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6 0 0 0 OA 進化生物学と適応主義

著者: 松本俊吉
出版者: 日本哲学会
雑誌: 哲学 (ISSN:03873358)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.2004, no.55, pp.90-112,23, 2004-04-01 (Released:2009-07-23)
参考文献数: 14

The objective of this article is to clarify the nature of the methodological position called adaptationism in evolutionary biology (that is, a position holding natural selection to be ubiquitous and the most powerful as a mechanism of the evolution of life) and to discuss the problems that relate to it. To this end, I will first set forth the controversy having been waged on the legitimacy of adaptationism, originally initiated by Gould and Lewontin in 1978 and having been joined by mainstream neo-Darwinists ever since. Then I will put forward some framework for evaluating this controversy, namely, the idea of taking adaptationism to be a research program in Lakatos' sense. In the second section, I will review, somewhat critically, how adaptationistic thinking is exemplified in the sociobiological research program advocated by E. O. Wilson and his followers. In the third section, I will give some considerations on the possibility of the model of cultural evolution (memetics) as a complement to the one-sidedness of the genetically-biased sociobiological explanation of human culture.

6 0 0 0 OA 【国際学会報告】「古典ドイツ哲学」サマーコース「シェリング『自由論』の検討:原典と受容」(2022年9月26~30日)報告

著者: 八幡さくら
出版者: 日本シェリング協会
雑誌: シェリング年報 (ISSN:09194622)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.31, pp.139-143, 2023-07-01 (Released:2023-07-01)

2023-07-03 18:27:57
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6 0 0 0 OA かわいい:1.「カワイイ」の哲学 -その歴史的パースペクティブと現代的意義-

著者: 遠藤薫
雑誌: 情報処理
巻号頁・発行日: vol.57, no.2, pp.118-121, 2016-01-15

いま「カワイイ」文化に世界が注目している.なぜ,「カワイイ」文化に人びとは惹きつけられるのか.「カワイイ」といった感性的価値は,単なる表層的な感覚,社会や人生に重大な意味をもたない残余的な事柄と扱われがちである.しかし,本稿では,日本の「カワイイ」文化の系譜をたどることによって,それが通時的不変性と経時的可変性性の双方によって構成されていること,およびその本質が弱者や対抗者の包摂と異文化間のハイブリッドにあることを明らかにし,グローバリゼーション時代におけるその社会的意義について考察する.

2023-05-25 14:43:13
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http://id.nii.ac.jp/1001/00147081/

6 0 0 0 OA 心の行動抑制ネットワーク仮説と有機体の哲学

著者: 飯盛元章森山徹
出版者: 日本ホワイトヘッド・プロセス学会
雑誌: プロセス思想 (ISSN:21853207)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.22, pp.64-80, 2022 (Released:2023-04-09)

The behavioral inhibition network is a conceptual model that combines a mechanism for inhibiting extraneous behavior so that animals can maintain behavior appropriate to their environment, and the other one for suddenly releasing that inhibition and producing unexpected behavior. This model was developed from efforts to reconsider the animal mind not only as a source of mental function, but also as a source of otherness. Originally conceived as a mechanism by which the mind produces otherness, the model has points of contact with Whitehead's philosophy of the organism. The first is that extraneous behaviors hide inside the animal by inhibiting each other, so that behaviors appropriate to the environment are maintained. This function of inhibition is related to the 'negative prehension' in the philosophy of the organism. The second is that unexpected behavior is produced. Unexpected behavior is positioned as extraneous behavior in contrast to environmentally appropriate behavior. On the other hand, in an unknown environment, where it is impossible to choose a suitable behavior from an existing behavioral repertoire, unexpected behavior is positioned as an emergent behavior to help the animal cope for the time being. The emergence of such unexpected behavior is associated with 'novelty' in the philosophy of organisms. This paper considers the significance of the behavioral inhibition network model for the philosophy of organisms. Section 1 explains how this network works, using the example of an experiment leading to unexpected behavior in a familiar animal, the pill bug. Section 2 considers the the relationship between this model and Whitehead’s philosophy of organism.

6 0 0 0 「性同一性障害者の性別の取扱いの特例に関する法律」の立法過程に関する一考察

著者: 谷口功一
出版者: 有斐閣
雑誌: 法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.2003, pp.212-220,226, 2003

2023-03-18 02:51:52
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https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/40006501647

6 0 0 0 OA 統一テーマ「ジェンダー、セクシュアリテイと法」について

著者: 住吉雅美
出版者: 日本法哲学会
雑誌: 法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.2003, pp.1-6,236, 2004-10-20 (Released:2008-11-17)

The Annual Meeting of Legal Philosophy 2003 under the title of “GENDER, SEXUALITY AND THE LAW” was held under the auspices of The Japan Association of Legal Philosophy (JALP), in Tokyo, on November, 21-22, 2003. Issues of this meeting were as follows: 1. From a standpoint of feminism, scholars try to criticize and reexamine the main subjects of legal philosophy (especially justice and rights), and the basic structure and fundamentals of orthodox legal theory. Furthermore, we try to find gender-bias in theories, and to restructure the political and social system. 2. Legal philosphers do not only reply to feminists' criticism of theories of justice, rights and liberalism, but also present their generous intellect which is tolerant of criticism. 3. Scholars both examine anti-feminist critiques that have occured from the margins of the feminism-debate, inspired by postmodern philosophies, and investigate the movements of feminism's self-innovation. We also try to criticize the dualism of gender and hegemonic heterosexuality, and to deconstruct identities (including the definition of ‘woman’) that are oppressive. We hope that this will lead to the recognition of diversified sexualities.

6 0 0 0 IR <翻訳>J・F・ヘルバルト「書評:アルトゥール・ショーペンハウアー『意志と表象としての世界』全四巻ならびにカント哲学の批判を含む付録. ライプツィヒ, 1819年」

著者: 太田匡洋
出版者: 京都大学文学研究科西洋近世哲学史研究室
雑誌: Prolegomena : 西洋近世哲学史研究室紀要 (ISSN:21858098)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.7, no.1, pp.1-27, 2016-06-15

2023-03-06 17:20:25
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6 0 0 0 OA モニターに聖なるものは立ち現れるか宗教儀礼配信についての一考察

著者: 小野真龍
出版者: 宗教哲学会
雑誌: 宗教哲学研究 (ISSN:02897105)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.39, pp.14-28, 2022 (Released:2022-06-05)

The spread of the Coronavirus has severely impacted the practice of all mass religious rituals, and in Japan many of them are currently carried out without any visitors. To make up for this situation, religious rituals in Japan are often broadcast over the internet. The author of this article also participated in such a broadcast as a Gagaku performer in April 2021, but felt a certain apprehension. Can the religious consciousness of the individual experience a significant change only through observing the ritual on a monitor? Many religious organizations that partake in online broadcasts attach great importance to direct participation on the actual site of the ritual, but at the same time do not deem the internet broadcasts of their rituals as ineffective for the religious consciousness of the viewers. They seem to assume that an individual can somehow experience the sacred even through the monitor. Can the sacred appear on a monitor over the internet? This article tries to explore any possible theoretical grounds for this assumption and summarize the points of discussion. The study explores St. John of Damascus’ theory of divine image, Rudolf Otto’s concept of “Divination,” Emile Durkheim’s concept of “collective effervescence,” and Talal Asad’s notes on the concept of ritual before the modern age.

6 0 0 0 OA 治療的哲学から考察されるヴィトゲンシュタインの規則に従うこと

著者: 林晃紀
出版者: The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan
雑誌: 科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.53, no.1, pp.55-75, 2020-09-30 (Released:2020-09-30)

When we read Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations, we often feel baffled because it is difficult to draw out a systematic theory from the text. Given this exegetical problem, it is often said that Wittgenstein never intends to propound any theory; rather his aim of philosophy is therapeutic. The problem of rule-following has been most often argued among the topics in the Investigations. Most of approaches to the problem, however, are not therapeutic but constructive. The purpose of this paper is to examine the problem of rule-following from a perspective of therapeutic philosophy.

6 0 0 0 OA レイモン・アロンの民主主義思想(1) : 全体主義批判と歴史哲学の交錯 1930-40年

著者: 池嵜航一
出版者: 北海道大学大学院法学研究科
雑誌: 北大法学論集 (ISSN:03855953)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.72, no.4, pp.173-221, 2021-11-29

2023-02-21 20:03:19
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http://hdl.handle.net/2115/83397

6 0 0 0 OA 憲法学からみた家族の「公」と「私」-吉田克己報告へのコメント

著者: 高井裕之
出版者: 日本法哲学会
雑誌: 法哲学年報 (ISSN:03872890)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.2000, pp.62-66, 2001-10-30 (Released:2008-11-17)
参考文献数: 13

6 0 0 0 OA 統計学と哲学―データ解析の行間を読む―

著者: 三中信宏
出版者: 一般社団法人日本応用数理学会
雑誌: 応用数理 (ISSN:24321982)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.32, no.2, pp.80-86, 2022-06-24 (Released:2022-09-30)
参考文献数: 34

In the field of statistical data analysis in research, there is considerable discussion about the details of statistical methods and statistical modeling applied to the actual data. However, the fact that philosophical and conceptual issues in statistical science lie behind a variety of practical problems is not often discussed in the open. Meanwhile, this paper discusses the relative comparison of competing hypotheses, model selection by AIC (Akaike’s Information Criterion), and the nature of statistics as “abduction” as nondeductive reasoning, which is based on the statistical criterion of “simplicity.”

2023-01-27 01:05:21
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6 0 0 0 OA 頻度仮説と進化からの論拠

著者: 網谷祐一
出版者: The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan
雑誌: 科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.41, no.1, pp.1_79-1_94, 2008 (Released:2009-07-31)
参考文献数: 32

Gerd Gigerenzer's views on probabilistic reasoning in humans have come under close scrutiny. Very little attention, however, has been paid to the evolutionary component of his argument. According to Gigerenzer, reasoning about probabilities as frequencies is so common today because it was favored by natural selection in the past. This paper presents a critical examination of this argument. It will show first, that, pace Gigerenzer, there are some reasons to believe that using the frequency format was not more adaptive than using the standard (percentage) format and, second, that Gigerenzer's evolutionary argument and his other arguments such as his historical description of the notion of probability are in tension with each other.

6 0 0 0 「語り」による「他者理解」

著者: 金谷光子尾曽直美
出版者: 日本医学哲学・倫理学会
雑誌: 医学哲学医学倫理 (ISSN:02896427)
巻号頁・発行日: vol.22, pp.93-102, 2004

Because there may be limitations in the scientific method of discovering and treating patients' "problems," the narrative approach has become increasingly important. These limitations have been pointed out by scholars from various fields. Hermeneutic view point has it that clinical knowledge is mostly based on the doctor's assumption and differs greatly from the world in which the patients live their lives. What should those in the nursing profession choose as a means of understanding patients? There is a Social Constructionist view that understanding is obtained through "language." When the sick patient tells about the world in which he/she lives in certain words, he/she has decided not to tell in other words. Then the patient's world appears before us as he/she tells. The patient organizes his/her world through telling as well. After over three years of interviewing with Ms. K, who was stuck with her mal-treating mother, we verified what telling brought to her, and how it was connected with understanding herself. Listening to Ms. K's narrative was linked to understanding her world in which she lived her life. It also brought a certain order to her confused history. As a result, her regrettable past came to have possibility for the future, altering her mentality so much as to make it possible for her to say "I have done my best" and "I have been living so well."