著者

韓 載香

出版者

社会経済史学会

雑誌

社會經濟史學 (ISSN:00380113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.4, pp.377-400, 2007-11-25

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本稿は,パチンコ産業を対象として,在日韓国朝鮮人(以下,在日と略記)コミュニティ内に蓄積される産業関連の経営資源に注目し,同産業への大量参入が実現し,結果的に代表的産業となったことを考察する。産業好況期に在日が集中的に参入できたのは,衰退産業に代わる事業転換先・多角化事業の投資先・新規参入先としてなど,参入する複合的契機がある一方,ビジネスチャンスの発見と参入を容易にする資源が存在したからであった。そのような資源は,1950年代前半に在日コミュニティ内部に基礎的に形成された。在日は,同産業への関与者が多くなるにつれて,人を媒介とした伝播などインフォーマルな形で市場情報に接しやすい環境におかれた。同産業が全国的市場基盤をもっていたため,情報は直接的な競争を生み出さずに共有されえた。一方で,同産業の影の部分が社会的に批判され,ビジネスとして高いリスクの認識が固定化されると,社会からの参入が制限されるようになった。このように,在日は,一般的に参入が抑制されるなか,経営資源をコミュニティ内で入手できる独特な状況下で,参入と集積を進行させてきたのである。

著者

韓 載香

出版者

法政大学イノベーション・マネジメント研究センター

雑誌

イノベーション・マネジメント (ISSN:13492233)

巻号頁・発行日

no.5, pp.99-118, 2008

著者

韓 載香

出版者

法政大学イノベーション・マネジメント研究センター

雑誌

イノベーション・マネジメント (ISSN:13492233)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, pp.99-118, 2008

著者

韓 載香

出版者

法政大学イノベーション・マネジメント研究センター

雑誌

イノベーション・マネジメント (ISSN:13492233)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, pp.99-118, 2008 (Released:2018-10-23)

著者

韓 載香

出版者

政治経済学・経済史学会

雑誌

歴史と経済 (ISSN:13479660)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.3, pp.37-55, 2005-04-30 (Released:2017-08-30)

被引用文献数

1

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Enterprises owned and managed by Korean-Japanese, who constitute the largest ethnic minority in Japanese society, have tended to focus their business activities in certain specific industries. This paper examines the inter and intra-industry dynamics behind the concentration of their economic domains. In particular, I clarify the historical reasons for the considerable entry of ethnic Korean-owned firms into the Nishijin kimono manufacturing in Kyoto, which is considered one of the symbolic businesses of traditional Japanese beauty. I then investigate the economic and social mechanisms through which Korean businesses, such as those in Kyoto, have transferred their resources from declining industries to growing ones. After World War II, Korean businesses entered the Kyoto textile industry by utilizing resources that they had accumulated within their ethnic community. The community functioned as a facilitator of business opportunities, through informal information networks. Once the enterprises were established, however, they did not maintain any special relationships among themselves, and they actually competed against each other, while they conducted regular transactions with the mainstream Japanese business community. Each firm nurtured its own competitiveness, and consequently they each exhibited different rates of growth and profitability. The ethnic networks, however, initially played a significant role in directing the entry of ethnic Koreans into certain industries. Moreover, the same mechanism played a role in the expeditious exit of those textile companies from their declining businesses. Once again, ethnic information networks facilitated the shift of economic activities, this time towards the pinball amusement industry, which has become the most representative industry of ethnic Koreans in Japan to this day. In sum, the ethnic community acted as an active agent which made the barriers of entry, exit, and mobility between industries much lower for the ethnic Korean community in Japan.

著者

籠谷 直人 韓 載香 曳野 孝

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.3, pp.52-59, 2005-12-25 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

韓 載香

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.2, pp.3-27, 2015 (Released:2018-01-23)

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This paper discusses the pachinko industry's tremendous market expansion and development in the 1980s through an examination of factors related to the transformation of pachinko parlor management during this period.The first factor in this development is related to increasing stability of the profit structure of parlors that occurred as sales fluctuations became smaller, a trend spurred by the sudden rise in sales brought about by greater enthusiasm for gambling. At the same time, management became increasingly independent as it no longer needed to readjust the individual pins on game boards, a process that required a great deal of technical skill.The second factor is related to the supply system of the ‘Fever’ machine, which occurred in response to the pachinko boom. Since there is high fluctuation in demand, machinery manufacturers generally do not have sufficient production facilities to fill orders in a short period of time when popular models appear. However, in response to the sudden popularity of the ‘Fever’ machine, other makers, in addition to the original manufacturer, started to produce and supply imitations, making it possible to meet expanded demand throughout Japan.On the other hand, competition became more fierce as many new parlors entered the market, enticed by the industry's growth potential. Parlor management, which had previously relied on, among other things, technical expertise related to pachinko board pin adjustment, now found itself confronted with limitations. The industry thus sought new management approaches as it attempted to come to terms with the new situation.

著者

韓 載香

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.2, pp.27-57,96, 2006-09-25 (Released:2009-11-06)

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The entertainment industry of pachinko, Japanized pinball machines, is a unique business to Japan. Although its total market size exceeds that of such significant industries as iron and steel and chemicals, history research has long neglected this business. Partially it is because in the mind of ordinary people the industry still remains in the gray zone of legalized yet antisocial gambling that is characterized by tax evasion and connections to organized crime. It may also be because the industry historically developed thanks to the active contributions of ethnic minorities in Japanese society like Koreans and Chinese. Actually, pachinko business including both upstream machine-making to downstream service establishments stands as the only large industry in which the minority groups have played a predominant role in Japan.Although the pachinko entertainment originated on the busy street of temple and shrine festivals in pre-World War II Japan, the modern development resulted from the legalization of pachinko gambling after the war. The number of pachinko places thus skyrocketed to 43, 452 in 1953 from 4, 818 establishments in 1949, although the number then rapidly declined to 8, 487 in 1957. The turbulent 1950s symbolized the decade in which the basic organization of the industry got established thanks presumably to the emergence of innovative machines and the alterations of police regulations regarding high-risk gambling.The present article focuses on the entrepreneurial activities of Takeichi Masamura whose mechanical improvement called Masamura-gauge revolutionized the pachinko machine that became more technically sophisticated. While Masamura did not deliberately register for the patent of his invention for the sake of the overall development of the pachinko industry, his business combining the machine-making segment and the amusement establishments still flourished thanks to the strong sales of his machines and the technical know-how his company possessed as a manufacturer.In 1955, however, police regulation got altered in order to prevent the gambling craze of pachinko, which drastically changed the performance of the industry in general. Masamura's enterprise was also hit hard as the demand for new equipment suddenly declined. His downstream pachinko amusement segment, on the other hand, could improve the profitability, because the new regulation eventually lowered the business uncertainty that had been associated to the progressively risky equipment. Given the new regulatory environment and the stabilized structure of the industry the performance of pachinko business now depended upon accumulated managerial know-how and capabilities, rather simple luck or technical skills. Principles of scale economies kicked into the industry and the average size of amusement establishments would get larger in the 1960s. The new entry thus became difficult for both machine-making and amusement segment because of the requirements for financial resources and managerial know-how.

著者

韓 載香

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.1, pp.50-77, 2003-06-25 (Released:2009-11-06)

被引用文献数

1

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Enterprises owned by Koreans have been the largest minority businesses in Japan. Although Lotte and Softbank are now the two most notable companies among them, most Korean-owned firms have historically been small and invisible. This paper aims to illustrate the structural characteristics of Korean-owned enterprises in Japanese economy since World War II. After the de-colonization at the war's end, Koreans, many of whom had emigrated to the Kinki region before the war, started small businesses of their own, partially because they were excluded from the regular labor market because of widespread discrimination. Given their shortage of capital, they utilized the only resources they possessed, i.e., the knowledge accumulated in their prewar experiences as blue-collar workers.For the most part of postwar decades, thus, Korean businesses confined themselves to labor-intensive segments of such limited industries as rubber and plastic footwear, secondary metal processing, textile processing, hosiery making, and civil engineering. They also exhibited an interesting pattern of regional concentration for many of their major industries. Footwear businesses are mostly located in the western part of Kobe city, while the southern part of Osaka prefecture became the center of hosiery making.The development of Korean industries took two forms in the long run. First, particularly since the 1970s, Korean businesses started expanding in such new spheres such as money lending, real estate, and even professional services. Second, throughout the postwar decades, Koreans increased their presence in the pinball (pachinko) entertainment industry, which became a symbol of Korean businesses in Japan. Koreans now control the entire vertical chain of the pachinko industry from machine making to pinball halls.In the economic environment that has not necessarily been friendly, Korean businesses adapted relatively well to open up their own niches, particularly in non-manufacturing sectors. But their position did not follow the developmental direction that Japanese economy took. While the economy exited from labor-intensive industries, Korean enterprises have remained in that economic segment, which is not necessarily conducive to new business dynamics.

著者

韓 載香

出版者

政治経済学・経済史学会

雑誌

歴史と経済 (ISSN:13479660)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.1, pp.1-18, 2009

参考文献数

61

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This paper examines the process through which credit unions were founded by the Korean-Japanese minority, placing particular emphasis on the political and economic conditions that prescribed and enabled their establishment within the historical setting of the North-South conflict. Organized activity by Korean-Japanese political organizations such as Choren, the Federation of Korean-Japanese People, was instrumental in creating the first credit union in the period of reconstruction after World War II. In the ambiguous situation arising while the legal status of the Korean-Japanese was yet to be defined and the establishment of credit unions was not yet certain, organized action by the Korean-Japanese was an important driving force behind joint establishment of credit unions for the elimination of discrimination. However, while the effect of political divisions did not appear immediately, the north-south conflict gradually penetrated the credit union, resulting in the purge of those with differing political opinions. To service those Korean-Japanese who were excluded from the first, a second credit union, the Shogin, was ultimately established by the business community associated with South Korea. Thus, political and economic factors were compounded in the background of this nationwide rollout of the two credit unions. The establishment process of Shogin was not necessarily smooth. One problem was the lack of knowledge regarding financial institutions in the South Korean-Japanese community; another was that despite the will to establish the Shogin, there were not the financial resources to do so. A further problem was that the financial authorities regarded all Korean-Japanese customers as South Korean citizens, which for legal reasons resulted in the lengthy delay in its establishment. In such conditions, the establishment of Shogin was ultimately accomplished with support from ethnic-political institutions such as Mindan, the Federation of Korean-Japanese People, and financing from the South Korean government, which committed to the establishment of the credit union as political conflict with the north sharpened. In the end many small credit unions emerged prefecture by prefecture since they were prescribed for political as well as economic reasons. These credit unions had limited operational scope as financial institutions from the beginning, due to their funding scale. Future growth thus relied on population size and the economic viability of the Korean-Japanese community in the area covered by each union.

著者

韓 載香

出版者

政治経済学・経済史学会

雑誌

歴史と経済 (ISSN:13479660)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.1, pp.69-72, 2014

著者

高寺 政行 大谷 毅 森川 英明 乾 滋 南澤 孝太 佐藤 哲也 鋤柄 佐千子 大塚 美智子 金 キョンオク 宮武 恵子 松村 嘉之 鈴木 明 韓 載香 柳田 佳子 古川 貴雄 石川 智治 西松 豊典 矢野 海児 松本 陽一 徃住 彰文 濱田 州博 上條 正義 金井 博幸 坂口 明男 森川 陽 池田 和子 鈴木 美和子 北折 貴子 鄭 永娥 藤本 隆宏 正田 康博 山村 貴敬 高橋 正人 中嶋 正之 太田 健一 堀場 洋輔

出版者

信州大学

雑誌

基盤研究(S)

巻号頁・発行日

2012-05-31

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我が国ファッション事業の国際化に寄与する研究を目指し,国際ファッション市場に対応する繊維工学的課題の解決,国際ファッション市場に通用するTPS/テキスタイル提案システムの構築を行った.国際市場に実績ある事業者を対象とし,現場の調査,衣服製作実験,商品の評価を行い我が国との比較を行った.欧州・中国と日本における衣服・テキスタイル設計,評価および事業の違いを明らかにし,事業と技術の課題を明らかにした.デザイナーのテキスタイル選択要件を調査し,テキスタイルの分類法,感性評価値を組み込みTPSを構築した.日欧で評価実験を行い有効性を確認した.また,衣服・テキスタイル設計評価支援の技術的知見を得た.

著者

韓 載香

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.2, pp.3-27, 2015-09

著者

韓 載香

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.2, pp.27-57, 2006-09

著者

韓 載香

出版者

東京大学経済学会

雑誌

経済学論集 (ISSN:00229768)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.3, pp.47-71, 2005-10

著者

大谷 毅 高寺 政行 森川 英明 乾 滋 徃住 彰文 柳田 佳子 宮武 恵子 矢野 海児 濱田 州博 池田 和子 鈴木 美和子 鈴木 明 正田 康博 上條 正義 松村 嘉之 菅原 正博 藤本 隆宏 肖 文陵 高橋 正人 韓 載香 金 キョンオク 李 宏偉 佐野 希美子 NAKANISHI-DERAT Emi 雑賀 静

出版者

信州大学

雑誌

基盤研究(A)

巻号頁・発行日

2011-04-01

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日本のファッション衣料の国際プレゼンスが低い原因は、国境を超えた着用者への製品の提案力の欠如にあった。日本のmodelismeは良好だがstylisme(ことに一次設計)は脆弱だ。スタイルの代替案想起・期待・選択作業は、設計者に対し、グローバルな着用者の行動空間に関する知見を求める。これはまた事業者の決定の価値前提の問題に関係する。大規模なファッション事業者の官僚組織が生み出す「逆機能」とも密接に係る。単にブランドの問題だけではなく、事業規模・裁量・ルーチン・経営資源配分に関わることが判明した。製品展示を半年以上前倒しするテキスタイル設計過程は、衣服デザイナーの決定前提の一部を説明していた。