著者

加藤 重広

出版者

富山大学人文学部

雑誌

富山大学人文学部紀要 (ISSN:03865975)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, pp.1-12, 1998-08-31

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Saussure(1916)に示された,signifiantとsignifieの結合によって言語記号が構成されるという考え方は,現在でも言語学の基本的知見のひとつである。本稿では,ソシュール以前のシニフィアンとシニフィエをめぐる考え方、いわば意味観の流れを素描する。その中でもWilhelm von Humboldtの意味観をソシュール以前の言語研究の典型として,ソシュールのそれと比較して論じる。また,ソシュールの考えを継承しつつ,独自に発展させたラカンの思想にも触れる。本稿では,具体的なテーマを論じる前に,まず第1章で言語学史の意義と方法論を簡略に論じる。ついで,第2章で,シニフィアンとシニフィエをめぐる意味観の流れを考察することにする。

著者

松本 政雄 御手洗 新一

出版者

大阪府立工業高等専門学校

雑誌

大阪府立工業高等専門学校研究紀要 (ISSN:0387365X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, pp.49-56, 1985-10-15

著者

中田 瑞穂

出版者

北海道大学スラブ研究センター

雑誌

スラヴ研究 (ISSN:05626579)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, pp.249-280, 2000

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This article examines the Czechoslovak way of parliamentary democracy as it confronts the World Depression, specifically during its first phase from the outbreak of economic crisis until 1932. Three features were characteristic of political structure in Czechoslovakia. First of all, there were more than 15 parties reflecting the ethnic and socio-economic diversity of the Republic. Political parties were widely spread on the two dimensional space. The first dimension was ethnical, setting the Czechs in the centre and the Slovaks, the Germans and other smaller ethnic groups on the sides. The second dimension was socio-economic, namely, labour, agricultural, catholic and industrial. From more than these 15 parties, at least five were necessary to form a majority coalition for government. The second feature was the predominance of the Agrarian Party, which became the mass political party of the Czech organized agricultural interest. Largely due to the support from the agricultural Slovakia, the Agrarian Party became the biggest party in Czechoslovakia and used its power to enforce policies for the benefit of agriculture. Its interest-oriented political style influenced the entire Czechoslovak political scene between the wars. The last feature was the multiplicity of parties representing the working class. In addition to the multiethnic Communists, there were socialist workers, who were first ethnically divided, and then further split along dogmatic lines, such that the Czechoslovaks and the Germans had two socialist parties each - the Social Democrats and the National Socialists. These socialist parties, especially the Czechoslovak Social Democrats, had a positive attitude toward participating in the Government. While most social democrats in other European countries remained in opposition, Czechoslovak Social Democrats had kept an affirmative stance to the Republic and reentered into a governing coalition in 1929, after 3 years as an opposition party. The working class had its representative right within the coalition government during the hard years of the World Depression. On October 1929, the parliamentary election was held in Czechoslovakia and as a result a new coalition government was formed under the premiership of agrarian František Udržal. It was a broad coalition government, which consisted of more than eight parties representing various socio-economic interests. Although the Communists and three German and Slovak nationalist parties remained in opposition, the coalition enabled the large majority of the population to be represented in the political decision making process. Concurrent with the coalition formation in late 1929, the World Depression broke out across the seas, which ultimately exerted considerable pressure on the political system in every country. In Czechoslovakia the representation of agricultural interests through both Czechoslovak and German Agrarian parties, workers' interests through two Czechoslovak and German Social Democratic parties, as well as the Czechoslovak National Socialists, helped to canalise their demands into the political arena and secured the stability of the political system during the economic crisis. Due to the diverse and sometimes conflicting interests within the coalition, it was inherently difficult for the coalition government to form agreements. In particular, the Agrarians attempted to use their vantage position as the largest and pivotal party in the coalition to demand subsidies and protective tariffs to ameliorate the disastrous consequences of the agricultural crisis, without any regard for the interests of city consumers or industries. Conflicts within the coalition became intensified and coalition negotiation dragged on. Important measures, which were urgently needed to cope with the effects of depression, were postponed and forestalled. It was necessary to conceive of some means to negotiate, and to find solutions, which would be acceptable to all member parties of the coalition. The coexistence of various organised interests in a coalition had been the perennial problem for the Czechoslovak parliamentary democracy from its inception. In the 1920s, they worked out a special meeting of five people, the Pětka (the Five), who represented at that time the five coalition parties, to negotiate and make compromise. However, under the new broader coalition government, Socialists criticised the Pětka for being unconstitutional and unparliamentary, and asked for alternatives in intracoalition decision making. One proposal was "the political committee of ministers", with representatives from each party of the coalition. While the Pětka, which was an institution outside the government, and its members were not always government officials, but sometimes merely influential persons in each party, "the political committee of ministers" was a committee inside the cabinet, within which ministers negotiated with one another as representatives of coalition parties. Although they could find compromises on discrete problems, they left the cabinet with the responsibility of making final decisions. The other means of intra-coalition negotiation was the organisation of coalition committees in the parliament. With each emergent problem, an ad hoc committee was set up to address the issue, such as sugar production, housing or social policy. Coalition committees were asked to find practical settlement of conflicts among coalition parties to pave the way for the government decision making. In spite of these devices, as the Prime Minister Udržal lost support from his own Agrarian Party, it became harder and harder for the wheel of coalition politics to turn forward. Furthermore, as a result of deflation policies, the state budget could afford smaller subsidies or supports, thus making compromise between conflicting interests even more difficult. In this phase of the economic crisis, since the Agrarians, and the Social Democrats as well, presented their demands without an overall blueprint for the national economy, which would have helped to direct the choice of policies, compromise between coalition parties became the only measure for political decision making. However, the opposition within the agrarian party intensified, and the coalition compromise failed completely in July 1932. With the change of the Prime Minister's seat to Malypetr, who was a skilful parliamentarian, the same coalition was revitalised. Malypetr made it the absolute condition for his acceptance of the premiership that all the coalition parties agree on balancing the budget for 1933. Under this agreement, a budget committee comprised of seven coalition parties in the parliament was established to help Malypetr to solve the budget impasse. In the process of this analysis, this article demonstrates that the Czechoslovak way of parliamentary democracy was still viable even under the pressure from the World Depression. Compromise and logrolling were always the last resort to resolving some conflicting issues, but the arena of decision making shifted from the informal Pětka to the Government or the Parliament, reflective of a degree of maturity in Czechoslovak parliamentary democracy. However, it also became clear that this way of coalition politics became difficult when each interest group demanded the state for help, even though the resources, especially the financial means, of the state were limited. At the end of this article, the author indicates that socialists began to see one solution to this problem in the Agrarians' demand for state regulation in agricultural sectors. The socialists hoped that the Agrarians would understand the necessity of overall state planning and regulation of the national economy. Moreover, after the Nazi seizure of power, the Czechoslovak way of parliamentary democracy was challenged by the requirement for efficacy in decision making and consideration of national interests. The response to that requisite by the coalition parties will be examined in the next work of the author.

著者

永島 福太郎 Fukutaro Nagashima

雑誌

人文論究 (ISSN:02866773)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.2, pp.32-53, 1960-08-30

著者

秋永 一枝

出版者

早稲田大学国文学会

雑誌

国文学研究 (ISSN:03898636)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, pp.74-88, 1966-03-25

著者

宮崎 繁樹

出版者

明治大学法律研究所

雑誌

法律論叢 (ISSN:03895947)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, no.4-5, pp.(1)-(58), 2009-03-18

著者

田原 康夫 Yasuo Tahara

出版者

学習院大学身体表象文化学会

雑誌

身体表象 = Cultural Studies on C & V. Representation (ISSN:24340669)

巻号頁・発行日

no.2, pp.21-47, 2019-03-31

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論文(Articles)

著者

吉永 康樹

出版者

横浜法学会

雑誌

横浜法学 (ISSN:21881766)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.1, pp.57-113, 2019-09-25

著者

小林 良生

出版者

明治大学平和教育登戸研究所資料館

雑誌

明治大学平和教育登戸研究所資料館館報 (ISSN:24239151)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, pp.3-38, 2016-03-25

著者

冨澤 成實

出版者

明治大学教養論集刊行会

雑誌

明治大学教養論集 (ISSN:03896005)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.557, pp.23-34, 2021-09-30

著者

山下 順三

出版者

明治学院大学大学院社会学研究科社会福祉学専攻

雑誌

社会福祉学 (ISSN:09125035)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, pp.1-10, 2021-03-31

著者

石橋 宏行

出版者

京都大学数理解析研究所

雑誌

数理解析研究所講究録 (ISSN:18802818)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.910, pp.36-39, 1995-05

著者

河西 優 Yu Kasai

雑誌

関西学院大学社会学部紀要 (ISSN:04529456)

巻号頁・発行日

no.135, pp.129-208, 2020-10-31

著者

影山 太郎 Taro Kageyama

雑誌

人文論究 (ISSN:02866773)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.4, pp.99-115, 1996-02-20

著者

TOET Rudy 安武 敦子

出版者

長崎大学多文化社会学部

雑誌

多文化社会研究 = Journal of Global Humanities and Social Sciences, Nagasaki University (ISSN:21891486)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, pp.261-277, 2023-03-23

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This paper is the research report on the smallpox tombs located in Motomura area, Togitsu Town, Nagasaki Prefecture in February and April 2021. These smallpox tombs were discovered during road construction in 1980’s. Not only the deads from smallpox but also the victims of the atomic bomb were buried in this cemetery, and a memorial monument was built nearby. The authors investigated a total of 68 tombstones in the cemetery. The oldest year of death is 1706 and the newest year is 1841. It turns out that it was a graveyard for over 130 years. The sherds of ceramic collected in the vicinity is Hizen porcelain from the 18 th to 19 th centuries. Most of them are blue and white porcelain. The most common type is bowls.

著者

井上 大介 INOUE Daisuke

出版者

創価大学社会学会

雑誌

SOCIOLOGICA (ISSN:03859754)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.1-2, pp.35-56, 2023-03-20

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本稿ではインターネットをはじめとする電子メディアを媒介としたコミュニケーション、相互行為が社会をどのように変容させつつあるのかという点について、宗教文化に限定して考察したものである。日本におけるデジタル・メディアと宗教に関する研究では、宗教教団がどのようにインターネットを活用しており、組織の形態や運営がどのように変化しつつあるのか、といった事例研究が中心となってきた。他方、欧米における研究動向では、Digital Religion という領域において様々な研究が、 990 年代以降蓄積されてきた。本論の前半では、同研究領域の概要を先行研究に沿って紹介し、特にそこでの理論的枠組みが宗教観、儀礼、帰属意識、共同体、権威、身体化という6つの領域である点を整理した。後半では、その中の権威について注目しつつ、キューバにおけるヨルバ系宗教であるレグラ・デ・オチャ=イファ信仰を題材に、そこにおける伝統的指導者と現代的指導者の相違点、およびそこでの師弟関係の変容および孤独化の現状に注目しつつ論を展開した。

雑誌

金沢大学文学部地理学報告 (ISSN:0289789X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, pp.8-22, 1986-12-25

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金沢大学文学部地理学

著者

岩田 健次

出版者

関西大学人文科学研究所

雑誌

關西大學法學論集 (ISSN:0437648X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.4-6, pp.665-684, 1965-02

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川上敬逸教授還暦記念特集

著者

根津 朋実

出版者

早稲田大学教育・総合科学学術院

雑誌

学術研究 : 人文科学・社会科学編 (ISSN:21866996)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, pp.13-23, 2023-03-25

著者

渡 浩一

出版者

明治大学人文科学研究所

雑誌

明治大学人文科学研究所紀要 (ISSN:05433894)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.76, pp.(17)-(32), 2015-03-31