著者

橋本 茂

出版者

日本社会学会

雑誌

社会学評論 (ISSN:00215414)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.1, pp.69-82,118, 1968-07-01 (Released:2009-10-20)

参考文献数

13

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We must know “what is a theory” and “what is a strategy of reaching a theory” before we construct a sociological theory. But there are few sociologists who have met this condition. G.C. Homans is one of those who have constructed sociological theories after making these questions clear. The purpose of this paper is to examine Homans' sociological theory from the following aspects, (I) what is a theory? (II) what is the difference between his theory and the functional theory ? (III) what are the general propositions of his theory? (IV) where is his position in history of sociology? (I) A theory, according to Homans, must meet the following conditions. It consists, (i), of a set of concepts or conceptual scheme, and (ii), of a set of propositions and the propositions form a deductive system. (iii), some of the propositions of a scientific theory must be contingent, in the sense that experience is relevent to their truth or falsity or to that of propositions derived from them. (II) The functional theory consists of the general propositions about the conditions of social equilibrium. Has it met the requirements of theory? No. Because the general propositions are noncontingent and no definite conclusions can be drawn from them. A alternative theory is Homans' theory. It consists of the general propositions about the behavior of men. (III) The general propositions of his theory or exchange theory, which envisages social behavior as an exchange of rewarding or costly activity between men, are five. They are “stimulus generalization proposition”, “success proposition”, “value proposition”, “diminishing value proposition” and “justice proposition”. Homans explains social phenomena, showing how they follow as conclusions from these propositions in deductive systems. (IV) This Homans' approach is not Durkhaim's but Simmel's approach.

著者

小出 あつみ 山内 知子 大羽 和子

出版者

一般社団法人 日本調理科学会

雑誌

日本調理科学会誌 (ISSN:13411535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.6, pp.397-404, 2007-12-20 (Released:2013-04-26)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

1

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本研究は,貯蔵及び加熱調理後のアンセリン(Ans)とカルノシン(Car)の含有量およびDPPHラジカル捕捉活性の変化を,ブロイラー(B)・三河赤鶏(M)・名古屋コーチン(K)肉を用いて明らかにした。屠鳥後32時間以内の肉に含まれるAnsとCar量は鶏の種類,部位,飼育状態によって異なった。塊状の胸生肉を7日間冷凍貯蔵(-80℃)してもAnsとCar量は変化しなかったが,ミンチ状の肉を冷凍貯蔵し解凍するとAnsとCarの合計量が有意に増加した。BとK胸ミンチ肉を加熱調理した場合,Ans+Car量は真空調理と茹で加熱(茹で汁を含む)後で減少しなかったが,電子レンジ,蒸し,焼きおよび揚げ加熱後で減少した。DPPHラジカル捕捉活性は,B肉の真空調理,蒸し,茹で,揚げ加熱後では減少しなかったが,電子レンジ加熱で有意に減少し,焼き加熱で有意に増加した。K肉はB肉の変化とほぼ類似した傾向であった。

著者

駒田 真由 横山 直 湯浅 貴裕 添田 真司

出版者

一般社団法人 日本臨床救急医学会

雑誌

日本臨床救急医学会雑誌 (ISSN:13450581)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.6, pp.810-816, 2013-12-31 (Released:2014-01-15)

参考文献数

2

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東海大学医学部付属病院(以下,当院と略す)は東日本大震災に対する医療支援活動を石巻市で2011 年3 月27 日〜5 月2 日まで行った。今回,その際に薬剤師が行った活動の取り組みについて報告する。薬剤師が医療支援活動に参加するにあたり,当院薬剤部の医療支援体制を構築し,災害対策担当薬剤師,後方支援担当薬剤師,被災地担当薬剤師を選出した。災害対策担当薬剤師の指揮・統括のもと,後方支援担当薬剤師は,医薬品や薬剤関連物品の選定・準備を行い,被災地支援担当薬剤師は被災地にて調剤・投薬・服薬指導等を行った。この支援体制で薬剤師の医療支援活動をサポートし,全体的には円滑な活動ができたと考える。その一方で,さらに適切な医薬品選定や薬剤関連物品の軽量化に加え,医療支援活動経験者の育成が課題であることが明らかになった。

著者

中野 正大

出版者

日本社会学会

雑誌

社会学評論 (ISSN:00215414)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.3, pp.93-101, 1970-12-30 (Released:2010-02-19)

参考文献数

7

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In this paper, we shall begin with distinguishing the three major types within a great variety of functionalism and, then, reconsider the problems of “sociological functionalism”, which is one of the three types of functionalism, from the viewpoint of “scientific explanation”. Sociological functionalism explains the existence or occurrence of a item that is the object of “functional analysis”, by showing how it contributes toward survival or integration of a society (social system) as a whole by fulfilling functional prerequisites of it. Its characteristics are, therfore, to use the theory of functional prerequisites and the model of social system and, in a analytical point of view, “holistic” and “system centered” as many people have often pointed out. My concern is to clarify whether the explanation that is provided by this sociological functionalism can be scientific one. As Hempel points out, the scientific explanation, which is synonymous with “theory”, must satisfy both the requirement of explanatory relevance and that of testability. However, when we examine sociological functional explanation with such criteria, we can see the fact that it fails to meet the minimum requirement for scientific explanation. For its major problems consist in the key concepts in it : functional prerequisites, survival, integration (or stability, equilibrium, harmony, and structural continuity), adaptation or adjustment, and functional equivalents. But yet, it seems these problems are due to the model of social system (or society) because the model functionalists have in mind is usually biological organic analogy. Accordingly, if we try to improve sociological functional explanation toward scientific one, to it is essential to make the concept of social system, we use, clear. That is, to describe the components of it in detail and specify the internal and external (environment) condition in a system. And next, to clear the key concepts above in sociological functionalism, we must set up the “permissible state” of the system which is possible to survive or integrate (stabilize or equilibrate) as Hempel and Nagel suggest. It would be indicated by specifing the “range” of possible state of it. However when we think of these difficult problems above in formulating sociological functionalism, we had better abondon it at this stage. It might be rather advisable to attempt at constructing a small hypothesis (theory) by dealing with the fields of lower (micro) level in a society, for example a subsystem, and, then, go toward the study of higher level in it.

著者

株式会社 ニッセー

出版者

一般社団法人 日本塑性加工学会

雑誌

塑性と加工 (ISSN:00381586)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.624, pp.46-46, 2013 (Released:2013-04-02)

著者

Yusuke Morimoto Akiyoshi Saito Yasuaki Tokuhashi

出版者

国際レーザー医学会 国際光治療学会 アジア太平洋レーザー医学会 日本レーザーリプロダクション学会 日本レーザー・スポーツ医科学学会 世界レーザー医学連合会

雑誌

LASER THERAPY (ISSN:08985901)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.1, pp.17-20, 2013 (Released:2013-03-31)

参考文献数

5

被引用文献数

5 27

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Background and aims: Our hospital has used LLLT in the treatment of athletes since 1990. We had a good result about LLLT for sports injuries. However, few articles have attempted to evaluate the efficacy of LLLT for sports injuries. The aims of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of LLLT for sports injuries.Materials (Subjects) and Methods: Forty one patients underwent LLLT in our hospital. These patients included 22 men and 19 women with an average age of 38.9 years old. Patients were irradiated by diode laser at points of pain and/or acupuncture points. Patients underwent LLLT a maximum treatment of 10 times (mean 4.1 times). We evaluated the efficacy of LLLT using a Pain relief score (PRS). A score of 2 to 5 after treatment was regarded as very good, 6 to 8 as good, and 9 to 10 as poor. A PRS score of less than 5 was regarded as effective.Results: The rate of effectiveness (PRS of 5 or less) after LLLT was 65.9% (27/41 patients).Discussion: In this study, the resulting rate of effectiveness was 65.9% for all sports injuries. However, we have a high rate of effectiveness for Jumper's knee, tennis elbow and Achilles tendinitis and cases that were irradiated laser by a physician. Conclusions: LLLT is an effective treatment for sports injuries, particularly jumper's knee, tennis elbow and Achilles tendinitis.

著者

菅野 正

出版者

日本社会学会

雑誌

社会学評論 (ISSN:00215414)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.1, pp.98-102, 1954-10-20 (Released:2009-11-11)

著者

森 好夫

出版者

日本社会学会

雑誌

社会学評論 (ISSN:00215414)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.2, pp.98-104, 1968 (Released:2009-10-20)

著者

原山 保

出版者

日本社会学会

雑誌

社会学評論 (ISSN:00215414)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.4, pp.18-36,109, 1972-03-30 (Released:2009-11-11)

参考文献数

12

著者

小室 直樹

出版者

日本社会学会

雑誌

社会学評論 (ISSN:00215414)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.6-22,134, 1969-07-30 (Released:2009-11-11)

参考文献数

2

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The purposes of this papar are to clarify the theoretical structure and methodological meaning of the functional analysis and lay a foundation for a systematic reconstruction of key terms of this analysis.In this paper, the functional analysis is understood as a kind of system analysis (interaction analysis) which uses a teleological way of reasoning for the explanation of the working mechanism of interaction processes. Then our problems are two. (1) To construct a coherent theory of the system analysis (2) To find a scientific meaning in the teleological way of explanation which has been notorious for its theological characteristics.(1) The key concept of the interaction analysis is that of the “equilibrium”. This concept is first imported from physics into social sciences and mostly explored in economic theory. The equilibrium concept in sociology should be somewhat wider than that in economics. Our first task is, therefore, to discuss how in what sense it is wider than its counterpart in economics. We also discuss about the sociological meaning of the existence theorem and stability condition of the system analysis in sociology.(2) We replace the notorious concept of “teleology” by a cybernetical way of explanation. The functional analysis is a kind of cybernetics which set a assumption that the social structure is forced to change if functional requisites are not significantly satisfied.This interpretation of the functional analysis also pave a way to the theory of social change. Functional requisites are not supposed to be axiomatically satisfied and the dissatisfaction of some functional requisites will necessarily leads to a dissolution of the social structure. This is the essential way of thinking of social change in terms of the functional analysis. We also show a way to a functional theory of conflict using the cybernetical way of reasoning.

著者

飯田 剛史

出版者

日本社会学会

雑誌

社会学評論 (ISSN:00215414)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.2, pp.178-192, 1984-09-30 (Released:2009-10-19)

参考文献数

62

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デュルケームの儀礼論を、サイバネティクスの観点より、「集合力-象徴モデル」を構成することによって、分析する。サイバネティクスとは、パーソンズによると「高情報・低エネルギーのシステムが、高エネルギー・低情報のシステムに有効な制御を行いうる諸条件に関わるもの」とされる。ここで、前項に宗教的信念体系を、後項に「集合力」を当てることによってモデル化を行う。集合力とは、人々のエネルギーが、社会的事実として客体化されたものである。またここで、象徴作用は、記号の媒介によって、集合力を喚起するはたらきと定義される (記号は、なんらかの物質的形式によって、イメージあるいは観念を、指示するはたらきと定義される) 。集合力は、象徴的制御のもとに、種々の社会機能に変換される。伝統社会の諸儀礼において、集合力は、宗教的象徴作用を介して、社会統合機能、集合表象維持機能に転換される。しかし、集合力は本来、無名のカオスの力であり、新たな象徴に方向づけられて、社会の変革・再統合の力にも転化しうるのである。

著者

宮腰 裕 太田 達郎 咲山 久美子

出版者

日本養豚学会

雑誌

日本養豚研究会誌 (ISSN:03888460)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.4, pp.192-195, 1986-12-30 (Released:2011-06-08)

参考文献数

10

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1腹6頭の子豚 (Landrace×Hampshire) を実験に用い, 2日齢から14日齢までの間に, 寒冷ストレスおよび取扱いのストレスをそれぞれ2回負荷して, 血漿カテコールアミン濃度を測定し, 平常時の値と比較した。実験時の子豚の直腸温, 吸乳量およびヘマトクリット値は日齢に伴う正常な変動を示し, また, 血漿グルコース濃度には与えられたストレスによると思われる変化が認められなかった。7日齢以前のストレス負荷時における血漿中のノルエピネフリン (NE) およびエピネフリン (E) の値は平常よりも高い傾向を示したが, 10日齢以降ではその傾向が明らかではなかった。NE/E比はストレス負荷時の値が平常時よりも有意に高く (P<0.05), また寒冷ストレス時の値が取扱いストレス時の値よりも高かった。以上のことから新生期におけるストレスに対する血中カテコールアミン放出反応が認められ, 特に寒冷ストレスに対してはノルエピネフリン濃度が相対的に高くなることが示された。

著者

大塚 彌之助

出版者

公益社団法人 日本地震学会

雑誌

地震 第1輯 (ISSN:00371114)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.8, pp.465-496, 1933-08-15 (Released:2010-11-17)

著者

那須 信治

出版者

公益社団法人 日本地震学会

雑誌

地震 第1輯 (ISSN:00371114)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.6, pp.341-351, 1933-06-15 (Released:2010-11-17)

著者

那須 信治 高橋 龍太郎

出版者

公益社団法人 日本地震学会

雑誌

地震 第1輯 (ISSN:00371114)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.4, pp.202-261, 1933-04-15 (Released:2010-11-17)

著者

Toru Hashimoto Kimika Arakawa Yuko Ohta Takaichi Suehiro Noriko Uesugi Masaru Nakayama Takuya Tsuchihashi

出版者

一般社団法人 日本内科学会

雑誌

Internal Medicine (ISSN:09182918)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.5, pp.241-245, 2007 (Released:2007-03-01)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

5 10

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A 60-year-old woman was admitted because of multiple bone pain. Examination revealed hypophosphatemic osteomalacia and acquired Fanconi syndrome. Further exploration revealed monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) excreting urinary Bence Jones protein (kappa light chain). Renal biopsy showed non-specific tubulointerstitial nephritis, yet neither crystalline inclusions in the cytoplasm of the tubular epithelium nor myeloma casts nor amyloid deposits were found. She was treated with supplementation by phosphate, alkali agents, and vitamin D, and responded well to the treatment symptomatically and biochemically. MGUS was observed without chemotherapy. Myeloma had not developed after 10 months follow-up.

著者

本橋 康子

出版者

日本社会学会

雑誌

社会学評論 (ISSN:00215414)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.3, pp.55-72, 1967-01-30 (Released:2010-12-10)

参考文献数

79

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It is a comparatively new phenomenon that the problem of organization, which had been treated as a part of group theory in sociology, began to be presented as organization theory. And we can say that in this fact the problem which organization theory itself has is presented. The aim of this treatise is to get some outlook about the basic view of organization theory by finding a clue in the theory of A. W. Gouldner who tried a methodological approach by laying the problems of organization on the basis of sociology. When Gouldner made distinction between the two prescriptions Max Weber had given to bureaucracy —bureaucracy as a technical system and that as a ruling system based on the legal office— as two patterns of bureaucracy, and presented the two famous concepts, “representative bureaucracy” and “punishment-centered bureaucracy”, he intended to exclude a pessimistic view of organization such as the contradiction between bureaucratization and democracy, and to pursue the accomplishment of rationality in organization. But the empirical studies in industrial organizations showed that “representative bureaucracy” is merely one functional mode and that it is “punishment-centered bureaucracy” that appears in social structure in general. As the result of it, the concept of organizational analysis was displaced by more general concepts such as “rational model” and “natural-system model”, and the tension between organizations and a structural change are explained by the tensional relation between these two factors which are immanent in the organization itself. “Rational model” belongs to the theoretical tradition of Saint-Simon=Max Weber and grasps organization as a rational technical system, while “natural-system model”. which originated from Comte and in which Parsons is a theoretical representative today, puts emphasis on the abiogenetic order in social system and develops a norm-centered theory of organization. Gouldner's criticism was made mainly on the static balance theory of “natural-system model”, and he seeks the motive power of revolution in the accomplishment of rationality in organization. However, the concept of “functional autonomy”, which he presented in an explanatory model of an organizational change, or as what synthesizes the both models, is consequently set up at the point nearer to “natural-system model”. That is, the independency of parts, which is guaranteed by this concept, makes a high adaptation to the threat from outside a system possible, by this it guarantees the stability of a system, and accordingly it is merely within this stable sphere. This appears with a more concrete form in the proposal of “applied sociology” to make a rational plan and control of society effectively. Though it is a natural conclusion of the organization theory which gave up the concept of class, in connection with the occurence of the discussion on the character and the problematic sphere of marxist sociology it should be examined in an objective sense that an approach toward a vital analysis has begun to be made from functionalism theory, which restricted its theme within a static analysis, in a form of organization theory.

著者

Eri Yamamoto Jun Kobayashi Keiko Kanamaru Toshiaki Miura Fujio Watanabe Noriyuki Kobayashi Masanobu Hasatani

出版者

公益社団法人 化学工学会

雑誌

JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN (ISSN:00219592)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.3, pp.348-352, 2003 (Released:2003-11-15)

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

5 6

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A new hydrophilic method for achieving a high-performance adsorbent by impregnating silica into pores of activated carbon has been proposed. In the process, silica-gel was synthesized in the pores of activated carbon after inserting a sodium silicate solution into the pores. Three types of activated carbon were tested to produce hydrophilic activated carbon and to investigate the hydrophilicity by measuring the adsorption isotherms of water vapor and pore structure characteristics. The proposed method worked effectively for adding hydrophilicity to activated carbon, since all of adsorption isotherms of the material treated with this method shifted to a lower region of water vapor pressure than that of the raw material. The shift to a lower relative pressure of adsorption isotherm was maximum when the concentration of sodium silicate solution was 1 mass%.

著者

姫岡 勤

出版者

日本社会学会

雑誌

社会学評論 (ISSN:00215414)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.4, pp.106-108, 1955-04-15 (Released:2009-11-11)

著者

泉 靖一

出版者

日本社会学会

雑誌

社会学評論 (ISSN:00215414)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.3, pp.2-9, 1950-11-30 (Released:2009-10-20)

参考文献数

17