著者

田中 真次

出版者

鳥取の部落史研究会

雑誌

鳥取の部落史研究

巻号頁・発行日

no.2, pp.67-89, 2001

著者

伊藤 哲司 能智 正博 岡本 依子 田中 共子 村本 由紀子 箕浦 康子

出版者

一般社団法人 日本教育心理学会

雑誌

教育心理学年報 (ISSN:04529650)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, pp.16-18, 2007-03-30 (Released:2012-12-11)

著者

田中 共子 下山 晴彦 伊藤 哲司 能智 正博 岡本 依子 村本 由紀子 箕浦 康子

出版者

日本教育心理学会

雑誌

日本教育心理学会総会発表論文集

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, pp.S14-S15, 2006

著者

田中 千絵

出版者

山形大学大学院教育研究実践研究科

雑誌

山形大学大学院教育実践研究科年報 = BULLETIN OF GRADUATE SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING YAMAGATA UNIVERSITY (ISSN:18848893)

巻号頁・発行日

no.6, pp.254-257, 2015-02-21

著者

田中 一裕

出版者

宮城学院女子大学

雑誌

若手研究(B)

巻号頁・発行日

2001

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クモのSCPを決定する要因として、餌虫が保持する氷核活性物質の関与が示唆されている(Tanaka 2001)。この点を明らかにするため、氷核活性バクテリアをもちいた操作実験をおこなった。氷核活性バクテリアを摂食した虫をクモに与えたところ、体組織の凍結開始温度である過冷却点(SCP)が上昇したのに対し、バクテリアを摂食していない虫を食べたクモのSCPは低いまま保たれた。このことは、氷核物質が摂食を通して餌虫から捕食者に伝わり、そのSCPに影響をおよぼすことを意味している(投稿中)。本種の凍結回避戦略を理解するうえで、この餌虫由来の氷核活性物質の同定は不可欠であろう。オオヒメグモは休眠という特殊な生理状態で冬を越す。休眠の誘導にともない、貯蔵栄養物質である脂質の蓄積が起きるか否かについて検討した。材料としては、冷温帯個体群(札幌)と亜熱帯個体群(沖縄)を用いた。両者ともに、休眠誘導にともなってTGの蓄積がおきた。このことは、(1)冷温帯でも亜熱帯でも、脂質が越冬時の主要な貯蔵栄養であること、(2)亜熱帯であっても冬季に飢餓の危険性が存在している可能性、を示唆している。貯蔵栄養をじゅうぶんに蓄えたクモは長期の絶食が可能であり、結果として捕食を介した氷核物質のとりこみを回避できる可能性がある。この点を明らかにするために、野外越冬個体の脂質含量とSCPの関連を調べた。まだ、解析は終わっていないが、暖温帯個体群(福岡、宮崎)では両者の間に弱い相関が見出された。飢えた個体は、冬のあいだも積極的に捕食するので、結果としてSCPが高まるのだろう。日本各地で越冬個体の捕食頻度を調査した。捕食頻度は南で高く、北で低かった。この傾向は、越冬個体のSCPの地理的傾向と一致していた。今後、冬季に活動する虫たちが氷核物質を保持しているか否かについての検討が必要だろう。

著者

森本 幸裕 田中 和博 原口 真

出版者

森林文化協会

雑誌

グリーン・パワー (ISSN:03890988)

巻号頁・発行日

no.443, pp.34-35, 2015-11

著者

田中 信行

出版者

東京大学社会科学研究所

雑誌

社會科學研究 (ISSN:03873307)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.3, pp.61-86, 2003-03-31

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中国の証券法は激しい論争を経て98年にようやく成立したが,論争の成果を反映したものとはならず,時代に遅れた姿のまま誕生した.証券法が施行されてからまもなく,中国はWTO体制の構築へと転換に動き始め,法制度の整備が進められた.証券市場も国際化とそのための規範化を急ピッチで進めているが,証券法は蚊帳の外に置かれたままになっている.本来,国有企業改革における法的支柱のひとつとして期待されて登場したはずの証券法が,なぜかくも惨めな境遇に貶められているのか.本論文は,それが置かれている現在の正常とはいいがたい状況の根源を明らかにし,そのことが提示する問題の意味について考察することにより,今後の改革のなかで証券法に課せられている課題とは何かを展望する.

著者

田中 史生 葛 継勇 李 鎔賢 王 海燕

出版者

関東学院大学

雑誌

基盤研究(C)

巻号頁・発行日

2007

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9世紀に日唐を頻繁に往来し、日中の宗教・文化史に多大な影響を与えた日本僧慧萼について、日中に分散して伝わる関連史料を収集し、これに注釈を付した史料集を作成した。また、中国現地踏査と収集した資料に基づき、慧萼の入唐活動の全体像を復元する研究論文を作成した。さらにこうした成果を収録した報告書『入唐僧恵蕚の求法活動に関する基礎的研究』を刊行し、関係機関・研究者に配布し、広く共有できる東アジア史の貴重な研究素材を活用しやすい形で提供した。

著者

田中 康司 原口 弘志 藤井 秀明 泥谷 誠 岩爪 道昭

出版者

人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会全国大会論文集 (ISSN:13479881)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, 2013

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Web上の膨大な情報の中から有益な情報をいかに高速かつ高効率に抽出するかが重要である.現在,数十億Webページの収集を目標にシステム開発を行なっているが,数十億ページ規模のリンク解析には超多次元の行列演算が可能な大規模な計算機基盤と膨大な計算時間が必要であり,演算の高速化は最も重要な課題である.本発表では,大規模なリンク解析の高速化手法を検討するとともに計算機基盤構築について報告する.

著者

田中 正

出版者

日本映画テレビ技術協会

雑誌

映画テレビ技術

巻号頁・発行日

no.673, pp.56-65, 2008-09

著者

田中 義一

出版者

日本鉄道車両機械技術協会

雑誌

R&M (ISSN:09196471)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.3, pp.43-45, 2004-03

著者

田中 明彦

出版者

一般財団法人 アジア政経学会

雑誌

アジア研究 (ISSN:00449237)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.1, pp.51-86, 1982 (Released:2014-09-15)

著者

田中 明彦

出版者

財団法人 日本国際政治学会

雑誌

国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1983, no.74, pp.134-153,L13, 1983-08-31 (Released:2010-09-01)

参考文献数

19

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An information processing system to simulate the decision-making process of China's international conflict behavior is presented. This system, called CHINA-WATCHER, is designed to represent different models of Chinese cognitive process. Different models are specified in terms of the frame of reference (realist or revolutionary), the evaluation strategy (“dove”, “dawk”, or “hawk”), the support-side decision strategy (“dove” or “hawk”), and the involvement decision strategy (“dove” or “hawk”).No matter how different models are specified in terms of the above criteria, CHINA-WATCHER has key procedures applied in any model. Essentially, CHINA-WATCHER “understands” an inputted case (international conflict, crisis, etc.) and “decides” what China would do. To “understand” the current case, CHINA-WATCHER updates the “world amity-enmity map” showing who are China's friends and who are China's enemies. Then, it detemines the relations of the parties in the current case, i. e. whether the case is a confrontation between friends and enemies, a confrontation between friends and friends, etc.In addition, CHINA-WATCHER determines the contexts in which the current case is put. There are two contexts always to be determined no matter which model is specified; they are the narrative context and the precedential context. The narrative context is the preceding cases which constitute a longer, unfolding “stort, ” with the current case as its most recent episode. Setting the precedential context is the most important feature of the CHINA-WATCHER system. The essential, idea is to derive instructions for current action from an analysis of cases in memory that are similar to the current one in certain key respects. In other words, the decision-makers are assumed to understand the current case in part through the analogy of the past precedents.The second essential operation of CHINA-WATCHER is to decide what to do in the current case. CHINA-WATCHER decides (1) which side in the case to support and (2) to what extent China involves itself. The latter involvement decision consists of verbal involvement and physical involvement. The support-side decision is made essentially from the examination of the party configuration of the current case. The involvement decision is made through the analysis of the precedential context.As stated above, different models are specified in terms of the frame of reference, the evaluation strategy, the support-side decision strategy, and the involvement decision strategy. The frame of reference suggests the criteria of friends and enemies. to China and the criteria to determine the precedential context. The evaluation strategy is used to cope with uncertainty of friend-enemy evaluation. The support-side decision strategy is used to decide which side to support and the involvement decision strategy is used to decide the level of involvement based on the precedential context.We examine how CHINA-WATCHER with different models process information on each of the 385 cases of Chinese international conflict behavior from 1949 to 1978 and predict the decision to be taken by the PRC in each of them. It is found that the model with the revolutionary framework and the evaluation strategy of a “dove” performed better in the periods from 1949 to 1953, from 1957 to 1958, from 1968 to 1969, and from 1974 to 1976. Also found is that the model with the realist framework and the evaluation strategy of a “dawk” performed better in the periods from 1954 to 1956, from 1959 to 1967, from 1970 to 1973, and from 1977 to 1978. But it was found that the Chinese were consistent in the “hawkish” strategy for taking sides and in their “dovish” involvement decision strategy.

著者

田中 明彦

出版者

財団法人 日本国際政治学会

雑誌

国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1990, no.95, pp.16-29,L6, 1990-10-20 (Released:2010-09-01)

参考文献数

17

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Based on the ideas of cognitive balance developed mainly by F. Heider, R. P. Abelson and others, a framework to represent a relationship characterized by amity and enmity is presented; essential points of this framework include (1) your enemy's enemy is your friend, (2) if A has both friendly and hostile relations with B, A and B have “ambivalent” relations, and (3) if there are no “ambivalent” relationship within a system of actors, this system is “balanced”. This framework then is applied to a triangular relationship among three actors and eight possible types of trialgular relationships are derived.To derve possible directions of transition among these eight types, two assumptions and four transition rules are introduced. The assumptions are:(1) three actors differ in their influence; and (2) A weaker actor is more sensitive to imbalance in the system. The four rules are: (1) changes of relationship take place sequentially, i. e., one at a time; (2) actors change their relationships to make the system “balanced”; (3) in an unbalanced system, the relationship between the two weakest actors tends to change; and (4) among the four balanced systems, three can change to become unbalanced (for the precise rule, see the text.)With these four rules, possible directions of transitions among these eight types are derived; this derivation represents a theory to explain how a triangular relationship might possibly evolve (Table 9). To examine the validity of this theory, an analysis of the history of U. S. -U. S. S. R. -China triangular relationships in the postwar period is made (Table 10). Except for the deterioration of U. S. -U. S. S. R. relations in 1960 after the U-2 inicident, the isolation of the Soviet Union in the late 1970s, and the deterioration of Sino-American relations immediately after the Tiananmen Square incident in 1989, the theory explains the historical transitions in the triangle very well.

著者

浦野 起央 田中 明彦

出版者

一般財団法人 アジア政経学会

雑誌

アジア研究 (ISSN:00449237)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.2, pp.71-102, 1990 (Released:2014-09-15)

著者

田中 明彦

出版者

東京大学東洋文化研究所

雑誌

東洋文化研究所紀要 (ISSN:05638089)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.116, pp.107-147, 1992-03

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This paper describes and analyzes the development of the U. S. policy toward China since the Tiananmen Square crackdown in June 1989.It first summarizes the state of Sino-American relations immediately before the Tiananmen Sauare incident in terms of (1) mutual exchanges,(2) Chinese arms transfer issues,(3) U. S. relations with Taiwan (4) human rights issues, and (5) Sino-Soviet relations and points out that the relations between Washington and Beijing appeared one of the most favorable in the postwar history despite some differences especially over human rights issues.The paper then argues that the Tiananmen Square incident changed this situation by examining the initial reactions of the U. S. administration, Congress, and the U. S. business.The next part of the paper describes the development of U. S. policy toward China from the secret trip of Brent Scowcroft and Lawrence Eagleburger to Beijing in July 1989 to their second secret trip to Beijing in December 1989.How the sanctions that the U. S. government imposed immediately after the Tiananmen Square incident evolved and were relaxed is described in detail.The reasons of the secret trips and the relaxation of sanctions as presented by Eagleburger is also analyzed.The final part of the paper examines the development of U. S. China policy in 1990 and 1991, focusing on the issue of the MFN (most favored nation) status for China. The paper concludes itself with the observation that despite the willingness of the Bush administration to maintain more or less normal relations with Beijing, it has become increasingly defficult for the administration to do so unless China makes significant improvements in various issues including human rights, arms exports, and trade.

著者

田中 明彦

出版者

財団法人 日本国際政治学会

雑誌

国際政治 (ISSN:04542215)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2000, no.124, pp.1-10,L5, 2000-05-12 (Released:2010-09-01)

参考文献数

21

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International Relations Theory is in need of reconstruction. The end of the cold War is usually invoked to justify such need. But other factors are also relevant. First, the objects of IR studies are undergoing rapid changes: trends of globalization as well as those of anti-globalization, democratization and human rights protection, increasing activities of multinational organizations and NGOs, problems of “failed states” and persistance of civil wars, prospects of non-proliferation, traditional security as well as “human security, ” and so on. IR studies need theoretical frameworks to deal with such diverse phenomena. Second, academic debates conducted over the last two decades, mostly in North America, now appear to enter into a new, more productive phase of incorporating diverse ontological and epistemological approaches. The field could explore increasingly more diverse objects of study as discussed above with more open-mined viewpoints than in the 1980s when a narrow academic debates between “neo-realism” and “neo-liberalism” dominated the field. Third, theorybuilding activities in Japan is also in need of reconstruction mainly because theoretical gaps between Japanese IR studies and North American ones have been widened over the last two decades. While North American scholars were engulfed completely with the debates between neo-realism and neo-liberals and are now being challenged by the rise of constructivism, most theoretically inclined Japanese scholars paid relatively little attention to either trends of North American IR studies; their concerns were more to do with world systems dynamics and implications of decline of American hegemony. It is about time to narrow the gaps of academic concerns and start joint activities to reconstruct IR Theory. The following ten articles are all attempts to respond to such challenges.

著者

田中 明彦

出版者

公益財団法人 日本学術協力財団

雑誌

学術の動向 (ISSN:13423363)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.3, pp.3_66-3_72, 2015-03-01 (Released:2015-07-03)

参考文献数

5

著者

田中 梓都美

出版者

関西大学

雑誌

東アジア文化交渉研究 (ISSN:18827748)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, pp.467-482, 2011-03-31

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In 1639, the Edo bakufu prohibited Portuguese ships from entering Japaneseports and also prohibited any Japanese from travelling overseas. After this, informationin the form of written rumours entered Nagasaki. Naturally, much of this informationconcerned Taiwan; however, as of yet, there is no research that focuses upon the uniquegeography and customs of Taiwan. During the Edo period, the Japanese awareness ofTaiwan was formed by Tei Seikō's [Zhèng Chénggōng 鄭成功] accounts; however, for thisargument, it is necessary make a distinction between governmental awareness andpopular awareness. This paper attempts to determine the accuracy of information inmaterials compiled by the Edo bakufu and how faithfully they represent the actualcondition of Taiwan. This will then be contrasted with Chinese records. Also, acomparison and investigation of the information on Taiwan contained in Edo-periodpublications and the information on Taiwan in the materials compiled by the Edo bakufuwill provide insights into the formation of the Edo-period populace's awareness ofTaiwan.

著者

田中 ゆかり

出版者

早稲田大学国文学会

雑誌

国文学研究 (ISSN:03898636)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.103, pp.96-87, 1991-03-15