたことが明らかになった。

著者

美山 透

雑誌

JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2020

巻号頁・発行日

2020-03-13

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教育の中で海洋が取り扱われる意義は、生活をとりまく環境の認識、各国と共有される資源への意識(漁業、海洋汚染など)、自然災害への理解(津波、高波、エルニーニョ、地球温暖化など)などが挙げられる。ここでは、これらの話題が高校教育に取り上がられているか、適切に説明されているかについて、「地理A」(6冊)、「地理B」(3冊)、「科学と人間生活」(5冊)、「地学基礎」(5冊)、「地学」(2冊)レビューした。講演者は専門が海洋物理学であり、その視点が中心になる。同じ教科でも出版社により個性があるものの、要旨では教科毎の概観を記す。 「地理B」は上記した話題を多かれ少なかれ網羅している。全教科書に海流図とともに、海流に関する概説がされている。海流の成因についても説明が試みられているが、その説明は危うい。例えば、3冊中の2冊で「吹送流」という言葉が出てくるが、いずれも誤用である(誤例、「親潮や黒潮も吹送流の一つである」)。「吹送流」は高度な内容と考えられているのか「地学基礎」では導入されておらず、「地学」になって正しく導入されている。地理では特有の用語が使われる例があり、黒潮に「日本海流」という別名があるのはその例である(2冊で例、1冊にはないが同じ出版社の地図帳に例)。地学の教科書では「地学基礎」の1冊の例外を除けば「日本海流」は使われていない。 「地理A」は「地理B」に比べると海洋への記述が少なく、海流の紹介はほぼ西岸海洋性気候に関連づけるだけのためにある。世界の漁業に関する記述も無くなる。「地理B」では全教科書にエルニーニョが取り上げられているが、「地理A」では6冊中2冊のみである。 「科学と人間生活」は海の取り扱いは小さく、海流図が載っている教科書は5冊中で全球海流図が1冊、日本付近の海流図が1冊のみに取り上げられている。エルニーニョが取り上げられている教科書はない。地球温暖化は扱い自体が他科目に比べて比較的消極的で、1冊のみに海面上昇の可能性が触れられていた。 「地学基礎」は、海流を取り上がるだけでなく、その成因の説明が求められるが、「地学」ほど高度な概念を使えないという制約のある教科である。そのためか、説明の質が教科書ごとに大きく違う。同じ出版社でも、「地学」では「地球の自転による転向力のため海水の流れは風の向きとは一致せず」から解説を始めているにもかかわらず、「地学基礎」では(海流は「平均的に見ると風の向きとよく対応する」という解説にしている例も見られた。 「地学」の2冊は、渦度などの概念が使えない中で、海流の成因やエルニーニョの説明にベストを尽くしている。その中でも、海流図や、海流の成因の説明のアプローチ、地球温暖化の積極性に違いがあり、2冊には個性の違いがある。

著者

近藤 誠 佐藤 陽祐 稲津 將 勝山 祐太

雑誌

JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2020

巻号頁・発行日

2020-03-13

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This study evaluated microphysical schemes implemented in a meteorological model SCALE (Nishizawa et al. 2015; Sato et al. 2015) targeting midwinter snowfall events in Hokkaido. Cloud microphysical schemes of a 2-moment bulk scheme (Seiki and Nakajima 2014: SN14), a 1-moment bulk scheme of Roh and Satoh (2014: RS14), and that of Tomita (2008: T08) were evaluated with the simulation for events, based on ground-based measurement by disdrometer. Our analysis elucidated that SN14 successfully simulated the measured relationship between the particle size and terminal velocity distribution (PVSD). On the other hand, T08 overestimated the frequency of graupel with fast fall velocity, and underestimated particle diameters. RS14 also overestimated the frequency of the graupel, but reproduced the fall velocity of graupel particles. Sensitivity experiments indicated that RS14 scheme can be improved by the modification for the slope parameter, mass-diameter(m-D) relationship, and PVSD relationship of graupel.ReferencesNishizawa, S., H. Yashiro, Y. Sato, Y. Miyamoto, and H. Tomita, 2015: Influence of grid aspect ratio on planetary boundary layer turbulence in large-eddy simulations. Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 3393–3419, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3393-2015.Roh, W., and M. Satoh, 2014: Evaluation of precipitating hydrometeor parameterizations in a single-moment bulk microphysics scheme for deep convective systems over the tropical central pacific. J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 2654–2673, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-13-0252.1.Sato, Y., S. Nishizawa, H. Yashiro, Y. Miyamoto, Y. Kajikawa, and H. Tomita, 2015: Impacts of cloud microphysics on trade wind cumulus: which cloud microphysics processes contribute to the diversity in a large eddy simulation? Prog. Earth Planet. Sci., 2, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-015-0053-6.Seiki, T., and T. Nakajima, 2014: Aerosol effects of the condensation process on a convective cloud simulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 71, 833–853, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-12-0195.1.Tomita, H., 2008: New microphysical schemes with five and six categories by diagnostic generation of cloud ice. J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 86A, 121–142, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.86A.121.

著者

尾方 隆幸

雑誌

JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2020

巻号頁・発行日

2020-03-13

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日本の地球惑星科学教育は,学校では主に「地学教育」「地理教育」として行われ,博物館やジオパークなどでは生涯教育としても実践されている.それらの教育現場で使用されている教材は,文部科学省検定済教科書に依拠していることが多いが,地球惑星科学の成果が適切に反映されていない内容も散見される.未来の地球惑星科学教育を構築するためには,複数領域を横断する観点から,教育内容・教材およびカリキュラムを議論することが必要である.

著者

石村 大輔 岩佐 佳哉 高橋 直也 田所 龍二 小田 龍平 梶井 宇宙 松風 潤 石澤 尭史 堤 浩之

雑誌

JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2020

巻号頁・発行日

2020-03-13

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2016年熊本地震以後に、布田川断層帯および日奈久断層帯において精力的に古地震調査が行われてきた。我々の研究グループでは、2016年熊本地震で出現した副次的な地表地震断層の過去の活動について明らかにするために、2017年には阿蘇カルデラ内の宮地トレンチ、2018年には出ノ口断層上の小森牧野トレンチを実施してきた。その結果、2-3千年という短い間隔で2016年に活動した断層が繰り返し活動していることが明らかとなった(石村ほか,2018,2019)。これは2016年熊本地震同様に、過去にも布田川断層の活動に際して、周辺の広い範囲に断層が出現したことを示唆する。一方、布田川断層の活動履歴については、多くのトレンチ調査が行われているが(熊原ほか,2017;岩佐ほか,2018;白濱ほか,2018;堤ほか,2018;上田ほか,2018,遠田ほか,2019,など)、それらの多くは鬼界―アカホヤ火山灰(7.3 ka;町田・新井,2003)以降に複数回活動したことを示すのみで、個々のイベントの年代が十分に制約できていない。また、トレンチ調査場所も、阿蘇カルデラ内や益城町に向かって分岐する断層上といった地点に偏っており、最も変位量の大きかった布田川断層の中央部に位置する布田周辺での活動履歴はよくわかっていない。そこで本研究では、布田川断層中央部に位置する布田地区でトレンチ調査を行なった。 掘削地点は、布田川断層と布田川が交わる西原村布田地区である。布田川断層と布田川が交わる地点では、2016年熊本地震で出現した大露頭の記載を石村(2019)が行なっており、高遊原溶岩を数10 m上下変位させる布田川断層の主断層と10 m前後上下変位させる副次的な断層が確認されている。そこから約50 mほど東の林内で5つのトレンチを掘削した。トレンチ掘削地点では、2条の地表地震断層が確認されており、南側のものは約10 cmの南落ちを伴う左ステップする開口亀裂、北側のものは30-40 cmの南落ちを示す断層崖であった。地表地震断層の変位様式と布田川の露頭で認められた断層との位置関係から、南側が主たる右横ずれ断層で、北側が副次的な正断層であると考えられる。トレンチは、南側で2箇所、北側で3箇所の掘削を行なった。 トレンチ調査の結果、すべての壁面で2016年の断層活動に加えて、過去の活動が認められた。特にK-Ah以降には少なくとも3回の断層活動(2016年イベント含む)が認められ、高い活動度を示した。現在、放射性炭素年代測定を実施中であり、発表ではそれらを加えて、より詳細な断層活動の議論とその時期について示す。

著者

石村 大輔 山田 圭太郎

雑誌

JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2020

巻号頁・発行日

2020-03-13

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Long-term paleo-seismic history is significant for the understanding of earthquake mechanisms and the assessment of earthquake and related hazards (e.g., tsunami). Especially, tsunami deposits research progressed after the devastating large tsunamis (e.g., the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake) and paleo-tsunami deposits have been identified all over the world. In the terrestrial environment, it is generally difficult to find an appropriate site for revealing the long-term paleo-tsunami history and such appropriate sites were limited due to landform development and artificial modification. It is true along the Pacific coast area in the Tohoku region, northeast Japan. However, the authors found the most appropriate site for the reconstruction of long-term paleo-tsunami history on the Sanriku Coast. This is the Koyadori site, where organic fine sediments accumulated continuously since Towada-Chuseri (To-Cu) tephra (ca. 6 ka; Mclean et al., 2018) and sediments supply from surrounding are small except for tsunami deposits. In this study, we show the ages of paleo-tsunami deposits since 6 ka and their subsurface distribution in Koyadori lowland based on dense and many excavation and drilling surveys. From 2012 to 2015, we conducted trench excavation survey (Ishimura and Miyauchi, 2015), outcrop survey (Ishimura and Miyauchi, 2015), drilling survey (Ishimura et al., 2014), short Geoslicer survey (Ishimura et al., 2015), and long Geoslicer survey from 200 m to 400 m distance from the coastline and used these samples to this study. In the laboratory, we conducted the radiocarbon dating, tephra analysis, μXRF analysis, and gravel roundness analysis for lateral correlations of sediments. In this study, we mainly used five long Geoslicer samples. All samples reached To-Cu tephra and, that is, they record a continuous 6 thousand years history. From these samples, we confirmed that there are 14 tsunami deposits including the 2011 event after To-Cu tephra and the average recurrence interval is estimated to be 300-400 years. Subsurface distribution of them was revealed by sedimentary facies, geochemical signature, gravel roundness, and radiocarbon dates of long Geoslicer, short Geoslicer, and drilling cores. As a result, the most appropriate site in Koyadori for tsunami deposits research is limited only 300 m to 350 m area distance from the coastline. On the other hand, in the seaside area behind the 5-m-high beach ridge (200 m to 300 m distance from the coastline), large erosion occurred a few times after To-Cu tephra and these erosions were not expected from the present topography. This indicates that we need to care buried topography and to conduct a multi drilling survey. Takeda et al. (2018) pointed out a similar thing. This study gives us clues for tsunami deposits identification and accurate lateral correlation of sediments. Dense drilling surveys and/or continuous outcrops tell us an accurate number of tsunami deposits. Tephra layers give us robust ages and correlative layers in sediments. A geochemical signature can be used to correlate background sediments and gravel roundness is useful to identify tsunami deposits and correlate them. Radiocarbon dating gives us confirmation of the lateral correlation of sediments. We thought that this is an efficient procedure for paleo-tsunami deposits research.

著者

濱田 洋平 谷川 亘 山本 裕二 浦本 豪一郎 村山 雅史 廣瀬 丈洋 多田井 修 田中 幸記 尾嵜 大真 米田 穣 徳山 英一

雑誌

JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2020

巻号頁・発行日

2020-03-13

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⾼知県⼟佐清⽔市⽖⽩海岸付近の海底(水深5-10m)には、数十基の大型の石柱(長さ1m)が横たわっている。しかし、石柱が人工的に作られたものなのか、自然の岩石ブロックなのか、そしてその起源ついては不明である。石柱が確認された爪白地区は、昔から南海トラフ地震による津波と台⾵・⼤⾬による⽔害に幾度も襲われているため、海底の石柱には自然災害の痕跡が残されている可能性がある。また、⾼知県各地の沿岸部には684年の⽩鳳地震で⼀夜にして沈んだとされる村(⿊田郡)の伝承が伝わっており、石柱と「黒田郡」との関係性にも期待がもたれる。そこで本研究では、石柱の幾何学的特性と岩石物理鉱物学的な特性を測定し、起源の推定につながる可能性の高い近傍の岩石および石造物についても同じ特性を測定した。各特性の類似性を評価し、海底石柱の起源の推定を行った。一連の分析の結果、海底の石柱は三崎層群竜串層(中新統)を起源とし、現在は閉鎖している三崎地区の採石場から採取、加工され、爪白地区で石段や家の基礎などの石造物として利用された可能性が高いことがわかった。さらに、爪白地区で利用されていた石柱は1707年の宝永地震による津波により海岸まで流された可能性が高いことがわかった。本研究は、破壊分析(間隙率・密度・XRD)と非破壊分析(X線CT・pXRF・帯磁率測定)の両手法を用いて実施している。将来における水中考古遺物の保存を念頭に置いた場合、水中における非破壊分析手法の確立が喫緊の課題となる。本研究ではX線CT画像解析による石柱の表面形状の特徴とpXRFによる元素濃度比の測定結果を用いたPCA解析が起源特定に大きな貢献をしたが、水中でも室内分析と同様の精度でデータを取得する必要がある。一方で、石柱が水中に水没したプロセスを知る上での重要な手がかりとなる年代評価については手法と精度に問題点があることがわかった。本研究の一部は高銀地域経済振興財団の助成金により実施された。

著者

村山 雅史 谷川 亘 井尻 暁 星野 辰彦 廣瀬 丈洋 富士原 敏也 北田 数也 捫垣 勝哉 徳山 英一 浦本 豪一郎 新井 和乃 近藤 康生 山本 裕二 黒田郡 調査隊チーム一同

雑誌

JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2020

巻号頁・発行日

2020-03-13

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黒田郡遺構調査の目的で,高知県浦ノ内湾の最奥部(水深10m)から採取した堆積物コアを解析した。当時の海洋環境や生物相の変遷履歴も復元することもおこなった。高知県土佐湾の中央部に位置する浦ノ内湾は,横浪半島の北側に面し,東西に細長く,12kmも湾入する沈降性の湾として知られている。高知大学調査船「ねぷちゅーん」を用いて、バイブロコアリングによって4mの堆積物コアが採取された。採取地点は,周囲からの河川の影響はないため,本コア試料は,湾内の詳細な環境変動を記録していると考えられる。採取されたコア試料は,X線CT撮影,MSCL解析後,半割をおこない肉眼記載や頻出する貝の採取,同定をおこなった。 堆積物の岩相は,olive色のsity clayであり,全体的に多くの貝殻片を含む。コア上部付近は,黒っぽい色を呈し強い硫化水素臭がした。また,コア下部に葉理の発達したイベント堆積物が認められ,その成因について今後検証する予定である。

著者

谷川 亘 徳山 英一 山本 裕二 村山 雅史 田中 幸記 井尻 暁 星野 辰彦

雑誌

JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2020

巻号頁・発行日

2020-03-13

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日本各地には巨大災害により沿岸部の集落や構造物が水没した記録や伝承が残されている。例えば1498年の明応東海地震による浜名湖南部集落の水没、天正13年の地震に伴う長浜市琵琶湖湖岸集落の水没、磐梯山の噴火に伴う檜原宿の水没が挙げられる。高知県内でも684年に発生した白鳳南海地震により集落が水没した伝承が残されており、その集落は「黒田郡」という名称で市民に知れ渡っている。この黒田郡伝承を明らかにするために、過去に幾度にもわたり調査が実施されてきた。しかし、調査記録が不明瞭な点が多く、黒田郡の謎にどこまで迫れたのかわからない。そこで2013年から高知大学と海洋研究開発機構が中心となって、黒田郡の調査が始まった。2019年までに高知県内沿岸部の6地点(南国市十市、野見湾、浦ノ内湾、興津、爪白、柏島)の調査を実施してきた。残念ながらこれまでのところ黒田郡の痕跡を示す証拠は得られていない。一方、本研究は海底の人工物と構造物を自然災害の記録を残す物証として見立てた地球科学的な分析アプローチであるため、これまでの発想にない発見が得られつつある。そこで本発表では、研究成果が出つつある3地点(野見湾・爪白・柏島)について調査概要を紹介する。須崎市野見湾の南部に位置する戸島は弥生時代の遺跡があり、島北東部海底で井戸を見たという報告が昔から寄せられている。そのため、野見湾は高知県内でも黒田郡の有力候補地として知られている。本研究では、海底地形調査により戸島北東部において縦横200m幅にわたる台地を確認することができた。海底台地は非常に平坦で、海食台の可能性をうかがわせることから、海食台の形成過程から地震性沈降史を評価できる可能性がある。一方、土佐清水市爪白海岸海底には人工的に加工された跡が残る石柱が多く横たわっている。本研究により、この石柱は近郊の爪白地区で石段や家の基礎として古くから使用されていた石造物であることがわかった。さらに、石柱が陸上から海底に運搬されたプロセスに南海地震津波と水害が関与している可能性があることがわかった。幡多郡柏島の北部に石堤を想定させる巨石が積まれた壁状構造物が海底にあることが知られている。野中兼山が整備した陸上の堤(兼山堤)とほぼ並行に位置しているため、兼山堤との関連性もうかがわせる。しかし、年代同定と鉱物分析からこの構造物は自然でできたビーチロックである可能性が高いことがわかった。ビーチロックは潮間帯で形成されるため、ビーチロックの年代分析から沈降履歴を評価できる可能性がある。本研究は、水中構造物と水中遺物を対象にした調査が、地震や水害などの歴史自然災害の履歴の評価につなげられる可能性を示唆している。本研究の一部は高銀地域経済振興財団の助成金により実施された。参考文献谷川亘ほか、2016、黒田郡水没伝承と海底遺構調査から歴史南海地震を紐解く:レビューと今後の展望、歴史地震、31、17-26

著者

廣瀬 丈洋 濱田 洋平 谷川 亘 神谷 奈々 山本 由弦 辻 健 木下 正高

雑誌

JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2020

巻号頁・発行日

2020-03-13

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Pore fluid pressure is important for understanding generation of both megathrust and slow earthquakes at subduction zones. However, its occurrence and quantitative constraints are quite limited. Here, we report the estimate of pore pressure by the analysis of transient upwelling flow from the borehole, that was observed while drilling the underthrust sediments in the Nankai Trough off Cape Muroto during IODP Expedition 370. In order to interpret the observed velocity and duration of the flow, we have solved a radial diffusion equation to estimate pore pressure before penetrating an aquifer. The calculation yields that the pore pressure exceeded ~3 MPa above hydrostatic and the size scale of the aquifer is several hundred meters, in case of an aquifer permeability of 10-13 m2. Our result suggests that the underthrust sequence is currently composed of patchily-distributed high-pressure aquifers.In the neighborhood of the drilling site, very low frequency (VLF) earthquakes have been reported (e.g., Obara and Kato, 2016). Seismic survey has suggested a possible linkage between high pore pressure zone and the distribution and generation of slow earthquakes (e.g., Kodaira et al., 2004). Furthermore, high temperature and pressure friction experiments by Sawai et al. (2016) suggested that a transition from stable to unstable slip behavior appears with increasing pore fluid pressure that is a prerequisite for the generation of slow earthquakes. Our result implies that the slow earthquakes at off Cape Muroto can be attributed with slip behaviors along not only décollement but also the patchily distributed high-pore-pressure aquifers in the underthrust sediments.

著者

川久保 晋 東 龍介 日野 亮太 高橋 秀暢 太田 和晃 篠原 雅尚

雑誌

JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2020

巻号頁・発行日

2020-03-13

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北海道襟裳沖のプレート境界浅部はスロー地震活動が活発な海域として知られ,超低周波地震(Very Low Frequency Earthquake, VLFE)は2003年十勝沖地震以降(Asano et al., 2008),低周波微動は日本海溝海底地震津波観測網(S-net)の運用が始まった2016年以降(Tanaka et al., 2019; Nishikawa et al., 2019),それぞれの活動の様子が把握されてきた.とりわけ2016年以降にはS-netによってVLFEの活動に先駆けて半日から4日前に微動活動が始まることが明らかとなった(Tanaka et al., 2019).一方,VLFEの活動範囲は2011年東北地方太平洋沖地震(東北沖地震)前後で変化していないように見えることから,微動活動も東北沖地震以前より発生していた可能性がある.そこで本研究は,北海道襟裳沖における東北沖地震以前の微動の検出とその活動様式を明らかにすることを目的とする. 本研究では,2006年10月25日から2007年6月5日に設置されていた自己浮上式海底地震観測網42点の記録から,エンベロープ相関法(Ide, 2010)を用いて微動を検出し震源決定を行った.本研究では観測点間のエンベロープ波形の最大相互相関係数が0.6を超える観測点ペアが10組を超えた場合にイベントを検出したとみなした.震源決定には相互相関係数が最大となるときの時刻差を観測走時差として用い,この走時差を最もよく説明する震源をインバージョンによって求めた. 解析の結果,検出された全イベント10445個のうち,継続時間20秒以上かつマグニチュードが3以下で,震央誤差と時間残差が小さい微動は989個見つかった.検出された微動の震源は海溝軸から一定の距離に分布しており,深さの推定誤差が10 km未満と小さいイベントは沈み込む太平洋プレートの境界面に集中して分布する様子がみてとれた. 観測期間中に微動とVLFEの活動が共に活発だった時期(活動期)は2006年11月,2007年3月,そして2007年5月の3度あり,それぞれの期間で微動の時空間的な特徴に着目した.1つ目の活動期(2006年11月12日~19日)には微動の活動域は16–23 km/dayで北東に移動していたと推定された.ただし,11月15日に千島海溝中部で発生した巨大地震(Mw 8.3, Lay et al., 2009)の活発な余震活動の影響で微動の検知能力が低下した可能性がある点や,設置されていた地震計が全観測網の南側半分のみであった点に留意する必要がある.2つ目の活動期(2007年3月15日~19日)には微動の活動域は25–30 km/dayで南西に移動していたと推定された.3つ目の活動期は2007年5月10日のみで終息した小規模なものであり,先の活動期とは違い地震発生場所の移動は認められなかった. これら3つの微動活動とAsano et al. (2008)のVLFE活動を比較すると,両者の活動時期はおおよそ一致し,詳しく見ると微動がVLFEに対して半日~4日半ほど先に活動を開始する傾向があることが分かった.こうした関係性は東北沖地震後の微動・VLFE活動(Tanaka et al., 2019)に共通する.また,検出した微動全ての震央分布を東北沖地震後にS-netで検出された微動(Nishikawa et al., 2019)と比較すると,両者は空間的にほぼ一致しており,東北沖地震前後で分布域に変化はなかったと考えられる.このような2006年から2007年と現在の微動・VLFE活動の共通点は,東北沖地震によってこの領域におけるスロー地震活動の振る舞いに影響を及ぼさなかったことを示している.

著者

Sourabh Shrivastava Saji Hameed

雑誌

JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2020

巻号頁・発行日

2020-03-13

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Previous studies have shown that the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) has a significant impact on land temperatures over southern Europe. However, whether IOD influences rainfall over this region and how this impact compares to that of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) have not been established. Here using the E-OBS gridded rainfall datasets for the period 1958 to 2012, we have analyzed the influence of IOD and ENSO on European rainfall. We find that IOD impacts are predominantly felt over southwestern Europe in a region covering Spain and Portugal during the peak phase of the event. Correlations exceeding 0.4 are observed over the central regions of Spain. We find that ENSO impacts on European rainfall are substantially weaker compared to that of IOD, but occur with a pattern similar to the latter. Partial correlation analysis suggests that the marginal ENSO correlations are a statistical areifact arising from the co-occurrence of a fraction of the El Nino events with positive IOD events. Possible dynamical mechanisms by which IOD impacts rainfall over southwestern Europe will be discussed.

著者

金木 俊也 中村 佳博 纐纈 佑衣 向吉 秀樹

雑誌

JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2020

巻号頁・発行日

2020-03-13

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Carbonaceous material (CM) is widely distributed in sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, and its thermal maturity and crystallinity have been used as an indicator of burial and metamorphic temperature history. The relationship between maturity and temperature history of CM has been documented by various analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction measurements, vitrinite reflectance measurements, transmission electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Among these, Raman spectroscopy is increasingly being used because of its rapidness and usefulness, as well as it is normally non-destructive technique (Henry et al., 2019).A typical Raman spectrum of CM exhibits two distinct peaks of D (around 1350 cm–1) and G bands (around 1580 cm–1) (Tuinstra & Koenig, 1970). Various spectral parameters, which is associated with the thermal maturity of CM, are reported; e.g., intensity ratio and full-width at half maximum (FWHM) of D and G bands. Importantly, there are mainly two types in these spectral parameters: (1) parameters calculated from raw data, or (2) parameters calculated by performing spectral fitting. One of the representative parameters of the latter was proposed by Beyssac et al. (2002). Because it is argued that their R2 ratio (area of G band / area of D1+D2+G bands) is closely related to the CM maturity, numerous studies adopted the R2 ratio as a representative parameter of Raman spectra of CM (e.g., Kouketsu et al., 2014). On the other hand, Henry et al. (2018) suggested that spectral fitting should not be performed because it leads to unnecessary errors, and recommended to focus on the parameters that can be calculated from the raw spectrum without spectral fitting.In the light of these backgrounds, the final goal of this study is to investigate whether spectral fitting of Raman spectra of CM is useful to evaluate its thermal maturity. As a first step toward this purpose, we developed a Python script that automatically perform spectral fitting of Raman spectra of CM. Analytical procedures of the script mainly consist of 5 parts: (i) smoothing by Savitzky-Golay filtering method, (ii) background correction with 1st or 3rd order polynomial function, (iii) normalization, (iv) setting of initial spectral parameters, and (v) non-linear spectral fitting with pseudo-Voigt function. We analyze the published data of Raman spectra of CM by Kouketsu et al. (2014), Mukoyoshi et al. (2018), and Nakamura et al. (2019), and compared the calculated parameters with the reported values of vitrinite reflectance. We will show preliminary results of our attempts in this presentation.

著者

南 拓人 中野 慎也 高橋 太 松島 政貴 中島 涼輔 清水 久芳 谷口 陽菜実 藤 浩明

雑誌

JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2020

巻号頁・発行日

2020-03-13

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The thirteenth generation of International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF-13) was released by International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA) in December, 2019. Prior to the release, we submitted a secular variation (SV) candidate model for IGRF-13 using a data assimilation scheme and a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) dynamo simulation code (Minami et al. submitted to EPS special issue for IGRF-13). Our candidate SV model was evaluated by IAGA Division V Working Group V-MOD and contributed to the final IGRF-13SV model with the optimized weight. This became the first contribution to the IGRF community from research groups in Japan. This was enabled by bilateral corroboration between Japan and France; in our data assimilation scheme, we used the French main field model (Ropp et al. 2020), which was developed from magnetic observatory hourly means, and CHAMP and Swarm-A satellite data. We adopted an iterative assimilation algorithm based on four-dimensional ensemble-based variational method (4DEnVar) (Nakano 2020), which linearizes outputs of our MHD dynamo simulation (Takahashi 2012; 2014) with respect to the deviation from a dynamo state vector at an initial condition. The data vector for the assimilation consists of the poloidal scalar potential of the geomagnetic field at the Earth’s core surface, and flow velocity field slightly below the core surface, which was calculated by presuming magnetic diffusion in the boundary layer and tangentially magnetostrophic flow below it (Matsushima 2020). Dimensionless time of numerical geodynamo was adjusted to the actual time by comparison of secular variation time scales. For estimation of our IGRF-13SV candidate model, we first generated an ensemble of dynamo simulation results from a free dynamo run. We then assimilated the ensemble to the data with a 10-year assimilation window from 2009.50 to 2019.50 through iterations, and finally forecasted future SV by linear combination of the future extension parts of the ensemble members. We generated our final SV candidate model by linear fitting for the best linear combination of the ensemble MHD dynamo simulation members from 2019.50 to 2025.00. We derived errors of our SV candidate model by one standard deviation of SV histograms based on all the ensemble members. In the presentation, we plan to report our IGRF project through the bilateral corroboration with France, and describe our SV candidate model.

著者

松島 政貴 清水 久芳 高橋 太 南 拓人 中野 慎也 中島 涼輔 谷口 陽菜実 藤 浩明

雑誌

JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2020

巻号頁・発行日

2020-03-13

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The International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) is a standard mathematical description in terms of spherical harmonic coefficients, known as the Gauss coefficients, for the Earth’s main magnetic field and its secular variation. On December 19, 2019, the working group V-MOD of the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA) released the 13th generation of IGRF, which consists of three constituents; a Definitive IGRF (DGRF) for 2015, an IGRF for 2020, and a secular variation (SV) model from 2020 to 2025. We submitted a candidate model for SV from 2020 to 2025, relying on our strong points, such as geodynamo numerical simulation, data assimilation, and core surface flow modeling.We can estimate core flow near the core-mantle boundary (CMB)from distribution of geomagnetic field and its secular variation. Such a flow model can be obtained for actual physical parameters of the Earth. However, numerical simulations of geodynamo were carried out for physical parameters far from actual ones. Therefore, a core flow model to be used for data assimilation had to be obtained on a condition relevant to the numerical simulations. To obtain the candidate model for SV, we adjusted time-scale of a geodynamo model (Takahashi 2012, 2014) to that of actual SV of geomagnetic field as given by Christensen and Tilgner (2004).In this presentation, we first investigate temporal variations of geomagnetic field due to the magnetic diffusion only. Next, we investigate temporal variations of geomagnetic field due to the motional induction caused by some core flow models as well as the magnetic diffusion. Then we compare secular variations of geomagnetic field forecasted by these methods.

著者

高橋 太 中野 慎也 南 拓人 谷口 陽菜実 中島 涼輔 松島 政貴 清水 久芳 藤 浩明

雑誌

JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2020

巻号頁・発行日

2020-03-13

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Secular variation (SV) of the Earth's magnetic field is governed by the advection and diffusion processes of the magnetic field within the fluid outer core. The IGRF (International Geomagnetic Reference Field) offers the average SV for the next five years to come, which has been estimated in various methods. In general, forecasting the evolution of a non-linear system like the geodynamo in the Earth's core is an extremely difficult task, because the magnetic field generation processes are controlled by the complex interaction of the core flows and the generated magnetic field. Data assimilation has been a promising scheme forecasting the geomagnetic SV as demonstrated in literatures (Kuang 2010, Fournier et al. 2015), where time dependency is controlled by a numerical dynamo model. While Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) has been a popular method for data assimilation in geomagnetism, we apply a different data assimilation procedure, that is, four-dimensional, ensemble-based variational scheme, 4DEnVar. Applying the 4DEnVar scheme iteratively, we have derived a candidate SV model for the latest version of the IGRF. In evaluating SV, two forecasting strategies are tested, in which core flows are assumed to be steady or time-dependent. The former approach is favored in Fournier et al. (2015), where the magnetic field evolves kinematically by the flows prescribed to be time-independent in the initialization step. On the other hand, we have adopted linear combination of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) models to construct a candidate as the best forecast (Minami et al. 2020). It is likely that which strategy is more suitable to forecasting SV depends on assimilation scheme and/or numerical dynamo model. However, we have little knowledge on the issue at present. In this study, we investigate results of MHD and kinematic dynamo runs with a 4DEnVar scheme in order to have a grasp of the properties of the scheme in the 5-year forecast process. Also, MHD and kinematic runs are compared to infer internal dynamics responsible for SV in the geomagnetic field.

著者

中島 涼輔 吉田 茂生

雑誌

JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2020

巻号頁・発行日

2020-03-13

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Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) shallow water linear waves are investigated over a rotating sphere with an imposed equatorially antisymmetric toroidal magnetic field: B0Φ=B0sinθcosθ, where B0 is a constant, θ is the colatitude and Φ is the azimuth. This system can imitatively represent the dynamics of a liquid metal within a stably stratified layer at the top of the Earth's core, which was detected through seismological surveys (e.g. Helffrich & Kaneshima, 2010[1]) and also has been deduced from geophysical and geochemical knowledge (e.g. Buffett & Seagle, 2010[2]; Pozzo et al., 2012[3]; Gubbins & Davies, 2013[4]; Brodholt & Badro, 2017[5]). Because slowly propagating waves in the liquid core can result in geomagnetic secular variations, comparison between exhaustive studies of MHD waves in a rotating stratified fluid and observations of geomagnetic fluctuations should provide constraints on the obscure stratified layer in the outermost core (e.g. Braginsky, 1993[6]; Buffett, 2014[7]).The adopted configuration of the background field complicates solving the eigenvalue problem of linear waves due to the emergence of an Alfvén continuum and critical latitudes unless dissipation effects are taken into account. These result from non-dissipative Alfvén resonance, which occurs only when B0Φ/sinθ depends on θ, that is, regular singular points appear in the differential equation of linear problems. The solutions of the continuum are required to express the transient evolution of an arbitrary initial disturbance (e.g. Case, 1960[8]; Goedbloed & Poedts, 2004[9]). We can confirm numerically and analytically that introducing magnetic diffusion eliminates these Alfvén continuous modes and their singular structures around critical latitudes (Nakashima, Ph.D. thesis, 2020[10]).For the Earth's core-like parameter (B0≃0.5—5mT and magnetic diffusivity η≃1m2/s), westward polar trapped modes are obtained as eigenmodes, which have a period of around from several to 1000 years. We may be able to observe these modes as geomagnetic secular variations in high latitude regions, if the strength of stratification in the stratified layer is close to the estimate of Buffett (2014)[7]. The analyses of recent geomagnetic models and paleomagnetic data in terms of such waves could confirm the robustness of previous estimates of the properties of the layer.[ Reference ][1] Helffrich, G., Kaneshima, S. (2010) Nature, 468, 807. doi: 10.1038/nature09636[2] Buffett, B. A., Seagle, C. T. (2010) J. Geophys. Res., 115, B04407. doi: 10.1029/2009JB006751[3] Pozzo, M., Davies, C., Gubbins, D., Alfè, D. (2012) Nature, 485, 355. doi: 10.1038/nature11031[4] Gubbins, D., Davies, C. J. (2013) Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 215, 21. doi: 10.1016/j.pepi.2012.11.001[5] Brodholt, J., Badro, J. (2017) Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 8303. doi: 10.1002/2017GL074261[6] Braginsky, S. I. (1993) J. Geomag. Geoelectr., 45, 1517. doi: 10.5636/jgg.45.1517[7] Buffett, B. (2014) Nature, 507, 484. doi: 10.1038/nature13122[8] Case, K. M. (1960) Phys. Fluids, 3, 143. doi: 10.1063/1.1706010[9] Goedbloed, J. P., Poedts, S. (2004) Principles of magnetohydrodynamics: with applications to laboratory and astrophysical plasmas, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.[10] Nakashima, R. (2020) Ph.D. thesis, Kyushu University. http://dyna.geo.kyushu-u.ac.jp/HomePage/nakashima/pdf/doctoral_thesis.pdf

著者

中島 涼輔 吉田 茂生

雑誌

JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2020

巻号頁・発行日

2020-03-13

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Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) shallow water linear waves are examined on a rotating sphere with a background toroidal magnetic field expressed as B0Φ=B0sinθ, where B0 is constant, θ is the colatitude and Φ is the azimuth. The MHD shallow water equations are often used in studying the dynamics of the solar tachocline (e.g. Gilman & Dikpati, 2002[1]; Márquez-Artavia et al., 2017[2]) and sometimes the outermost Earth's core (Márquez-Artavia et al., 2017[2]; Nakashima, Ph.D. thesis, 2020[3]) and exoplanetary atmosphere (e.g. Heng & Workman, 2014[4]). In this poster, we especially focus on the propagation mechanisms and the force balances of polar trapped waves and unstable modes (Márquez-Artavia et al., 2017[2]; Nakashima, Ph.D. thesis, 2020[3]).Comprehensive searches for eigenmodes yield two polar trapped modes when the main magnetic field is weak (the Lehnert number α=VA/2ΩR2<0.5, where VA is the Alfvén wave velocity, Ω is the rotation rate and R is the sphere radius). One is the slow magnetic Rossby waves, which propagate eastward for zonal wave number m≧2 (Márquez-Artavia et al., 2017[2]). As the Lamb's parameter ε=4Ω2R2/gh→0 (where g is the gravity acceleration and h is the equivalent depth), these branches asymptotically approach the eigenvalues of two-dimensional slow magnetic Rossby waves. Another is newly discovered westward polar trapped modes (Nakashima, Ph.D. thesis, 2020[3]).In the case when α>0.5 (the background field is strong), these novel westward modes merge with the westward-propagating fast magnetic Rossby waves. In addition, only when m=1, polar trapped unstable modes appear due to the interaction between these fast magnetic Rossby waves and westward-propagating slow magnetic Rossby waves. These growth modes are believed to be the polar kink (Tayler) instability (Márquez-Artavia et al., 2017[2]).In order to easily understand the propagation mechanisms and the force balances of polar trapped modes, we investigate a cylindrical model around a pole with an artificial boundary condition. This model provides the approximate dispersion relations and eigenfunctions of polar trapped modes, and indicates that stable polar trapped modes are governed by magnetostrophic balance and that the metric magnetic tension force causes the difference between the slow magnetic Rossby waves and the novel westward modes. For m=1 and α>0.5, the balance between Coriolis and Lorentz forces is disrupted and the part of magnetic tension with which Coriolis force can not compete induces kink instability.[ Reference ][1] Gilman, P. A., Dikpati, M. (2002) Astrophys. J., 576, 1031. doi: 10.1086/341799[2] Márquez-Artavia, X., Jones, C. A., Tobias, S. M. (2017) Geophys. Astrophys. Fluid Dyn., 111, 282. doi: 10.1080/03091929.2017.1301937[3] Nakashima, R. (2020) Ph.D. thesis, Kyushu University. http://dyna.geo.kyushu-u.ac.jp/HomePage/nakashima/pdf/doctoral_thesis.pdf[4] Heng, K., Workman, J. (2014) Astrophys. J. Sup., 213, 27. doi: 10.1088/0067-0049/213/2/27

著者

清杉 孝司 巽 好幸 鈴木 桂子 金子 克哉 中岡 礼奈 山本 由弦 羽生 毅 清水 賢 島 伸和 松野 哲男 菊池 瞭平 山口 寛登

雑誌

JpGU-AGU Joint Meeting 2020

巻号頁・発行日

2020-03-13

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Catastrophic caldera-forming eruptions that discharge more than 40 km3 of Si–rich magma as pyroclastics are rare but extremely hazardous events (eruption magnitude >7). Estimating the eruption volume of pyroclastics and the magma discharge rate in caldera–cycle is essential in evaluating the risk and cause of catastrophic caldera–forming eruptions. For this reason, we took sediment cores with Hydraulic Piston Coring System (HPCS) and Short HPCS (S-HPCS) of D/V Chikyu at Kikai volcano in January 11–14, 2020. Kikai volcano (Kikai caldera) is located about 45 km off southern Kyushu Island, Japan. Except two islands (Satsuma Iwo-Jima Island and Take-Shima Island) on the northern part of the caldera rim, most of the caldera structure is under the sea. At Kikai volcano, three ignimbrites are known; the 140 ka Koabi ignimbrite, the 95 ka Nagase ignimbrite, and the latest 7.3 ka Koya ignimbrite.Sediments were recovered from 5 sites about 4.3 km off the northeastern side of Take-Shima Island. Each drilling site was separated by 10–20 m from any other site. The sediment was not consolidated. Bioturbation was not observed. The sediment sequence, from the top of the cores, consists of gravel unit, ill-sorted lapilli unit, reddish tephra unit, sandy silt unit, and white tephra unit. The sedimentary facies of these sediments is as follows.Gravel unit: The presence of this unit in the upper part of the sequence is suggested by gravels which fell in the drilling holes and recovered with the sediments of the lower sequence. The gravels are consist of white tuffaceous rock, obsidian, gray volcanic rock, reddish altered volcanic rock, gray pumice and altered pumice. They are angular to sub-angular in shape and varying in size up to 5 cm in diameter.Ill-sorted lapilli unit: This deposit consists of ill-sorted lapilli size light yellow colored pumices and lithics of dark volcanic rock, gray volcanic rock, and obsidian. The maximum grain size of the pumice is more than 5 cm, whereas the maximum grain size of the lithic is about 4 cm. The abundance of the pumice component varies with depth. The thickness of the unit is more than 7 m at the drilling sites. The color of the pumice suggests that this unit may be a secondary deposit of underlying Koya ignimbrite deposit.Reddish tephra unit: It consists of layers (maximum thickness at least 40 cm) of slightly reddish to orange ill-sorted pumice lapilli and thin layers (~1 cm thick) of relatively well-sorted ash. The thickness of the deposit is more than 5 m at the drilling sites. The characteristic color of pumice suggests that this unit is the deposit of Koya ignimbrite. Formation of relatively thin layers of lapilli and ash may be due to the deposition under the sea.Sandy silt unit: It consists of very fine fragments of black volcanic rock. The sediment contains small fragments (~5 mm) of sea shells and other organic materials. Foraminifars were also contained in this deposit. The thickness of this unit is at least 20.36 m.White tephra unit: This deposit mainly consists of ill-sorted white pumice lapilli and relatively well-sorted ash. The maximum pumice size is at least 11 cm. The thickness of the deposit is at least 30 m. The deposit is characterized by the presence of crystals of quartz, which is known as a remarkable feature of the Nagase ignimbrite deposit to distinguish it from the other tephra at Kikai volcano. Especially, the middle part of the recovered Nagase ignimbrite deposit (63–64 m below the seafloor) shows unique sedimentary face: it consists of only crystals of quartz (<2 mm in size), orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene (<1 mm in size), and magnetite (<2 mm in size). Formation of the sedimentary face may be due to the deposition of hot ignimbrite under the sea.Description of these sedimentary units is essential to distinguish the ignimbrite deposits and understand their flow behavior in the sea. We will show the detail of these sedimentary facies in the presentation.