著者

桜井 徹

出版者

日本法哲学会

雑誌

法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2007, pp.136-146, 2008 (Released:2021-03-31)

著者

若松 良樹

出版者

日本法哲学会

雑誌

法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2007, pp.154-160, 2008 (Released:2021-03-31)

著者

笹倉 秀夫

出版者

日本法哲学会

雑誌

法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2007, pp.128-135, 2008 (Released:2021-03-31)

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This comment, firstly, summarizes the nine presentations: Six presenters analyzed legal thinkers who founded the modern way of thinking, while other three analyzed legal thinkers critical of modernity. All nine speakers, however, share a common image of modernity in legal ideas; They presuppose independent individuals who form social institutions based on their rational calculation. Secondly, this comment argues who the first typical modern social thinkers should be ; From this perspective, the line Hobbes - Mandeville - Adam Smith - Hume - Bentham is most important, because they all constructed social theory based upon self-love, which had been rejected since the Greek Antiquity. Thirdly, this comment argues that we should also value the Machiavel lian Humanism, whose pluralistic-dialectical way of thinking had been an important counterpart to the Cartesian-Hobbesian scientific modernity. Lastly, this comment argues that we should evaluate the pre-modern traditions that contributed to the formation of modern social thinking. In order to make this point clear, this comment traces the history of the idea of liberty since the Greek Antiquity, analyzing how pre-modern liberties (the Greco-Roman liberty, the Christian freedom, the liberties of the Middle-Ages) underlie the modern liberty.

著者

南 利明

出版者

日本法哲学会

雑誌

法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2007, pp.116-127, 2008 (Released:2021-03-31)

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Was National Socialism a negation or a radicalizatlon of modernism? The fact that A. Hitler referred to “a revolution quite opposite to the French Revolution” suggests that Nazis of that time advocated anti-modernism. According to T. W. Adorno and M. Horkheimer, negation of Enlightenment can be seen in the National Socialism movement, which not only denied individualism, liberalism and equality but also executed the planned extermination of Jews and valueless life such as psychopaths, genetically feeble-minded, and newborn crippled children. Nevertheless, a sound argument posits that the rule of National Socialism, whose purpose was to create the new human being and orchestrate the whole individual human life, was quintessentially and radically modern. Taking a cue from the discourse of M. Heidegger, we will show the modernism in National Socialism.

著者

酒匂 一郎

出版者

日本法哲学会

雑誌

法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2007, pp.147-153, 2008 (Released:2021-03-31)

著者

永尾 孝雄

出版者

日本法哲学会

雑誌

法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2007, pp.91-103, 2008 (Released:2021-03-31)

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Hegel’s Philosophy of Right is neither a theory of jurisprudence nor a theory of modern natural law. The subject of the Philosophy of Right is the actuality of right and this lies in the Idea of Freedom. According to Hegel the philosophical science of right does not derive a system of ahistorical norms of right from the concept of freedom, but representing a new methodological beginning takes the path to the idea as the dialectically contradictory progress of the historical formation of institutions and recognizes this indirect method of reconstruction as a necessary condition for knowledge of the dialectic of the logical concept itself. The Philosophy of Right’s dialectical founding in the self-development of the concept leads him (Hegel) to make a trichotomy of practical domain into ‘Abstract right’, ‘Morality’, ‘The Ethical Life’. Whereas a clear parallel can be drawn between abstract right and morality, and the modern categories of natural law and subjective morality, applying the comparison to the third part of the Philosophy of Right creates some difficulties. They arise not only from the way in which it is structured into family, civil society and state, but from the title ‘Ethical Life’ itself. Ethical life means for Hegel the same connection between morality and politics which was essential for the traditional doctrine of the ethical-legal constitution of the state and its unity with civil society. Even in this division of the third part of the Philosophy of Right Hegel is taking up a long tradition in order to dissolve it by means of dialectics. One of the most important reasons for the dialectical dissolution of traditional categories lies in the introduction of civil society which is epoch-making in the history of social-political philosophy. Just as the Hegelian concept of civil society points to the changed structure of the family, so it relates also to the altered position of the state. The state and civil society, which had traditionally been linked by the relational concept of societas civilis, must first position themselves in a relationship which is one of division or difference. Marx puts an end to the mediation between civil society and state by reversing Hegel’s speculative nterpretation of their relationship. It is the state that is a form of appearance of civil society, and the latter, which Hegel could relegate to the position of the world of ethical appearance, is actually the reality of political economy. In this connection, see Marcuse: “Hegel’s demand for a strong and independent state derives from his insight into the irreconcilable contradictions of modern society.” Thus Habermas writes: “Hegel was the first philosopher to develop a clear concept of modernity. We have to go back to him if we want to understand the internal relationship between modernity and rationality, which, until Max Weber, remained self-evident and which today is being called into question.” It is not fortuitous that the discussion (Horkheimer, Adorno, Marcuse, Habermas) of the relationship between freedom, right and the state e on the basis of a society emancipated from political rule has once again begun with Hegel.

著者

神原 和宏

出版者

日本法哲学会

雑誌

法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2007, pp.53-65, 2008 (Released:2021-03-31)

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The purpose of this article is to examine Rousseau’s legal theory in relation to the tradition of republicanism. Rousseau defines a republic as a state which is governed by laws, i.e. the expression of the general will, and also as a state in which public interests, not private ones, are pursued. According to Rousseau, it is in such a state governed by laws that the individual liberty and equality, namely ultimate goals of all states, are secured. Liberty of men consists in obedience to laws. Liberty in this position makes a contrast to the state of servitude in which people submit themselves to an arbitrary will of others who pursue private goods. Maurizlo Viroli and Fabian Spitz call this position republican liberty. Rousseau shows keen interests in themes on republican traditions such as corruptions of a political body and the conquest of them. These interests are origins of his positive attitudes toward the importance of equality, virtue, and public education in a political body. The research into Rousseau’s republican ideas will help to clarify part of the rich resource of Rousseau’s legal theory, and at the same time will provide a clear idea of his contribution to the modern legal thought.

著者

高橋 洋城

出版者

日本法哲学会

雑誌

法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2007, pp.66-79, 2008 (Released:2021-03-31)

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In European history of thought, natural law theory was originally an argument of independence and autonomy of human reason from religion and political power. Autonomy of reason means at the same time autonomy of law. But this autonomy and independence depended still upon the objective human nature that cannot be controlled by humans. Although modern natural law theory has advanced the autonomous character of law, it still permits a dependence on the transcendent to reason. For example, social contract is one of the typical concepts in modern natural law theory, and it has given the law a foundation that is grounded on an action of people themselves. But this concept of contract has in a sense a character of facts that are transcendent to human reason. In this course of natural law thoughts, the significance of Kantian thought consists in radicalisation of autonomy of reason and law. He idealised the concept of social contract and we can see here a progress in autonomy. Moreover Kantian “moral laws” (sittliche Gesetze) mean selflegislation by freedom of human, and its contents point out the coexistence of freedom of humans : It represents an idea of legal order. On the other side, his idea of law has its grounds in this moral law and it expresses the coexistence of human freedoms. By this self-referential grounding, Kant gave a foundation for modern law and made it more autonomous. This grounding by Kant influenced and has changed factually the way of writing among the modern natural law theorists. Kant’s self-referential grounding, however, does not mean that it brings the closed selfreferential System in N. Luhmann’s sense. It should be rather taken as a procedural autonomy in the meaning that actual autonomous process of critics among citizens realises the autonomy of reason.

著者

戒能 通弘

出版者

日本法哲学会

雑誌

法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2007, pp.80-90, 2008 (Released:2021-03-31)

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The legal thought of Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) is, like his political theory, developed to respond for the modernization of the British society by the industrial revolution. Also, Bentham can be depicted as a typical modern theorist who thought to develop a universally applying prescriptive theory. The purpose of this paper is to reexamine the theoretical, social background and the substance of Bentham’s legal positivism and utilitarianism by the viewpoint of the ‘autonomy of law’ and the ‘universality’, which are particularities of the modernity. In this paper, at first, I want to show the modernity of Benham’s legal thought by comparing it with the preceding classical common law theory. The difference between Bentham’s legal thought and the classical common law theory depends on the difference of the respective view of the community or the society. Bentham perceived that the gemeinschaft or the ‘society of a same value’, which the classical common law theory presupposed, has fallen after the Industrial revolution and proposed the autonomy of law to resolve the ‘co-ordination problem’. In this paper, I also want to argue the codification theory of Bentham, which has been my mainresearch project. To accomplish the greatest happiness of the greatest number, Bentham tried to replace the common law with his Pannomion (comprehensive code of laws), which is thought to be universal. If one of the features of the modernity is the pursuit of the universality, we can find a typical example in Bentham’s theory of codification.

著者

堅田 剛

出版者

日本法哲学会

雑誌

法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2007, pp.104-115, 2008 (Released:2021-03-31)

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This paper reports the German historical jurisprudence (die historische Rechtswissenschaft) in the 19th century, and shows the meaning of so-called modern times for F. C. v. Savingy and J. Grimm. Savigny was the founder of the historical jurisprudence, and J. Grimm, the oldest of Grimm brothers, was a Savigny’s favorite disciple. The outline of this paper is as follows. 1) The Roman Law as modern and the German Law as pre/post modern While the nature of the roman civil law is individual and therefore modern, the nature of the German custom law is collective therefore pre-modern or post-modern. Savigny as Romanist studied the Roman law in order to found the German modern science of civil law. But Grimm as Germanist studied the German custom law in order to identify German peculiar history. 2) Modernity and Anti-modernity of the Historical Jurisprudence Savigny’s historical jurisprudence aimed actually not to research the historical sources of law, but to construct entirely the systematic jurisprudence as the science of law. Grimm’s historical jurisprudence was rather historical, because for Grimm the German law was the history itself of his nation. In this sense, Savigny’s jurisprudence is modern, Grimm’s is anti-modern. 3) The Completeness of the Code and of the Jurisprudence Savigny did not believe the completeness of the code, but the completeness of the jurisprudence. For Savigny the jurisprudence must be strict science as mathematics or geometry, but for Grimm the jurisprudence is non-strict as literature. 4) The Science of Law and the Poesy of Law Savigny’s historical jurisprudence was the science of law or legal science (Rechtswissenschaft), and we can name Grimm’s the poesy of law or legal poesy (Rechtspoesie). Savigny’s legal science is constructed by logical legal notions (Rechtsbegriffe), and Grimm’s legal poesy by poetic legal symbols (Rechtssymbole). In this sense, Savigny was modern, Grimm was pre- or post-modern.

著者

Yoshihide Kinjo Valerie Beral Suminori Akiba Tim Key Shoichi Mizuno Paul Appleby Naohito Yamaguchi Shaw Watanabe Richard Doll

出版者

Japan Epidemiological Association

雑誌

Journal of Epidemiology (ISSN:09175040)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.4, pp.268-274, 1999 (Released:2007-11-30)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

46 58

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Cerebrovascular disease was a leading cause of death from 1955 to 1980 in Japan. The mortality rate from this disease has decreased sharply in recent decades. This downward trend seems to correspond to the dietary habits of Japanese. Data from a large prospective cohort study were analyzed to examine the association between dietary habits and cerebrovascular disease mortality in Japan. The subjects for this analysis were 223, 170 men and women aged 40 to 69 at baseline in December 1965. There were 6, 168 deaths in men and 4, 862 deaths in women due to cerebrovascular disease (ICD7: 330-334) during the follow-up period from January 1966 to December 1981. Rate ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (95%Cl) adjusted for sex, attained age, follow-up period, prefecture, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking and occupation was used for comparison. In this study, the risk of mortality from cerebrovascular disease was inversely associated with dairy milk, meat and fish consumption. Therefore the joint effect of dairy milk, meat and fish (DMF) as animal fat and protein was of interest. In the binary analysis, DMF (D, M, F) means the combination of dairy milk (1-3 times/week or more), meat (1-3 times/week or more) and fish (4 times/week or more). Thus DMF (d, m, f) was the reference group having dairy milk (less than 1 time/week), meat (less than 1 time/week) and fish (less than 4 times/week). For the disease, the RR of DMF (D, M, F) was 0.68 with 95%CI of 0.63 to 0.74, relative to the reference group. Furthermore the joint effect of DMF was more strongly associated with cerebral haemorrhage (ICD7: 331, DMF (D, M, F); RR: 0.63, 95%Cl: 0.55-0.70) than with cerebral embolism and thrombosis (ICD7: 332, DMF (D, M, F); RR: 0.79, 95%Cl: 0.70- 0.89). These findings suggest that the increasing intake of animal fat and/or protein may have played a key role in reducing cerebrovascular disease in Japan. J Epidemiol, 1999 ; 9 : 268-274.

著者

桜井 徹

出版者

日本法哲学会

雑誌

法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2007, pp.1-13, 2008 (Released:2021-03-31)

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The Annual Meeting of Legal Philosophy 2007 was held at Doshisha University on November 10-11 2007. Its main theme was “What is Modernity for the History of Legal Ideas?”, and nine speakers and one commentator were invited to discuss the meaning and importance of modernity for contemporary legal philosophers. The keynote speech points out that such distinguished thinkers as Hannah Arendt and Charles Taylor use the concept of “alienation” to characterize the intellectual and material movement of modernity. Taylor describes a significant feature of the modern self as “disengaged” not only from the outer world but also from its own body, abilities, inclinations and experiences; it can now work on and discipline these properties until they meet the desired specification. According to Taylor, the modern self that can thus remake Itself is a “punctual” self. Punctual self is a necessary condition not only of what C. B. Macpherson calls “possessive individualism”, but also of social contract theory, since only individuals capable of absolute self-ownership can commit themselves to greater political society and its rulers. The speech also points out that David Hume dramatically reduces Lockean punctual self to “a kind of theatre, where several perceptions successively make their appearances”, and thereby anticipates the subsequent disintegrative process of modern disengaged self. Moreover, Hume asserts that we must first enter a sort of “convention”, that is, “a general sense of common interest; ...which induces them [all the member of the society] to regulate their conduct by certain rules”, in order to establish the rules of private property and of promise. The author claims that Hume’s ideas of the personal identity and the basic rules of conduct suggest a sort of “post modern” insights into the fundamental structure of modern society.

著者

小林 公

出版者

日本法哲学会

雑誌

法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2007, pp.27-39, 2008 (Released:2021-03-31)

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In recent years various attempts have been made to trace the origins of modern subjective rights back to scholastic sources. In the debate about scholastic theories of rights, William of Ockham has sometimes been identified as the primary source for an idea of subjective right, an idea in sharp contrast to a classical objective conception of rightness exemplified in Thomas Aquinas’s doctrine of natural law. In this debate most scholars now agree that it was the fourteenth-century dispute between Pope John XXII and the leadership of the Franciscan Order concerning the doctrine of evangelical poverty that first drew the concept of subjective natural rights into the center of a major public controversy involving a reigning pope and some of the leading intellectuals of the day, Ockham himself included But what marks a theory of rights as modern is not that some subjective rights discourse is employed in it, but that the rights discourse in it is liberated from the natural order of things characteristic of the classical legal thought. In Ockham, it was not, as it is usually thought, the Franciscan poverty dispute, but his nominalistic theology of absolute power of god that really contributed to the emergence of modern rights discourse. Perhaps the most well-known feature of Ockham’s philosophy is his denial of real universal entities in his ontology. But a second, equally important feature of it is his claim that there is no philosophical reason to postulate real entities at all in all ten of Aristotle’s categories, but only in two, namely substance and quality. So, in Ockham’s ontology there are no real entities other than individual substances and individual qualities inhering in substances. From the theological view point this individualistic and nominalistic ontology was a corollary from the absolutism of God’s power which also implied the destruction of teleological order of the universe, and this in turn led to the emergence of the subjective conception of “good” which is at the heart of modern theory of rights.

著者

原 遼平

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.74, no.1, pp.27-45, 2022 (Released:2022-04-19)

参考文献数

32

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本稿では明治期地主の旅日記の記述から旅行者が見た瀬戸内海の風景を分析した。分析に際しては旅行実施以前の観光案内及び文人・知識人の記述との比較を行い,旅行者である A 氏による記述との共通点及び相違点を明らかにした。その結果,観光案内は概ね名所旧跡を中心に,人文景を紹介することで瀬戸内海の風景を記述していた。また,観光案内は風景の説明には伝説や歌枕を引用していた。一方で,知識人は瀬戸内海を欧米人から評価される風景として捉え,港湾設備や往来する船舶等の人文景,陸地の構成要素や生息する生物等の自然科学的な視点から名所旧跡を通さない,多島海たる瀬戸内海を評価しようとしていた。文人も多島海として捉える視点は有していたものの,人文景への着眼は少なかった。旅日記の筆者である A 氏は自然科学的な視点は持ち合わせてはいなかったが,名所旧跡を通さない多島海としての瀬戸内海を捉えるような記述も見られた。また,都市や港湾といった人文景観に着目し,沿岸部での土地利用等への言及も見られた。こういった人文景への着目は観光案内の記述と共通するものであり,A 氏の風景への着眼点は当時の観光案内の記述に大きく影響を受けていたと考えられる。

著者

佐原真著 金関恕 春成秀爾編

出版者

岩波書店

巻号頁・発行日

2005

著者

石原 久司 牧原 靖一郎 宮武 智実 津村 宗近 假谷 伸

出版者

耳鼻咽喉科臨床学会

雑誌

耳鼻咽喉科臨床 (ISSN:00326313)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.108, no.3, pp.243-247, 2015 (Released:2015-03-01)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

2 2

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Longus colli calcific tendinitis is a secondary inflammation caused by the deposition of hydroxyapatite crystal in the longus colli tendon. It causes acute neck pain, limitations of neck movement and swallowing pain. The symptoms are usually resolved in 1 to 2 weeks when treated with analgesics and anti-inflammatory medications. A 45-year-old man visited our hospital with a complaint of severe neck pain and stiffness despite 3 days of therapy with loxoprofen prescribed by the first doctor he visited. Computed tomography (CT) imaging showed small calcification localized at the anterior C1-C2 level and a low density area in the retropharyngeal space without ring enhancement. A definitive diagnosis of longus colli calcific tendinitis was made. Cimetidine (100 mg twice daily) was added to his loxoprofen dosage. His neck pain improved remarkably in one day after commencing cimetidine treatment. And 3 days after starting the treatment his neck could be moved without limitation. On day 11 of the treatment, CT imaging showed reduction in the calcified deposit, and he was already completely asymptomatic. Cimetidine is an H2 receptor antagonist, and has been used for treatment of gastric ulcers. Furthermore, many studies have reported the treatment efficacy of cimetidine on calcific tendinitis of the shoulder. However, few studies have yet been reported on the longus colli tendon. Our report suggests that cimetidine may be effective against calcific tendinitis of the longus colli tendon as well as the shoulder. Because of the severe pain associated with this condition, patients often take large doses NSAIDs and need to be prescribed an anti-ulcer agent. In such a case, cimetidine may deserve consideration.

著者

Yuichi Mashiba Hisham E. Bilal Salih Naoto Wakatsuki Koichi Mizutani Keiichi Zempo

出版者

The Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers

雑誌

ITE Transactions on Media Technology and Applications (ISSN:21867364)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.4, pp.216-224, 2022 (Released:2022-10-01)

参考文献数

43

被引用文献数

1

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In this paper, we develop an automatic image sonification system using auditory icons and their stereophonic presentation. We evaluated the effects of scene sounds and action sounds on the understanding of the scene and the sense of presence. The results showed that the scene sounds contributed to the understanding of the scene and the sense of presence and that action sounds also improved the sense of presence. On the other hand, it was confirmed that object sounds alone can convey scene information in images and have a high index of sense of presence. Our sonification system is expected to provide not only a more immersive experience for sighted people through images but also an opportunity for people with visual impairments to share the experience through social networking services (SNSs).

著者

森 治 岡田 達明 ソーラー電力セイル準備チーム Mori Osamu Okada Tatsuaki Solar Power Sail Preparation Team

出版者

宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究所(JAXA)(ISAS)

雑誌

第18回宇宙科学シンポジウム 講演集 = Proceedings of the 18th Space Science Symposium

巻号頁・発行日

2018-01

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第18回宇宙科学シンポジウム (2018年1月9日-10日. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究所(JAXA)(ISAS)相模原キャンパス), 相模原市, 神奈川県

著者

鹿児島短期大学図書委員会 編

出版者

鹿児島短期大学

巻号頁・発行日

no.23, 1979-03

出版者

書物展望社

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15(2), no.162, 1948-10