著者

中谷 友樹

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.4, pp.360-377, 2011 (Released:2018-01-23)

参考文献数

104

被引用文献数

12 14

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The aim of this review is to summarize the recent interdisciplinary interest in the relationship between health and place related to issues of geographical inequalities in health since the 1990s, mostly in the context of Anglophone literature, in order to identify meaningful research challenges applied to the context of Japan. There are several background factors which have directed this trend, including: (1) advanced GIS and spatial epidemiology techniques; (2) the emergence of the ‘new’ geography of health; and (3) the exploring of possibilities of environmental health interventions based on the philosophy of the ‘new public health.’ Referencing keywords of papers published in the influential journal in this field, Health & Place, we found that there is a clear accumulation of studies of “neighbourhoods” in contemporary settings of developed countries. Such studies broadly argue (1) that socially deprived people are likely to live in deprived/harmful areas, and (2) the kind of general environmental changes that can alter the ideal concept of ‘healthy places’ in the society. We also contextualized the neighbourhood research interest into categories of compositional effects by selective migration and housing, possible ‘upstream causes’ of social inequality related to relative income and the neo-materialist hypothesis, and historical transitions of ‘healthy towns’ in the relationship between public health and city planning concepts. Although the underlying context of the society and lifestyles in the reviewed Anglophone studies are often largely different from those of Japan, there is a large potential for conducting studies of geographical inequality in health in various research fields of geography and related disciplines in order to identify Japanese contextual effects and to propose effective environmental intervention schemes in the society. Particularly when we consider the fact that Japan is still one of the healthiest and most egalitarian nations in the world, conditions may be associated with geographical aspects of the society, such as less segregated social area formation. However, recent apprehension about rising social inequality and related social/geographical inequality problems has provoked us to learn lessons from other countries’ experiences of (un) healthy neighbourhoods structured by globalization, social policy, and urban design.

著者

窪田 諭 石井 慶之介 丸山 明 安室 喜弘

出版者

公益社団法人 土木学会

雑誌

土木学会論文集F3(土木情報学) (ISSN:21856591)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.77, no.2, pp.II_9-II_15, 2021 (Released:2021-03-15)

参考文献数

11

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我が国に約53万橋ある橋長2~15m未満の小規模橋梁の点検においては,その位置と名称の特定に課題がある.そこで,本研究では,現地で橋名を示すものがない小規模橋梁を対象に,点検効率の向上と点検ミスや点検漏れをなくす点検結果の信頼性向上とを目的に,タブレット端末に橋梁名とその概要を表示するシステムを開発した.システムでは,橋梁名の特定にRFIDとQRコードを採用し,橋梁名,橋梁コード,橋長,総幅員,緯度と経度を表示する機能を有する.システムの有用性を評価するために,新潟県新潟空港周辺の小規模橋梁5橋を対象に実証実験を行った.その結果,本システムが現場での橋梁名の特定に利用可能であることが示唆された.実験では,RFIDの読み取り距離は約23~27cmであり,その貼り付けは橋梁の側面が適していた.

著者

宮岡 真央子

出版者

日本文化人類学会

雑誌

文化人類学 (ISSN:13490648)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, no.2, pp.266-283, 2016 (Released:2018-02-23)

参考文献数

53

被引用文献数

2

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本稿の目的は、外来政権により脱植民地化が代行され、重層化する植民地経験を有する社会にお いて、記憶とコメモレイション(=記憶の共有化)をめぐって先住民が抱える困難について論じる ことである。台湾の先住民である原住民族が初めて日本の植民地主義と邂逅した歴史的事件〈牡丹 社事件〉をめぐる記憶の場では、多様な主体によるコメモレイションがおこなわれてきた。しかし、 原住民族であり事件の一方の当事者である牡丹郷パイワンは近年までここから排除され、彼らにつ いての暴力的・侮蔑的表現は一貫して不問に付されてきた。ゆえに牡丹郷パイワンは、自らの土地 に〈牡丹社事件〉をめぐる新たな記憶の場を創出し、従来抑圧・凍結・等閑視されてきた自らの記 憶と歴史認識を表現し、統治者が流布した牡丹郷パイワンについての固定観念を払拭しようとした。 牡丹郷パイワンによる〈牡丹社事件〉のコメモレイションの一部が文字という記憶の方法でおこな われたことの背後には、中華文明圏における文字の拘束性を看取できる。また、日本の植民地主義 に起源するモニュメントや制度の一部は、今日まで原住民族にとって民族と文化の絶滅の危機の原 点として意味をもち、克服すべき・乗り越えるべき対象としてとらえられている。原住民族による 新たな記憶の場の創出とコメモレイションの背景には、重層化した植民地経験を有する社会におい て、彼らが今日までマイノリティであり被支配的立場にあるという先住民としての現実が横たわる。 原住民族の記憶の抑圧・凍結・等閑視は、2つの外来権力と多数派の漢系住民によって近年まで続 けられてきた。記憶とコメモレイションをめぐるこのような困難は、外来政権が脱植民地化を代行 し、重層化した植民地経験を有する社会において、先住民が向き合うことを余儀なくされている問 題である。

著者

佐藤 信吾

出版者

日本メディア学会

雑誌

マス・コミュニケーション研究 (ISSN:13411306)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.100, pp.181-199, 2022-01-31 (Released:2022-03-29)

参考文献数

38

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This paper clarifies the interaction between journalism and social authorities through commemoration to construct the war memory, focusing on the “memorial visit” conducted by Heisei Tennō and the social remembrance of the Battle of Manila. Heisei Tennō visited the Philippines in January 2016 as a final overseas destination in his lifelong journey to console the spirits of war victims.In conventional journalism theory, social authorities are perceived as powers enforcing the dominant memory frameworks through commemoration, while “forgotten” memories are invisible. Journalism stands on the same side as social authority and either reinforces these frameworks or opposes the authority’s stance and criticizes them. During the “memorial visit,” however, Heisei Tennō attempted to unearth the “forgotten” memory (the Battle of Manila), and his trip triggered a debate about Asian-Pacific war memory in Japanese society. Journalists also noticed the importance of this memory and reported it on a much larger extent than before. This situation shows that social authorities and journalism can interact with each other, and these interactions can excavate “forgotten” memories. In this paper, I analyze articles from the Asahi Shimbun, Yomiuri Shimbun, Nikkei Shimbun, and Manila Shimbun (local newspaper in Manila), and clarify the structure in which Japanese journalism became aware of the memory of the Battle of Manila through reports on the “memorial visit.” It becomes clear that the three Japanese newspapers had hardly reported on the Battle of Manila before the “memorial visit.” Moreover, the number of reports increased dramatically during the journey. In addition, I discuss the difficulty of the continuous recall of memories led by a one-time event (“memorial visit”) from the viewpoint of journalism routine theory (news value theory and August journalism in Japan).

著者

溝口(久保) 和子

出版者

公益財団法人 宮城県伊豆沼・内沼環境保全財団

雑誌

伊豆沼・内沼研究報告 (ISSN:18819559)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, pp.35-43, 2014 (Released:2017-11-10)

参考文献数

5

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ハゼ科魚類のアベハゼは,特に高密度での飼育下で,長時間空気中で過ごすことがしばしばある.その生態的理由を探るため陸上部を備えた2種類の実験水槽を用意し,その中でのアベハゼの行動を断続的に目視観察した.スロープ状の陸地で区切られた大小2つの水域をもつ水槽で,小水域にのみ多数のアベハゼを入れて極端な高密度状態にすると,ほぼ1日以内に約8割の個体が水際近くに上陸した.数日後には,上陸個体のいくつかが陸上を通過して対岸の水域に移動した.水域を分けず水面の一部を覆う形で陸上部を設置した水槽での観察(密度は1/4程度)でも上陸は速やかに行なわれたが,水中に留まる個体数は増えた.上陸割合の変化は飼育水の汚れの進行とは無関係なようであった.これらの観察から,アベハゼは過密状態緩和のために上陸すると思われる.また陸上移動行動には,生息域を広げるという意義もありそうだ.

著者

近藤 康 日比野 良彦 菅原 賢悟 室 洋一 田中 宏和 佐藤 利行

雑誌

2018年第65回応用物理学会春季学術講演会

巻号頁・発行日

2018-02-08

著者

川尻 稔

出版者

公益社団法人 日本水産学会

雑誌

日本水産学会誌 (ISSN:00215392)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.7, pp.206-210_2, 1952-03-25 (Released:2008-02-29)

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The catch of Tribolodon hakonensis has shown a great decrease recently in Chikuma River, middle Japan. From the fact that many young fishes have been caught by the “Ishizuka”, Nagano Prefectural Government prohibited this particular gear since 1946, however, there were heard varied opinions among fishermen as to its effect and, as the result, to remove the regulation. The “Ishizuka”, set up in early winter, is a mound composed of stones as, large as or larger thna humna head, measuring 50cm high and 100 to 150cm in diameter at bottom, the mound is built in the water 70 to 80cm deep with graduated slope toward the mainfolow of the river, also the entire “Ishizuka” is covered with straw-mat except the sloped part where the stones are flattened mixed with smaller gravels. In early spring, the mound is surrounded by bamboo-blinds and a trap is set against sloped part, then the stones are picked up piece by piece. The fish, mostly T. hakonensis, which conceal themselves in the space of stones during the winter, escape the mound and are easily trapped. Experimental “Ishizuka” numbering 17 were set in November 1948-'49, and the fish 4699 caught following spring were studied on age and length. The age determination by scale on these fish showed 59.5% of one year old, 19.8% of two, 16.6% of three and other older. It is thus apparent that the “Ishizuka” destroys tie younger generation of fish. 1 propose to regulate strictly the fishing by “Ishizuka” but rather utilize the mound for the protection of young by the hand of fishermen.

著者

福田 恵子 後藤 真理

出版者

日本家庭科教育学会

雑誌

日本家庭科教育学会誌 (ISSN:03862666)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.3, pp.150-161, 2012-11-01 (Released:2017-11-17)

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The purpose of this study was to investigate effective teaching methods for problem-solving in home economics of senior high school. For this purpose, home project employing problem-solving with practical reasoning was conducted, and the effectiveness of learning and incidence of employments of learning strategies was evaluated afterward. Our subjects were 220 students in a senior high school. Relationships among learning motives, mastery levels of tasks and learning strategy in the problem-solving were analyzed by the multiple regression analysis. The results were summarized as follows; (1) Before the home project, the cognitive strategies were mainly used, and they were improved among approximately 45% of students by the home project employing problem-solving with practical reasoning. This project improved the metacognitive strategies and the external resource strategies which were used among only 25-35% of students before the home project. (2) Multiple regression analysis suggested that the mastery level of task was elevated by increasing the cognitive motivation of attainment value which was elevated by ascending the metacognitive strategies. Learning strategy was increased by raising incidence of imitating strategies from another students and the mastery level of practice.

著者

ムスラキス ジョージ

出版者

The Japan Association of Legal Philosophy

雑誌

法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2008, pp.205-215, 2009 (Released:2021-12-29)

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J. S. Mill thinks of individuality as the most essential of human interests. Individuality is equivalent to freedom as meaning self-determination - the principal condition of and main ingredient in self-development. Accordingly, non-interference is, for him, a vital prerequisite of the good life: it is a fundamental presupposition of his liberalism that individuals should not be interfered with unless their activities can be shown to injure the interests of others. But in addition to the individualist-functionalist strain in Mill's thought there is also a strong strain of skepticism and this is a fundamental component of his liberalism. As well as presupposing a particular view of the nature of man. Mill’s liberali.sm also rests on an empiricist view of the nature and possibilities of human knowledge. From this point of view, fallibilism is seen to be one basis of his belief in toleration, k corollary of Mill's fallibilism is his conception of human nature as essentially open and incomplete. His doctrine of individuality and self-development, on the other hand, appears to imply that the individual is definable by certain necessary and permanent characteristics. Following a discussion of the empiricist and fallibilist strain in Mill's liberalism, this paper offers an interpretation of Mill's view that reconciles these two seemingly discordant elements in his understanding of man.

著者

横濱 竜也

出版者

日本法哲学会

雑誌

法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2008, pp.198-204, 2009 (Released:2021-12-29)

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Must we adhere to ask and solve the problem of obligation to obey the law? An affirmative answer to this question is not self-evident. On one hand, legal positivists (like Matthew Kramer) who attempt to build a comprehensive descriptive theory of law which covers all the phenomena of law around the world, deny any necessary relations between the concept of law and morality. So they wholeheartedly accept that an evil law is also a law. but they reject the idea that law in general has a value which deserves the basis of obligation to obey the law. On the other hand, for natural law theories (like Michael Moore's) that argue we should recognize the normativity of law only when the law is morally just, an evil law is basically not a law (except when the evil law is useful as a heuristic to find what is morally just), so the problem whether and why we should obey evil laws just because they are law, is not a problem from the very beginning. Legal theories mentioned above treat useless the arguments to solve the basis of obligation to obey the law. But if we recognize that when we fulfill our obligation to obey the law. we should not only comply with laws, but also occasionally we should disobey them in order to improve the law to conform to common values of our society, it becomes clear that it is not sufficient to ask whether laws are useful for us to follow good or right reasons. Rather we must ask whether law's have the intrinsic value of law sufficient to ground obligation to obey the law.

著者

瀧川 裕英

出版者

日本法哲学会

雑誌

法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2008, pp.181-189, 2009 (Released:2021-12-29)

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This paper aims to demonstrate the thesis that the duty to obey the law is not particular. To show this. I begin by examining the difference between the duty to obey the law and political obligation, though they are usually used interchangeably. I argue that aliens staying in a host state do have the former but not the latter. Thus the duty to obey the law does, pace John A. Simmons, not meet the particularity requirement, while political obligation does. The duty to obey the law is rather regarded as the duty to reach a global juridical state (status iuridicus), which is discussed by Immanuel Kant. I conclude that we owe political obligation only insofar as it is a useful way to discharge such a universal duty.

著者

那須 耕介

出版者

日本法哲学会

雑誌

法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2008, pp.190-197, 2009 (Released:2021-12-29)

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For the theory of the duty to obey the law. its introductory discussion is as important as its main discussion. In order to bring out the importance and role of theory of the duty to obey the law. we cannot avoid examining its practical significance as well as its theoretical specificity. Here I propose to focus not only on the traditional problem of 'evil law' but also on the problem of 'doubtful law'. Each provides the means to overcome the skepticism about the importance (or, theoretical specificity) of the theory of the duty to obey the law. The former, 'evil law' approach have pointed out that the concept of law's content-independent morality - legality, or L. L. Fuller's 'inner morality of law' - is the key to establish the general duty to obey the law. Besides, the latter, 'doubtful law' approach opens up the perspectives to a new domain of inquiry on the conditions of subjects who are expected to obey and respect their law that is, the conditions of citizenship or law-abiding morality.

著者

宇佐美 誠

出版者

日本法哲学会

雑誌

法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2008, pp.112-120, 2009 (Released:2021-12-29)

著者

瀧川 裕英

出版者

日本法哲学会

雑誌

法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2008, pp.130-131, 2009 (Released:2021-12-29)

著者

角田 猛之

出版者

日本法哲学会

雑誌

法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2008, pp.126-127, 2009 (Released:2021-12-29)

著者

鳥澤 円

出版者

日本法哲学会

雑誌

法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2008, pp.121-125, 2009 (Released:2021-12-29)

著者

小久見 祥恵

出版者

日本法哲学会

雑誌

法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2008, pp.148-155, 2009 (Released:2021-12-29)

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Most issues had traditionally been considered trivial, or 'no problem' until feminists identified them as attention-worthy, and undertook to resolve the imbalances. As these issues entered the judicial system, the recognition of 'the difference/equality dilemma' became apparent. Typical examples concerned the unequal treatment of women and men: where one side stressed perceived differences that mandated different treatment between women and men, while the other side dismissed such differences as discriminatory, and urged for equal treatment under the law. This article focuses on various approaches to this dilemma taken by Martha Minow and Drucilla Cornell. Minow's analysis concludes that there are unstated assumptions, which cause the dilemma. She proposes a new approach, which she terms the 'social-relations approach', to expose these assumptions and draw attention to many real differences in our society. Cornell examines the fundamental concept of 'person', and argues that an 'imaginary domain' should be secured equally for each person. Cornell's theoretical work makes it possible to argue about many issues in the name of an equality that rests on differences.

著者

笹原 和織

出版者

日本法哲学会

雑誌

法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2008, pp.156-164, 2009 (Released:2021-12-29)

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There are many articles referring to L. Lessig and his regulation theory, especially his concept of 'architecture' also in Japan. But what is the architecture, not in cyber-space but in real-space, and where is his theory in the American legal thought arc obscure and ambiguous for us Japanese. Especially, the ambiguity of 'architecture' seems to have led to a misunderstanding. In this article, by applying Lessig's regulation theory to K. Pound's Social Control theory, the author verifies that 'architecture' in cyber-space is the code, and it in real-space today is information or date. And I suggest Lessig's 'regulator' corresponds to Pound's 'agency'. It is necessary that the framework of Lessig's regulation theory is grounded on another superior architecture in real-space, if Lessig desires his theory to be legal theory in real-space. The author suggests that Lessig tried to seek this architecture, but can not succeed it. It is in Pound's Social Control theory, especially ideal elements. Lessig is not aware that, so he could not find out it in himself. Otherwise he is one of legal realists today who tries to place the ideal element out of law. But if these indications are right he is at least one of the legal pragmatists today. If so. he could add the concept of 'market' and 'architecture' to agencies of Pound's Social Control theory. But the higher and higher the utility of agencies, 'market', 'information' or 'architecture' and so on which we have acquired, the more important the ideal element in legal theory. We jurist, especially legal philosophers, have been embracing this problem from the past to the future, because the utility requires a conscious control by human nature.

著者

常木 淳

出版者

日本法哲学会

雑誌

法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2008, pp.128-129, 2009 (Released:2021-12-29)

著者

川瀬 貴之

出版者

日本法哲学会

雑誌

法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2008, pp.173-180, 2009 (Released:2021-12-29)

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In this article, I explore whether we should be able to criticize other cultures, and if so, how we should criticize them when we face others who commit to cultural practices which we do not share in the culturally plural world. For example, should we be able to criticize illiberal culture on the basis of liberalism? To address these questions, I focus on the arguments of Joseph Carens. At first. I examine Carens' general methodology on the question of justice. He adopts a contextual approach. He is significantly influenced by Michael Walzer's. above all Spheres of Justice's, methods. Then I turn to Carens' arguments about cultural criticism. It consists of three parts. First, I consider his 'concentric circle' model as a method for identifying 'us' (the agent of criticism) and 'the others' (the objects of criticism). This model is based on a consideration of the thickness of culture. Second. I consider the kinds of arguments for criticism and counter-criticism. Third. I offer some 'manners' which we should keep in mind when we criticize other culture. They are derived from several concrete examples and contextual considerations which Carens provides. And one of the most important 'manners' is to avoid self-righteous criticisms which are based on biased view or ignorance about others or ourselves. Finally I briefly review the implications which Carens' arguments have for the problems of cultural plurality.