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著者
木村 啓造
出版者
一般社団法人 軽金属学会
雑誌
軽金属 (ISSN:04515994)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.18, no.6, pp.347-359, 1968-06-30 (Released:2008-10-30)
参考文献数
50
被引用文献数
2 6
著者
村田 孝次
出版者
公益社団法人 日本心理学会
雑誌
心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.32, no.2, pp.63-75, 1961 (Released:2010-07-16)
参考文献数
25

In this study, speech in sentence-form of the early developmental stage is analysed to clarify its structure and the interpersonal-instrumental functions. “Sentence” is defined as a word-chain which is organized by some syntactical rules in a given language (here in Japanese). Speech samples analysed had been recorded by tape-recorder and transcribed through its reproduction. Situations and accompanying behaviors to speech were also recorded. Situation were rather natural; a child (oneyear girl K) was in a room and given many toys and picture-books, and free conversations were allowed. Observations and recordings were made once a week, 30min. a day, and the tape-materials are 1090 in all, of which 520 are word-chains (the imitated utterances have been eliminated).Procedures and results are as follows:1) Every word-chain is classified according to the number of words contained, and we find following developmental features: number of words in a word-chain increases as her age in months increases, and 2-word-chains appear in the first half of her one-year old, and 3-word-chain in the second half.2) In the Japanese language, all the word-chains can be regarded as some combinations of content (independent) word [A] and function word (clitics) [B], or content words only, and identifications of words with these two fundamental word-classes were not so difficult even in speeches of early childhood. Next, every word-chain is classified according to the pattern composed of A and B. The group of 2-word-chains is divided into AA and AB. As a result, AAs are found to develop earlier than ABs. But toward the last period of one-year stage, the frequencies of AB and AA become nearly equal. By the same procedure, all the 3-word-chains are divided into AAA, AAB, ABB, and ABA, of which AAA and ABA are dominant in frequency. AAA develops earlier than ABA, but at last the latter exceeds the former. As ABA is one of the essential sentence-types and frequently used in the Japanese speech, even a child below 2 years of age may be able to learn this type of utterance.3) According to the definition already given, sentence are only a part of a body of word-chains. A uniqueness of the Japanese speech may be grammatical functions of B in sentence, and Bs are grammatically categorized according to these functions into following two: a) those of combining words logically [BL]; b) those of appealing to the hearer or of expressing the speaker's sentiment [BA]. BA appears earlier than BL in the developmental stage. Althouth BL plays more important functions in the developmental formation of verbal behavior, BA furnishes “plain logical-linguistic utterance” with interpersonal-humanistic “tone” which is essential in everyday conversation. In our data, BA is dominant in AB-type sentences, whereas BL is dominant in ABA-type sentences. In general, 2-word-sentences increase at the middle stage, and 3-word-sentences at the last.4) AA-type and ABA-type sentence utterances above all are considered as fundamental forms of the specific instrumental or motivation-reducing behaviors. Such an instrumental function may be classified in reference to the concrete situation where the utterance appeared. In both AA and. ABA-type sentences, number of types of the specific instrumental functions is positively correlated with C. A. in months.These features of speech development: may be partly explained by the mechanism of concept learning. However, conceptlearning processes work in two levels; one in the syntactical level, the other in the instrumental level.
著者
鷲谷 浩輔
雑誌
千葉商大紀要
巻号頁・発行日
vol.55, no.2, pp.143-151, 2018-03
著者
相馬 隆宏
出版者
日経BP社
雑誌
日経エコロジー = Nikkei ecology (ISSN:13449001)
巻号頁・発行日
no.202, pp.94-96, 2016-04

サントリーには成功体験がある。それは、2014年にミネラルウオーター「サントリー天然水」で展開した期間限定デザインラベルで、水を育んでいる自然環境の豊かさを訴求したこと。天然水は製造拠点によって原料の水が異なり、南アルプス、奥大山、阿蘇の3種類…

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著者
大蔵省印刷局 [編]
出版者
日本マイクロ写真
巻号頁・発行日
vol.1896年04月04日, 1896-04-04
出版者
穆守之刊
巻号頁・発行日
vol.[23], 1830
著者
塩野谷 祐一
出版者
一橋大学
雑誌
一橋論叢 (ISSN:00182818)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.45, no.4, pp.430-446, 1961-04-01

論文タイプ||論説
著者
井上 正
出版者
日本臨床外科学会
雑誌
日本臨床外科医学会雑誌 (ISSN:03869776)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.50, no.3, pp.447-453, 1989
被引用文献数
1

外科医は常に手術を中心として創造に向って歩まねばならない.このためには深い思索と優れた着想が必要である.そうしてそれを実証し,評価し,また未来に向って探究する.その中に常に外科医の夢-surgeon's dreamが欲しいものである. <BR>心臓大血管外科の歴史は正にこの流れそのものである.1945年Taussigが着想し,Blalockが実証したFallot四徴に対する短絡手術,1948年Baileyによる僧帽弁交連切開術から1954年Gibbonによる人工心肺による開心術の成功を経て,1960年Starrの人工弁手術,1969年Favaloroの冠動脈バイパス手術から,最近の人工心臓をブリッジとした心臓移植の今に到る迄,この思想は脈々と流れ続けている. <BR>この間にあって,我が国で創案・創始された数々の手術,例えば新井,川島,佐治,今野・相馬,竹内,村岡などの手術に対して深い敬意を表わすとともに,これを育み,育て,さらにこれに続く手術が開発されることを念願して止まない.消えることなく夢を持ち続けたいものである.
著者
宮武 宗利 林 幸男
出版者
環境資源工学会
雑誌
環境資源工学 (ISSN:13486012)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.56, no.4, pp.153-158, 2009 (Released:2009-11-21)
参考文献数
12
被引用文献数
1 6

Biomethylation of arsenic is usually considered as a detoxification of arsenic because toxicity of most organic methylated arsenic is much less than that of inorganic arsenic. We investigated the feasibility of a novel bioremediation using an arsenic methylating bacterium. An arsenic methylating bacterium Bacillus cereus strain R2, isolated from soil in Miyazaki, was evaluated for growth characteristics and arsenic metabolism. The growth of strain R2 was inhibited in 50.0 mg As/l arsenic medium. Strain R2 metabolized arsenite (
著者
影山 雄介 于 強
出版者
社団法人日本機械学会
雑誌
日本機械学會論文集. A編 = Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers. A (ISSN:03875008)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.70, no.695, pp.953-961, 2004-07-25

本論文では,高度な軸制御が要求される工作機械の熱変形における補正制御に階層的応答曲面方から導かれる階層化された近似式を適用した例を示し,この手法の有効性を確認した.