著者

星野 勉

出版者

法政大学国際日本学研究所

雑誌

国際日本学 = INTERNATIONAL JAPANESE STUDIES (ISSN:18838596)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, pp.19-37, 2007-03-31

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This paper examines, from the perspective of a Japanese researcher, Ruth Benedict's characterization of the culture and behavior patterns of the Japanese as a “shame culture” in her famous The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture (1946).First, I demonstrate that the methodological characteristics of the volume lie in its cultural relativism and comparative perspective. This methodology deconstructs the frameworks on which each culture—in this case Japanese and American—are premised, and by doing so is suggestive of new possibilities for crosscultural understanding.Next, I clarify the way in which Benedict grasped the culture and behavior patterns of the Japanese by analyzing the Japanese sense of ethics as she lays it out in the volume: beginning with chū (fealty to the Emperor) and kō (filial piety), and proceeding through giri (a type of obligation), stoicism (or self-control), sincerity, jichō (self-respect), to haji (shame) and shūyō (self-discipline, mental training). I ascertain that Benedict identified the source of behavior patterns in the concept of “the world” (her translation of seken) and the ideas of social class and order that underlie it, and that, summed up in her phrase “shame culture,” this concept is fundamental to a consistent and coherent understanding of the culture and behavior patterns of the Japanese. Finally, I present a counter argument to those who criticize Benedict for overlooking the autonomous aspect of haji (shame). Indeed, I argue that Benedict should be evaluated more positively for her insight on how haji functions in a way that only appears to be autonomous: she identifies as the primary characteristic of Japanese ethics their tendency toward self-control as a means of avoiding the shame occasioned by committing a breach of what the eyes of “the world” see as an obligation.According to Benedict, “the world” forms a public arena or community for the Japanese that conditions the behavior of the individual. I close this paper with the observation that the accuracy of Benedict's grasp of Japanese culture is demonstrated paradoxically by modern Japanese society, where the breakdown of this sense of community has brought about a state of things where, as the old saying goes, “tabi no haji wa kakisute" (the shame incurred while traveling can be discarded and forgotten).

著者

川崎 修

出版者

北海道大学法学部

雑誌

北大法学論集 (ISSN:03855953)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.6, pp.261-280, 1993-03-31

著者

齋藤 仁志

出版者

立命館大学人文科学研究所

雑誌

立命館大学人文科学研究所紀要 (ISSN:02873303)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.133, pp.39-60, 2022-12

著者

松里 公孝

出版者

北海道大学スラブ研究センター

雑誌

スラヴ研究 (ISSN:05626579)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, pp.1-36, 2000

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This paper focuses on the characteristics and genesis of the Tatarstan political regime during the leadership of the republic's President Mintimer Shaimiev and will question the popular view that his regime is a typical authoritarian dictatorship, although this conception appears to be justified by extraordinary electoral results in the republic. For example, Shaimiev was the only candidate for presidency in 1996 and gained 97.1% of the valid votes. My first point is that the Tatarstan regime should be analyzed in comparison with other post-communist political regimes. The Tatarstan republic, along with other national republics in Russia, is a marginal type placed, spatially and typologically, between the highly deconcentrated, ethnically Russian regions of Russia and the unitary Central Asian countries. In Tatarstan local chief administrators are appointed by Shaimiev, but nevertheless they are obliged to run for local and republican deputy elections and thus justify themselves through their electoral ability. If a chief administrator loses one or both of these elections, Shaimiev fires him. A similar practice can be found in Ukraine, another marginal type placed between the highly deconcentrated, ethnically Russian regions of Russia and the unitary Eastern Central European countries (in particular Poland and the Czech Republic). In Ukraine, governors and chief district administrators are appointed by the president and governors respectively, but nevertheless they are not bureaucrats in the Weberian sense, who are responsible only for their managerial performances. Rather, they take charge of electoral results in their regions or districts. If a governor or administrator cannot mobilize sufficient votes for Kuchma or his parties, he too will be fired. I term the marginal political regime represented by Tatarstan and Ukraine as "centralized caciquismo," considering that it camouflages local boss politics by outward, constitutional unitarism and that it combines the "merits" of appointment and electoral politics: the upper echelon can check the lower's electoral ability without giving the latter independence. The second section of this paper examines the criteria for comparing the political regimes of Russia's national republics: ethnic factors; the roles of leaders; socioeconomic structures; the penchant for coercion; the survival of the pre-1990 elite and their monopoly of electoral machines; the status of the national republic under the old regime; and relations between nationalist and pro-Moscow oppositions. The third section proves that the present Shaimiev regime satisfies the requisites for caciquismo: the local leaders' hidden desire for independence from the republican authorities; the uninterrupted development of an electoral machine in post-communist Tatarstan and the exploitation by Shaimievites of this electoral ability in their negotiation with Moscow; and federal (not command-subordinate) relations between the republican and local elites. The fourth section illuminates the genesis of this caciquismo. A secret of Shaimiev's success in making this regime emerge was his behavior exclusively as a peacemaker. Benefited by this image, the pre-1990 elite in Tatarstan could effect an ethno-Bonapartist policy, exploiting the antagonism between the two wings of the opposition, Tatar nationalists and pro-Moscow democrats. An English version of this paper was distributed at a panel at the AAASS annual convention held in St. Louis on November 18-21, 1999.

著者

真下 厚

出版者

立命館大学日本文学会

雑誌

論究日本文学 (ISSN:02869489)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.117, pp.121-124, 2022-12

著者

山本 竜太 金只 直人 水町 光徳

出版者

産業応用工学会

雑誌

産業応用工学会論文誌 (ISSN:21875146)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.2, pp.52-57, 2013

被引用文献数

5

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In this paper, sound quality of high resolution audio (HRA) is investigated in the view point of auditory perception. Perceptual characteristics of HRA have been examined by listening tests compared with the standard audio CD and the compressed MPEG audio layer-3 (MP3) qualities. The listening tests were carried out by the paired comparison, and the participants were asked to discriminate among HRA, CD, and MP3. Jazz music was selected out as the original HRA. Both CD and MP3 quality audio files were prepared from the original HRA file by the authors. It is found that the participants prefer the audio format with richer information, that is, HRA is most desirable and CD is better than MP3. The questionnaires filled in by participants indicate that subjective characteristics of HRA include much presence, high spatial clarity, and wide spaciousness. Additionally, perceptual discrimination in quantization distortion is also focused on in between 16 bits and 24 bits resolution. As the result of the listening test with 28 participants, the difference of the quantization resolution was discriminated with the accuracy of 60.3 %. Concerning the perceptual discrimination of HRA, quantization resolution is an important factor as well as its wide frequency range.

著者

佐伯 有清

出版者

北海道大学教養部人文科学論集編集委員会

雑誌

北海道大学人文科学論集 (ISSN:03856038)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, pp.1-14, 1983-03-26

著者

蔦谷 大輔

出版者

弘前大学國史研究会

雑誌

弘前大学國史研究 (ISSN:02874318)

巻号頁・発行日

no.125, pp.31-33, 2008-10-30

著者

鄭 惠先

出版者

社会言語科学会

雑誌

社会言語科学

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.1, pp.82-92, 2005-09

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本研究の目的は,日本語と韓国語の「役割語」を対照することによって,よりリアルな日韓・韓日翻訳に役立てることである.本稿では,漫画を分析対象とし,一つ目に,意識調査で見られる日本語母語話者と韓国語母語話者の意識の差について,二つ目に,対訳作品で見られる両言語の役割語の相違点について考察した.その結果,つぎの7点が明らかになった,1)韓国語に比べ日本語のほうに役割語としての文末形式が発達している.2)日本語母語話者の場合,訳本では日本語の役割語の知識が十分生かせない.3)韓国語母語話者の場合,役割語への刷り込みが弱く,翻訳による影響を強く受けない.4)対訳作品から受けるイメージは,両言語の間で必ず一致するものではない.5)日本語役割語では性別的な特徴,韓国語役割語では年齢的な特徴が表れやすい.6)日本語でも韓国語でも,方言は人物像を連想する重要な指標となる.7)時代を連想する言語形式は訳本の中で現代風に訳される傾向が多い.

著者

漆原 拓也

出版者

法政大学国際日本学研究所

雑誌

国際日本学 = INTERNATIONAL JAPANESE STUDIES (ISSN:18838596)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, pp.141-162, 2013-03-29

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The lacquerware industry remains sluggish due to a general decline in demand associated with the depletion of raw materials, a decrease in the number of successors to craftspeople, the inflow of foreign products, and lifestyle changes. For these reasons, it's becoming very difficult for lacquerware-producing areas to manufacture products that satisfy the inspection criteria for being designated as a traditional craft (hereinafter called "traditional lacquerware") as defined in the Act on the Promotion of Traditional Craft Industries (hereinafter called the "Act").In this thesis, I will analyze current trends in the public sector, the market sector, and the non-profit sector and clarify the situation of the traditional lacquerware industry in this period of recession.Based on the “Act”, the public sector should be providing support to the traditional lacquerware industry. However, it’s not easy to distinguish support for “traditional lacquerware” from support for other items, including similar lacquerware items and plastic goods, because they are all intermingled in the market sector. And in recent years, there has been a drastic decrease in the issue of labels that denote official certification of “traditional lacquerware” as being a traditional craft item designated by the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry. This means there is a low rate of label attachment and a decrease in the number of items of “traditional lacquerware” that meet the requirements for the label to be affixed in the first place.Public sector support should not just be focused on sales but should be carried out based on the spirit of the “Act”, and the target must basically be items of “traditional lacquerware” that qualify to bear the label. There is apprehension in the market sector that the idea behind the “Act” is not actually being observed in practice. On the other hand, manufacturers who produce lacquerware items other than “traditional lacquerware” find the situation satisfactory because the public sector is also supporting their nontraditional items. Moral hazard is spreading increasingly.From the standpoint of the non-profit sector, it’s only natural to think that many of the products on sale at shops which bear the traditional symbol marks on their signboards are in fact traditional handicrafts. As mentioned earlier, however, the actual situation is that the number of labels denoting official certification of the “traditional lacquerware” has drastically decreased. In other words, there are many cases in which purchasers who want to acquire “traditional lacquerware” are unable to do so due to its reduced availability and ambiguous quality labeling.Under these circumstances, rather than just advertising the symbol marks of traditional craft products, it’s important for the public sector to promote the products that bear a label denoting that they have been officially certified as traditional craft items. Supporting items other than “traditional lacquerware” involves an element of danger that could result in the steady decline of “traditional lacquerware”.The important thing is to encourage the manufacture of sophisticated traditional lacquerware items instead of pseudo-traditional lacquerware. However, current promotion measures have reduced the incentive for craftspeople to continue producing “traditional lacquerware”. The public sector should review the original point of the “Act” and return to promotion measures centered around traditional handicrafts. That may look like a detour, but it is in fact the shortest way.

著者

岡田 東彦 徳宮 和音 大杉 祐生 堀 あい 華園 究 森 さやか 浅川 満彦

出版者

農大動物研究会

雑誌

ANIMATE

巻号頁・発行日

no.17, pp.7-12, 2022

著者

小松 佐穂子 箱田 裕司

出版者

東北大学高度教養教育・学生支援機構

雑誌

東北大学高度教養教育・学生支援機構紀要 = BULLETIN OF THE INSTITUTE FOR EXCELLENCE IN HIGHER EDUCATION TOHOKU UNIVERSITY (ISSN:21895945)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, pp.65-73, 2017-03

著者

尾松 亮 Ryo Omatsu

雑誌

災害復興研究 = Studies in disaster recovery and revitalization (ISSN:18837530)

巻号頁・発行日

no.9, pp.13-29, 2018-03-31

著者

園生 智広

出版者

[出版者不明]

巻号頁・発行日

2009-01

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制度:新 ; 報告番号:甲2739号 ; 学位の種類:博士(人間科学) ; 授与年月日:2009/1/21 ; 早大学位記番号:新4936

著者

芳澤 拓也

出版者

東京都立大学教育学研究室

雑誌

教育科学研究 (ISSN:02897121)

巻号頁・発行日

no.19, pp.57-67, 2001-12-15

著者

今井 民子 笹森 建英

出版者

弘前大学教育学部

雑誌

弘前大学教育学部紀要 (ISSN:04391713)

巻号頁・発行日

no.66, pp.29-53, 1991-10-31

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ヴァイオリン音楽の発展を可能にした背景には,17世紀から18世紀の楽器製作の改良,演奏技術の確立があった。この論文では,先ず楽器製作の変遷を概観する。この時代の演奏技術の確立を把握する上で重要なのは,器楽形式の発展と,一連の技法書の出版,技巧を駆使して葵すカブリスの類の作品の出現である。レオボルト・モーツァルトMozart, Johann GeorgLeopoldやジェミニア一二Geminiani,FrancescoSverioの奏法に関する著書,ロカテッリLocatelli,PietroAntonioのカブリスは重要な役割をはたした。この論文では,彼らによって掲示された技法を具体的に考察する。20世紀,特に1945年以降は,音楽様式,演奏法が画期的な変貌を遂げた。その技法上の特質を明らかにする.これらを踏まえて,音楽文化が新芽し,形成され,さらに発展,変遷していく過程に教育書がどのような役割を果たすのかについても検証する。

著者

大舘 大學

出版者

北海道立北方民族博物館

雑誌

北海道立北方民族博物館研究紀要 (ISSN:09183159)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, pp.65-94, 2012

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The sable is an important animal for fur trade in the world since the ancient time in Eurasia. Therefore,it is important to review the names for the sables in various languages in Eurasia to investigate the transmission of words for the sables. In the present paper, to give basic information for the transmission and transformation of the words for the sable in Eurasia, words for the sable and 3 other species of marten (Martes sp.), weasels, and squirrels in Eurasian languages were investigated. In East Asia, the sable is called in various words. The sable was called "furuki" (or fuluki) in ancient Japan (ca. 8 to 13 c.). It is called “hoinu" -like words in Ainu language,"dambi" with modifiers or other words in Korean, "bulgan"-like words in Mongolic languages,and "segep" -like words in Tungusic languages, and "diao" with modifiers in Chinese. In the regions of central-western Eurasia where the sable is (was) distributed,the sable is called in words of "bulgan"-like words in Mongolic languages, those of "kish"-like words in Turkic languages, "nukse"-like words in Finno-Ugric languages, and "sobol'" in Russian. In Iranian languages, the sable is fundamentally called in "samur". The word "samur" is spread in central-western Asia and southeastern Europe. In northern-western Europe,the sable is called in "sobol"-like words. In Eurasian languages, martens are sometimes called in the words related with squirrels. Especially,it is note worthy that squirrels are called "uluki" -like words in Tungusic languages.

著者

鶴間 和幸 Kazuyuki Tsuruma

出版者

学習院大学東洋文化研究所

雑誌

調査研究報告 = Occasional papers (ISSN:09196536)

巻号頁・発行日

no.70, pp.1-34, 2021-03

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学習院大学東洋文化研究所一般研究プロジェクト「木村武山と中国美術コレクション」(研究代表者 鶴間和幸(文学部教授)、2017 ~ 2018年度)の研究成果

著者

古澤 陽子 枝村 一磨 吉岡(小林) 徹 高橋 真木子 隅藏 康一 科学技術・学術政策研究所第2 研究グループ

出版者

科学技術・学術政策研究所

雑誌

DISCUSSION PAPER

巻号頁・発行日

vol.179,

著者

西川 一二

出版者

関西大学

巻号頁・発行日

2016-03-31