著者

Xingju Liu

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, pp.41-50, 2012-10-30 (Released:2017-06-01)

参考文献数

35

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results from a sudden and external physical insult to the head, which is associated with a high morbidity and mortality. Current clinical therapy is focused on optimization of the acute/subacute intracerebral milieu, minimizing continued cell death, and subsequent intense rehabilitation to ameliorate the prolonged physical, cognitive, and psychosocial deficits that result from TBI. Given the limited capacity of the central nervous system for self-repair, progenitor (stem) cell therapies have shown promise following TBI in pre-clinical studies and remain a focus of intense scientific investigation. This paper will review some of the progress and barriers involved with stem cell therapies for the treatment of TBI.

著者

Fumiyo Nagatani Junko Matsuzaki Moe Eto Kuriko Kagitani-Shimono Ikuko Mohri Masako Taniike

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, pp.5-21, 2012-10-30 (Released:2017-06-01)

参考文献数

33

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Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, predominantly inattentive subtype (AD/HD-I) is one of subtypes of AD/HD. Previous studies found that poor academic performance was the most common problem of children with AD/HD-I. Moreover a higher prevalence of substance dependence/abuse disorders and higher percentage experienced neurological disorders were reported in adults with this disorder. However AD/HD-I has a high risk of being overlooked due to the lack of objective measurement. To avoid these problems, it is necessary to find out children with AD/HD-I and start to intervene them early in life. AD/HD is reported to have deficits in executive function (EF), however, there have been no consistent findings regarding the presence and the characteristics of EDF in ADHD-I to date. To clarify EDF of AD/HD-I, we analyzed EF in children with AD/HD-I by using two tests designed to evaluate inhibition and working memory from CANTAB together with the BRIEF, a parent-rated scale. We found significant differences in many outcome measures of these CANTAB tests and most scales of the BRIEF between AD/HD-I and control children, indicating the presence of EDF in AD/HD-I. In addition, correlations between these tools were identified, especially in scales for working memory. We also examined predictors that distinguish AD/HD-I from controls by using discriminant analysis. In summary, outcome measures of CANTAB and the BRIEF are considered to be useful for determining AD/HD-I in young children. Short title as a running head: Assessment of executive function in children with AD/HD-I

著者

Xuanyu Li Xuelong Jin

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, pp.21-34, 2012-03-30 (Released:2017-06-01)

参考文献数

29

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Central nervous system (CNS) injuries lead to severe and permanent neurological deficits. Fortunately, as a result of the rapid progress in biomedical science, particularly the stem cell biology, stem cell transplantation holds promise for promoting anatomical repair and functional recovery after traumatic or ischemic injuries to the CNS. However, the tumorigenic potential of these cells remains a great concern, as reflected in the formation of teratomas by transplanted pluripotent cells. This gap in the field is particularly serious as stem cell tumori-genicity represents the key obstacle to the safe use of stem cell-based therapy for CNS injuries. Although some adult stem cell therapies appear to be safe, they have only a very narrow range of uses in human disease. In this review, the links between pluripotency and tumorigenicity are explored. And new medical imaging modalities for more accurately testing the tumorigenic potential of iPSC and of other stem cells applicable to regenerative medicine are proposed. Finally, the most promising emerging approaches for overcoming the challenges of stem cell tumorigenicity are highlighted.

著者

Xianhua Zuo Yang Yao

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, pp.28-34, 2011 (Released:2017-06-01)

参考文献数

17

著者

Xuelong Jin Bin Liang

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, pp.35-44, 2012-03-30 (Released:2017-06-01)

参考文献数

16

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Objective: Severe cerebral contusion will cause a functional defect in partial central nerve and will lower patients' living quality. The above problem is still a difficult problem unsolved in clinical treatment. This study is going to clarify the methodology of rabbit's brain tissue transplantation, including the way of operation and the law of microcirculatory formation. Method: Twenty healthy male, Japanese white rabbits with long ears (about three months after birth) of clean degree, weighting between 1.2kg and 1.3kg, were anaesthetized by 3% pentobarbital sodium in vein before receiving an intracerebral transplantation operation. A window was opened on their parietal bone symmetrically, and the cortical brain tissues on the symmetrical areas (on the left and right side) of the rabbits' parietal cortex areas were exchanged and transplanted. Gentamycin sulfate was injected each day to resist infection. Ten and twenty days later, an observation was made as to the survival of the transplanted area and host brain tissue. A microcirculation color camera system was used to analyze the pictures of angiogenesis. With regard to the survival of transplanted brain tissues, their changes in micromorphology were observed. Besides, pathological sections were also prepared to determine their surviving conditions on cell level. Results: (1) Surgical operation has contributed to a satisfactory morphological anastomosis between transplanted brain tissues and host brain tissues. (2) Micro-blood vessel loops were observed to have formed on the section (host side) of rabbits' parietal cortex areas, which had been excised partially when transplantation was not filled. Marker was implanted into the transplanted brain tissues to confirm the possibility of the regeneration of a microcirculation among brain tissues, which had been exsomatized completely. (3) Analysis of the pathological sections of the transplanted brain tissues showed traces of surviving nervous cells. Conclusions: Under given conditions, nervous cells' survival can be maintained by transplanted brain tissues and can be nourished by angiogenesis and characteristic microcirculation connections with host brain tissues.

著者

Zhen-Guang Li Zhan-Cai Yu Yong-Peng Yu Dao-Zhen Wang Wei-Ping Ju Qi-Zhuan Wu

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, pp.35-46, 2011 (Released:2017-06-01)

参考文献数

32

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Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is released from activated platelets. Statins are the commonly used anti-atherosclerotic drug. The purpose of this study is to observe whether atorvastatin could decrease the plasma LPA levels in ischemic stroke patients. A total of 386 subjects, including the 247 ischemic stroke cases and 139 healthy controls, were enrolled in this study. The 247 ischemic stroke cases were divided into Group A (n=109) and Group B (n=138) who had and had not received atorvastatin treatment before a stroke respectively. The plasma LPA levels of all the subjects were measured using chromatography. There was significant diffidence in the LPA levels between cases and controls (3.22±1.51μmol/L vs. 1.83±1.07μmol/L, p<0.01). The plasma LPA level in Group A was lower than that of Group B (2.66±1.23umol/L vs. 3.83±1.14umol/L, p<0.01). Atorvastatin (20mg/d) significantly reduced LPA levels in ischemic stroke patients (n=138) compared with that before atorvastatin administration (1.96±0.87μmol/L vs. 3.83±1.14μmol/L, p<0.01). However, the LPA levels re-elevated after atorvastatin withdrawl for one month. Atorvastatin could decrease the plasma LPA levels in patients with ischemic stroke, which providing a better understanding of how statins protect against ischemic stroke. It is plausible to speculate that statins might have an effect of anti platelet activation.

著者

Eriko Suwa Kiyomi Kondo-Ikemura Saeko Sakai

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, pp.6-20, 2012-03-30 (Released:2017-06-01)

参考文献数

44

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From the attachment theory point of view, a child internalizes the representations of self, parent, and relationships through his or her early interaction with the caregiver, and those representations construct an Internal Working Model through which external information is processed. Those representations, that is, Internal Working Models, become the prototype for the pattern of a child's behaviour and relationship with others. In order for children to develop a healthy Internal Working Model, emotional availability of the caregiver, rather than physical availability, is essential. The study focused on 21 non-clinical Japanese preschoolers aged 4 to 5 years, and explored the link between the maternal emotional availability and the child's parental representations. The mother-child interactions in a semi-structural setting were observed, and maternal emotional availability was evaluated with the Emotional Availability Scales (4^<th>.Ed.). Parental representations in the child's mind were assessed through Story Stem Assessment Profile, a story completion task using doll play. It was found that children whose mothers' levels of emotional availability are high have more positive parental representations and less negative representations than the children whose mothers' levels of emotional availability are low. This consistent link between maternal emotional availability and children's parental representations indirectly supports the idea that non-clinical children construct representations of parents consistent with their experiences with their mothers. Moreover, this research implies the usefulness of systematic analysis of children's play and story in order to assess their subjective internal world.

著者

Geert W. Schmid-Schonbein

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, pp.4-5, 2012-03-30 (Released:2017-06-01)

著者

Jie Zhao Xuelong Jin

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, pp.47-59, 2011 (Released:2017-06-01)

参考文献数

25

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Traditionally, we use CT and MRI to observe brain's structure, but there are many new ways to get the images of brain activity. Currently Smart MR imaging agent, Two- photon microscope, Neuro Trace, Fluorescent Protein, Photostable quantum dots, Connexin 29, NUTMEG and Statistical parametric mapping (SPM), The Short-Term Maxi- mum Lyapunov Exponent (STLmax) Topographic Brain Activity Maps have been used to observe the brain. Next, make a summary about new technologies for the visualization of the brain function.

著者

Na Sun Xuelong Jin

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, pp.46-49, 2011-03-30 (Released:2017-06-01)

参考文献数

11

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Objective: To observe the change of small intestine myoelectric activity after electric stimulus of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Method: To measure jejunal myoelectric activity during digestion period of both before and after the electric stimulus of the DMV. Result: The frequency of the slow waves in the myoelectric activity of the jejunum increased (p<0.05) and the amplitude of the slow waves in the myoelectric activity of the jejunum incresased (p<0.05) after simulus; During the period of stimulus, the frequency of the slow waves in the myoelectric activity of the jejunum degrade (p<0.01) and the amplitude of the slow waves in the myoelectric activity of the jejunum incresased (p<0.01). Conclusion: The myoelectric activity of the jejunum changed after electric stimulus of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus

著者

Zhao-qiang Zhang Xiao Sun Bing-xiang Wang Yan-ling Zhang

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, pp.50-60, 2011-03-30 (Released:2017-06-01)

参考文献数

10

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Objective Modeling a surgery hypertensive rat model, observe the changes of the expression of ACE and ACE2 in various groups, thus for further research of the pathogenesis of hypertension. Methods Twenty-eight Sprague- Dawley rats were used, which were divided randomly into four groups. One group served as control (n=7), others as hypertensive group (n=7), enalapril group [n=7,15mg/(kg・d)] and losartan group [n=7,15mg/(kg・d)]. All rats were operated as surgery hypertension except rats of control group. Renal artery was ligated. Enalapril and losartan were used as treatments of rats of enalapril group and losartan group after surgery. Blood pressure of rats was measured by arteria caudilis uninjured. The expression of renal ACE and ACE2 mRNA were measured by RT-PCR. The expression of renal ACE and ACE2 protein were measured by immunohistochemistry. Results Blood pressure of rats was increased after operation. The expression of ACE and ACE2 mRNA and protein in various groups were different. The expression of ACE mRNA and protein of Hypertensive group were higher than others. The expression of ACE2 mRNA and protein of losartan group were higher than others. Conclusion Model of surgery hypertensive rats were success by the ligation of renal artery. It's a Simple, reliable and cheap method of hypertensive rat model. The imbalance between the expression of ACE and ACE2 is one of the important roles of pathogenesis of hypertension.

著者

Yosuke Kameno Katsuaki Suzuki Tomoyasu Wakuda Kiyokazu Takebayashi Keiko Iwata Kenji J. Tsuchiya Hideo Matsuzaki Shu Takagai Yasuhide Iwata Kazuhiko Nakamura Norio Mori

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, pp.32-45, 2011-03-30 (Released:2017-06-01)

参考文献数

32

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Leukemia inhibitory factor-receptor (LIFR) is known to play a major role in neurogenesis promotions and stem cell self-renewal via binding to their ligands, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). We hypothesized that LIFR may also play a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. To test this, we performed clinical and animal studies. First, we measured the mRNA levels of LIFR, LIF and CNTF in peripheral lymphocytes from drug-naive patients with schizophrenia (n=22) and from age-and gender- matched healthy controls (n=44) using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Levels of LIFR mRNA in patients with schizophrenia were significantly lower than those of controls. Expression of LIF mRNA was below the detectable level in both patients and controls. Levels of CNTF mRNA were similar between patients and controls. Second, we evaluated behavioral features in heterozygous LIFR knockout (LIFR^<+/->) mice, in which adult neurogenesis is known to be altered. Interestingly, LIFR^<+/-> mice showed dopaminergic hypersensitivity, which was shown by exacerbated methamphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion, compared to wildtype mice. These findings appear to support our hypothesis and suggest that LIFR may play a role in dopaminergic hypersensitivity.

著者

Junfeng He Siew Sun Wong Yating Qu Menzhou Xie

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, pp.61-80, 2011-03-30 (Released:2017-06-01)

参考文献数

93

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Obesity has increased at an alarming rate in recent years. Evidence indicates that obese animals have blunted satiety, raising the possibility that defective satiety signaling in the brain may contribute to the etiology of obesity. Therefore, food intake suppression is considered crucial for preventing obesity. Food intake suppression via the peripheral nervous system mainly focuses on cholecystokinin and enterostatin relaying to the central nervous system (CNS). The mechanism of food intake coordination via the CNS per se is extremely complex. In this article, leptin, insulin, melanocortin receptor, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, cannabinoid-1 receptor blocker, cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, lipopolysaccharide, interleukin, cholecystokinin, enterostatin, estrogen, testosterone and apolipoprotein E will be discussed. Most of them have definite effect on food intake, while a few of them are elusive. There is still a great challenge in obesity treatment by way of suppressing food intake. Future appetite-suppressing medications should selectively affect the desire to eat, with minimal adverse effects from these medications.

著者

Xuelong Jin Feifei Wang

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, pp.87-95, 2011-03-30 (Released:2017-06-01)

参考文献数

13

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Objective: In order to find problems and provide reference for the standardization of application of Morita therapy in China, we preliminarily investigated the overview of how Morita therapy was taken in China. Object and method: Questionnaire survey was performed to inquiry eight representative medical institutions which had department of psychiatry by sending e-mail and assigning person during half year. The questionnaire was completed by psychiatric physicians. Result: During the half year, all medical institutions have adopted Morita therapy and used the method of diary therapy, and accompanied drugs. In the clinic Morita therapy, the maximum frequency was up to 20 times during a session, while the general was between 4 to 20 times. The longest treatment period per time of Morita therapy was 1 to 2 hours accounting for 62.5% of all institutions. 25% took 40 to 60 minutes per time. And 12.5% took about 30 minutes each time. In the resident Morita therapy, it was different in the treatment period of each session and the treatment method among the eight institutions. Discussion: The results indicated that Morita therapy did have been widely used and developed in some extent in China. But the survey also showed that the standard of Morita therapy in China varied and the concept was not uniform. This may be because that mental illness itself is a behavioral disorder which is difficult to strictly distinguish and there is no strict period division in Morita therapy, as well as the level of awareness on Morita therapy varies from physician to physician. Herein, it's necessary to carry out more training on Morita therapy and invite professional Japanese experts to lecture in China. The popularization of Morita therapy has practical significance.

著者

Yasuhide Iwata Shigeyuki Yamamoto Ikuo Tooyama Shu Takagai Kiyokazu Takebayashi Norio Mori

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, pp.16-27, 2011 (Released:2017-06-01)

参考文献数

31

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The numbers of brain tumors survivors who receive whole-brain irradiation (WBI) develop progressive cognitive dysfunction. WBI-induced decrease in neurogenesis in hippocampus is involved in the delayed cognitive impairment. Considerable data suggests that the continuous suppression of neurogenesis may be due to the activated microglia. To clarify the mechanisms of the radiation-induced deficits in cognitive function, we studied an early response of the hippocampal proliferating cells to the WBI. Adult cynomolgus monkeys received fractionated WBI with the total dose of 15Gy and 30Gy. The animals were administrated with BrdU to label proliferating cells five days after the WBI and sacrificed on the next day. The density of proliferating cells in the hippocampus was significantly increased (ANOVA, F=23, df=2, 9, p=0.0003). Comparing to the sham-irradiation, proliferation were elevated by 6.3 and 12.6 times with 15Gy and 30Gy, respectively. However, there is no BrdU (+) cells co-labeled with Iba1, which is a marker of microglia. The radiation-induced cell proliferation in the hippocampus may play a contributory role in the pathogenesis of late delayed cognitive dysfunction after the WBI.

著者

Kunpeng Wang yusheng Wang Weigang XU bing Yang

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, pp.81-86, 2011-03-30 (Released:2017-06-01)

参考文献数

8

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Trigeminal somatosensory evoked potentials (TSEP) arising from the trigeminal nerve branches is triggered by nerve impulse that stimulates receptors of skin and mucous membrane in trigeminal nerve distribution area and can be recorded as the reflection of the trigeminal nerve lesions in or around the branches. This study reflected the TSEP changes in nerve injury and the process of recovery through the comparison between the healthy and injured side and also different times, providing evidences for the diagnosis of the trigeminal injury

著者

Kikuko Nagao Mitsuru Kikuchi Gerard B. Remijn Yoshio Minabe Shoichi Koizumi Haruhiro Higashida Toshio Munesue

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, pp.18-31, 2011-03-30 (Released:2017-06-01)

参考文献数

21

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Objective: This study examined the correlations between the development of cognitive/behavioral skills, and spontaneous magnetoencephalogram (MEG) in 3-4-year-old healthy children. Although MEG is non-invasive and easier for applying to infants, there has been no previous study relating cognitive/behavioral development of preschool children with MEG data. Methods: The cognitive skills were evaluated by the Japanese adaptation of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC). The behavioral skills were assessed by Pervasive Developmental Disorders Autism Society Japan Rating Scale (PARS). Spontaneous brain activity was measured from 52 children (23 male subjects and 29 female subjects) in an eye-closed condition. Results: The power spectral densities were calculated from the MEG data. We found frequency-band correlations between the power spectral densities and some cognitive/behavioral scores for the eye-closed condition. In female subjects, there was a significant negative relationship between cognitive skill scores and the theta power spectral density of the frontal/temporal area. In male subjects, there was a significant negative relationship between the maladaptive behavior score and the beta power spectral density of the frontal/central area. Conclusions: These results demonstrate interesting differences in the cognitive/behavioral development between 3-4-year-old males and females. We are continuing further research especially focused on maladaptive behaviors, including Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) symptoms, and related gender differences.

著者

Rei Wake Tsuyoshi Miyaoka Kazunori Kawakami Motohide Furuya Masa Ieda Liaury Kristian Keiko Tsuchie Akira Nishida Takuji Inagaki Jun Horiguchi

出版者

Japan Brain Science society

雑誌

脳科学誌 (ISSN:13415301)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, pp.4-17, 2011-03-30 (Released:2017-06-01)

参考文献数

39

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Objective: We attempted to identify the locus of cerebral blood flow reduction to clarify the functional neuroanatomical basis of the first-episode schizophrenia. A secondary objective was to evaluate the diagnostic value a new analytical program, easy Z-score Imaging System (eZIS). Method: We performed single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with 99-Tc-ethyl cysteinate dimmer (^<99m>Tc-ECD) of the brains of patients with the first-episode schizophrenia (n=30) and normal controls (n=37) and evaluated the diagnostic value of brain perfusion SPECT using eZIS on patients with schizophrenia. Result: In comparison with normal controls, the patients with schizophrenia were found to have reduced blood flow in bilateral frontal and temporal areas. Conclusion: In our study, patients with the first-episode schizophrenia appeared to have significant bilateral fronto-temporal hypoperfusion. Demonstration of abnormality of frontal and temporal lobe blood flow may assist in the diagnosis of schizophrenia and determination of appropriate treatment for individuals with schizophrenia.

著者

Sufiya Rashid Kausar Rashid Aijaz Hassan Ganie Irshad A. Nawchoo Anzar Ahmad Khuroo

出版者

Japan Mendel Society, International Society of Cytology

雑誌

CYTOLOGIA (ISSN:00114545)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.87, no.3, pp.239-244, 2022-09-25 (Released:2022-09-25)

参考文献数

39

被引用文献数

4

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The present study reports the chromosome number and meiotic behavior including microsporogenesis of Actaea kashmiriana J. Compton and its relation with pollen fertility and seed set. The species showed a chromosome count of 2n=4x=32 and meiotic chromosomal irregularities such as chromatin stickiness, cytomixis, laggard formation, chromosomal bridges, micronuclei and polysporads. B-chromosomes were also observed in this species. Due to these meiotic irregularities, reduced pollen fertility was observed in the range of 85–87%, and the seed set was also significantly reduced to 67.16 to 70.45%.

著者

喜田 聡

出版者

東京大学

雑誌

挑戦的研究(萌芽)

巻号頁・発行日

2022-06-30

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認知症克服は世界的課題である。主症状の一つが夕方に会話困難、徘徊、妄想的言動等の症状か増悪する「夕暮れ症候群」であるが、この機構は不明である。また、認知症の記憶障害は「想起(思い出せない)障害」である可能性も指摘されている。一方、代表者は生物時計に障害を与えた遺伝子変異マウスでは夕方に想起能力が低下すること、生物時計が想起を制御することを示しており、この成果から「夕暮れ症候群は生物時計の異常による時間帯依存的な想起障害と関連する」との仮説を立てた。本研究では、この仮説に基づき、生物時計の異常による想起障害の観点から夕暮れ症候群の機構解明を目的として、生物時計の障害と認知症との関連を追求する。