著者

Ryo SAITO James K. CHAMBERS Yoshiki SUGIYAMA Kazuyuki UCHIDA

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, no.6, pp.766-769, 2022 (Released:2022-06-10)

参考文献数

10

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A 13-year-old female Miniature Dachshund showed seizures and an intracranial mass was seen in the left temporal lobe. Three months after first surgical resection, a recurrence lesion was recognized. Histopathologically, proliferation of spindle cells with diffuse rosette-like eosinophilic deposits, which stained blue with Masson’s trichrome stain, was observed. In electron microscopy, the rosette-like deposits were consisted of bundles of minute filaments which were assumed to be collagenous fibrils. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells were positive for vimentin and cytokeratin, and negative for E-cadherin, S100, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), oligodendrocyte transcription factor (Olig2), and CD204. The rosette-like collagen deposits were positive for type 4 collagen and negative for type 1 collagen. In this report, we describe histopathological features of a canine meningioma with the rosette-like collagen deposits.

著者

Shrabanti Dev Hiroyuki Mizuguchi Asish K. Das Chiyo Matsushita Kazutaka Maeyama Hayato Umehara Takayuki Ohtoshi Jun Kojima Kiyotaka Nishida Kunihiko Takahashi Hiroyuki Fukui

出版者

The Japanese Pharmacological Society

雑誌

Journal of Pharmacological Sciences (ISSN:13478613)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.107, no.2, pp.159-166, 2008 (Released:2008-06-20)

参考文献数

35

被引用文献数

26 29

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It has been shown that probiotic bacteria are effective for the treatment of allergic diseases. As histamine plays a central role in allergic diseases, it is possible that probiotic bacteria affect the allergy-related histamine signaling. Here, we investigated the effect of Lac-B, a mixture of freeze-dried Bifidobacterium infantis and Bifidobacterium longum, on the allergy-related histamine signaling. In the nasal allergy model rats made by sensitization and provocation with toluene 2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) for 3 weeks, TDI provocation caused acute allergy–like behaviors along with significant up-regulation of histamine H1 receptor (H1R) and histidine decarboxylase (HDC) mRNA expression, increased HDC activity, histamine content, and [3H]mepyramine binding activity in nasal mucosa. Prolonged treatment with Lac-B (40 mg/rat, p.o.) significantly suppressed both the allergy-like behaviors and all of the above mentioned factors involved in histamine signaling. Our findings indicate that oral administration of Lac-B showed significant anti-allergic effect through suppression of both H1R and HDC gene expression followed by decrease in H1R, HDC protein level, and histamine content. Suppression of histamine signaling may be a novel target of probiotics in preventing allergic diseases.

著者

Prabir K. PATRA Edward J. DLUGOKENCKY James W. ELKINS Geoff S. DUTTON 遠嶋 康徳 笹川 基樹 伊藤 昭彦 Ray F. WEISS Manfredi MANIZZA Paul B. KRUMMEL Ronald G. PRINN Simon O'DOHERTY Daniele BIANCHI Cynthia NEVISON Efisio SOLAZZO Haeyoung LEE Sangwon JOO Eric A. KORT Suman MAITY 滝川 雅之

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.100, no.2, pp.361-386, 2022 (Released:2022-04-13)

参考文献数

65

被引用文献数

8

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大気中の一酸化二窒素(N2O)は地球温暖化および成層圏オゾン減少に影響を及ぼしており、発生源ごとの放出量推定の精緻化は気候変動の政策決定において非常に重要である。本研究ではまず大気大循環モデルMIROC4を基にした化学輸送モデル(ACTM)を用いたコントロール実験を行い、大気中N2O濃度の時空間変動について現場観測等を用いた検証を行なった。本計算に際しては各種起源(土壌起源、農業起源、その他人為起源、海洋起源)について複数のインベントリを用い、合計5種類の組み合わせで計算を行なった。その結果、N2Oの大気中寿命は年々変動の影響を含め、127.6±4.0年と推定された。次に、世界各地の42地点における1997年から2019年にかけての観測結果を用いて、世界を84分割した各地域におけるN2O放出量についてベイズ手法を用いた逆解法による推定を行なった。その結果、全球の陸域および海洋起源それぞれの放出量は2000年代には12.99±0.22 および 2.74±0.27 TgN yr-1、2010年代は14.30±0.20および 2.91±0.27 TgN yr-1と推定された。 地域別に見ると、南極海周辺での海洋起源放出量について既存インベントリが過大評価傾向にあることがわかった。一方熱帯域および中高緯度域の地表からの放出量についてはそれぞれ過少および過大評価傾向にあったと考えられ、別の観測の結果とも整合的であった。また全球の陸域および海洋起源放出量の時間変動についてはエルニーニョ・南方振動と強い相関が見られた。地域ごとの陸域起源放出量の2000年代と2010年代の間の変化量について調べたところ、北アメリカ、中央および熱帯アメリカおよび中央アフリカ、南、東および東南アジアで増加傾向が見られた。一方ヨーロッパでは減少する傾向が見られたが、これは化学工業に起因すると推定された。また15地域中3地域(東アジア、北アメリカおよび中央アフリカ)および南極海において、季節変化について今後の改良が必要なことが示唆された。陸域生態系モデル(VISIT)による推定放出量を用いた場合、観測から推定される1978年以降の増加速度をよく再現しているが、一方で窒素肥料の施肥から大気への放出にかかる変換時定数については改めて検討する必要があることが示唆された。

著者

三K会 編

出版者

積善館

巻号頁・発行日

1921

著者

Kayoko H. Murakami Atsuko K. Yamazaki Rui Takahashi Kenichi Kowata Jingge Ding Muhammad N. A. B. M. Anuardi Kenichiro Yoshikawa Katsutoshi Waki

出版者

International Society for Tourism Research

雑誌

Journal of Global Tourism Research (ISSN:21899274)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.1, pp.45-54, 2021 (Released:2021-05-15)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

1

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As the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease caused great damage on inbound tourism in Japan, developing an effective promotion way to revitalize the inbound tourism is an important issue. Since many inbound tourists to Japan have expected healing and relaxing for their travels, motivating prospective tourists who look for these comforts is a key to increase the number of inbound tourists for the future. In this study, the authors conducted an experiment to examine whether photos (still image) or videos (moving image) of scenery are more effective to stimulate tourist’s interests to visit Japan with an approach utilizing neuromarketing. In the experiment we recorded the brain activity of subjects, which is monitored as the amount of cerebral blood flow change by using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and obtained their impression evaluation for each scenery image by using Semantic Differential (SD) method. The result of the experiment showed that the amount of cerebral blood flow change for both still images and moving images was similar. Moreover, the result of SD measurement for both still and moving images was also similar. Additionally, it illustrated that the mean values of SD adjectives related to healing were higher than other adjectives. These results suggest that the effectiveness of using photos or videos of scenery for promoting tourism on SNS or website does not have a big difference. In addition, the photos or videos which often give relaxing feelings can be effective to motivate prospective tourists who seek a relaxing time in Japan.

著者

Chiaki KITA James K. CHAMBERS Mika TANABE Mitsuhiro IRIE Hiroyuki YAMASAKI Kazuyuki UCHIDA

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, no.3, pp.406-413, 2022 (Released:2022-03-15)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

4

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Dogs with ovarian papillary adenocarcinoma occasionally present with ascites and/or pleural effusion. These aspirated fluids often contain a large number of cells, and distinction between neoplastic cells and activated mesothelial cells can be difficult. In this study, 7 cases of canine ovarian papillary adenocarcinoma, including 3 with ascites and pleural effusion, were immunohistochemically examined. Ovarian tumor cells were positive for cytokeratin CAM5.2 (CAM5.2), Wilms’ tumor 1 (WT-1) and progesterone receptor (PR) in all 7 cases. A metastatic lesion of the mediastinum in one case was also positive for CAM5.2, WT-1 and PR. Immunohistochemistry on cell blocks obtained from ascites and/or pleural effusion of 2 cases revealed the presence of PR-positive epithelial cells. Whereas, activated mesothelial cells in ascites or pleural effusion collected from dogs without neoplastic lesions were negative for PR. In addition, surface epithelium and subsurface epithelial structures (SES) of normal canine ovaries, that are considered to be the cell of origin for ovarian papillary adenocarcinoma, were also positive for CAM5.2, WT-1 and PR. These results indicate that, together with CAM5.2, WT-1 and PR is a useful diagnostic marker for canine ovarian papillary adenocarcinoma. Expression of PR may be associated with progesterone-dependent nature of canine ovarian papillary adenocarcinoma.

著者

ゴラム サルワル A.K.M. 高橋 英樹

出版者

日本花粉学会

雑誌

日本花粉学会会誌 (ISSN:03871851)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.2, pp.87-104, 2007-12-31

被引用文献数

1

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スノキ属協Vacciniumの花粉形態研究に続き,本属が所属するスノキ連に含まれる他の22属59種の花粉形態を光学顕微鏡と走査型電子顕微鏡で観察し,スノキ連全体で見られる花粉四集粒の形態的多様性を要約した.スノキ属の花粉で見られた溝間極域の外壁模様の7型(1〜7型)・12亜型に加えて,新しい1つの型(8型:アガペテス・ブラクテアータ)と5型の中に2つの新亜型を認めた.ディモルファアンテラ属での結果は,スノキ連における属の単系統性同定のために外壁表面模様が最も有用な花粉形態形質であることを示した.アガペテス属の外壁模様はスノキ属に近縁であることを支持したが,アガペテス・ブラクテアータを除けば,アガペテス属がスノキ属に含まれるという可能性をも示すものだった.コステラ・エンデルティイの外壁模様(7型)はスノキ属のポリコディウム節に含まれる唯一の種ワッキニウム・スタミネウムに大変よく似ていた.遺伝子系統であるアンデアン・クレードの2つの主要なサブクレードへの分割は,花粉形態からは支持できなかった.しかしマクレアニア属の単系統性は支持できそうである.先行研究が示していたように,花粉形態形質はカウェンディシア属とサティリア属の姉妹系統関係を支持し,チバウディア属には少なくとも2つの明瞭な群があることも示した.ゲイルッサキア属とスノキ属との近縁性も花粉形態研究は支持した.

著者

László Oláh Gergő Hamar Shinichi Miyamoto Hiroyuki K. M. Tanaka Dezső Varga

出版者

社団法人 物理探査学会

雑誌

物理探査 (ISSN:09127984)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, pp.161-168, 2018 (Released:2018-12-28)

参考文献数

42

被引用文献数

3 4

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Muography is an emerging visualization technique for inspection of large-sized objects with the measurement of the absorption rate of cosmic-ray muons. Present paper introduces the first prototype of a Multi-Wire-Proportional-Camber (MWPC)-based borehole detector. The designed tracking system is based on the so-called Close Cathode Chamber (CCC) concept, which provides easily handling and robust detectors. The 18-cm-length detector is covering a sensitive area of 20 cm × 32 cm and an angular acceptance up to 60 deg with close to full tracking efficiency (99 %), reasonable position resolution of 1.8 mm and angular resolution of 10 mrad. The detector has been tested inside a shallow shaft and an underground iron pillar with concrete basement has successfully been imaged with the resolution of 15 cm within 15 days, which indicates the future industrial usage of MWPC detectors and encourages the application oriented development of this technology for borehole-based muography.

著者

泉子・K. メイナード

出版者

社会言語科学会

雑誌

社会言語科学

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.42-55, 2017

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<p>本稿は,ケータイ小説に使われる言語表現や語りのスタイルの分析を通して,作者がどのような「私」を表現しているかを探求する試みである.背景として,ケータイ小説とメディアの関係,ポストモダンの日本文化の中での性格付け,さらに,ケータイ小説というジャンルの特徴などを考察する.ケータイ小説現象は,モバイルデバイスを通したメディア依存の自己理解・自己提示を可能にする文芸ジャンルとして,若い女性を中心とする大衆に受け入れられてきた.本稿では,書籍となったケータイ小説の分析・解釈を通して,作者が,自分・登場人物・読者を交えた擬似会話をすることで,キャラクターやキャラとしての自己を表現する様相を探る.そしてケータイ小説は根本的には,誰かに話しかけ,誰かと繋がりたいという願望に動機付けられ,キャラクター的自己認識を可能にする擬似会話行為として捉えることができることを論じる.</p>

著者

M.K.

出版者

社団法人情報科学技術協会

雑誌

ドクメンテーション研究 (ISSN:00125180)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.10, pp.343-344, 1971-10-01

著者

Peter K. L. Ng

出版者

Carcinological Society of Japan

雑誌

Crustacean Research (ISSN:02873478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, pp.65-73, 2021-06-25 (Released:2021-06-25)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

4

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A new genus and new species of potamid freshwater crab, Xestomon tacu, is described from Ta Kou mountain in southern Vietnam. The new genus is characterised by its transversely ovate and smooth carapace surface, the very low to undiscernible epigastric and postorbital cristae, complete absence of a flagellum on the third maxilliped, relatively short ambulatory legs, a male telson which is acutely triangular with the lateral margins distinctly concave, and a short stout male first gonopod which has the terminal segment gently curved upwards.

著者

Kazumichi YOSHIDA Susumu MIYAMOTO SMART-K Study Group

出版者

The Japan Neurosurgical Society

雑誌

Neurologia medico-chirurgica (ISSN:04708105)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.st.2019-0188, (Released:2019-11-09)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

1

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With recent advances in medical treatments for carotid artery stenosis (CS), indications for carotid surgery should be more carefully considered for asymptomatic CS (ACS). Accurate stratification of ACS should be based on the risk of cerebral infarction, and subgroups of patients more likely to benefit from surgical treatment should be differentiated. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers a non-invasive, accurate modality for characterizing carotid plaque. Intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) seems the most promising feature of vulnerable plaque detectable by MRI. Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) is a type II membrane protein of the C-type lectin family with an extracellular domain that can be proteolytically cleaved and released as a soluble form (sLOX-1). This sLOX-1 plays a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and elevated sLOX-1 concentrations correlate with thin or ruptured fibrous caps in patients with acute coronary syndrome. This ongoing study aims to clarify the incidence of ischemic stroke in patients with ACS and IPH confirmed by MRI, and to assess whether sLOX-1 could provide a biomarker for risk of future ischemic events. The study population comprises patients with ACS (>60% area stenosis) associated with MRI-diagnosed IPH receiving follow-up under medical treatment. Primary endpoints comprise transient ischemic attack, stroke or amaurosis resulting from concerned CS. Secondary endpoints comprise any stroke or surgical treatment for progressive luminal stenosis. The target number of patients is 120 and the observational period is 36 months. The study results could help identify individuals with ACS who are refractory to medical therapy.

著者

上田 悦範 山中 博之 於勢 貴美子 今堀 義洋 Wendakoon S.K.

出版者

日本食品保蔵科学会

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.2, pp.73-84, 2019 (Released:2019-08-07)

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果実中のアルコール含量を測ることはその果実の香気評価に重要である。果実(バナナ,パイナップル,メロン,トマト,キウイフルーツおよびイチゴ)の未熟果,完熟果,過熟果からカットフルーツを作り,カット直後および3℃,24時間後のエタノールおよびメタノールの含量を測った。過熟のバナナおよびパイナップルから作ったカットフルーツは高いエタノール含量と酢酸エチルの生成も多く,オフフレーバーが発生していた。過熟のメロンからカットしたものも酢酸エチルの生成が多く,やはりオフフレーバーが発生した。一方トマトはカットすることにより3℃,24時間後,急激にメタノール含量が増え,エタノール含量もまたある程度増加し新鮮さが無くなった。イチゴは使用した栽培品種の内,1品種は24時間後および老化後(3℃,2日間)では高いエタノール含量を示し,酢酸エチルの生成も多くオフフレーバーが感じられた。キウイフルーツは熟度やカットにかかわらずエタノール,メタノールが低含量でそのエステル生成もみられなかった。完熟果におけるアルコールデヒドロゲナーゼ活性を調べたところ,高い活性を示す果実は,キウイフルーツを除き,アルコール含量も高かった。ペクチンメチルエステラーゼの活性はトマトが他に比べて非常に高く,トマトカット後のメタノール急増の原因と考えられる。エステルの生成能力はすべての果実で認められ(キウイフルーツは極低活性),過熟果実のオフフレーバーを加速していると考えられる。カット後すぐに供給され,消費される業種形態もあるので,室温でカット後,2時間までのアルコール含量変化を完熟のバナナ,トマト,イチゴで調べたところ,これらの果実は24時間冷蔵の結果と同じ傾向であった。完熟イチゴおよびトマトをカット後,直ちに測った場合,それぞれエタノールおよびメタノールは極少量検出されたのみであった。イチゴは両品種とも急激なエタノールの増加が起こり,オフフレーバーが認められた。一方,トマトでは遅れてエタノールが増加し始めたが,2時間までは新鮮さが保たれていた。

著者

A.K.

出版者

公益社団法人 日本船舶海洋工学会

雑誌

造船協会雑纂 (ISSN:24331023)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.144, pp.146-148, 1934 (Released:2018-02-25)

著者

Ryo SAITO James K CHAMBERS Takuya E. KISHIMOTO Kazuyuki UCHIDA

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.21-0258, (Released:2021-06-23)

被引用文献数

14

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Meningioma is the most common primary brain tumor in cats, although there are few reports about their pathological features. To investigate the histopathological subtypes and immunohistochemical features including expression of cytokeratin and cell adhesion molecules, 45 cases of feline meningioma were examined. The mean age was 12.5 years (range 6–21 years). No statistically significant sex predilection was observed. Regarding the anatomical location of meningioma, tumors mostly developed in the cerebrum, followed by spinal cord and cerebellum, and multiple meningioma was observed in one cat. Microscopically, linear or focal mineralization was observed in 40 cases and cholesterol cleft was observed in 14 cases. Based on histopathological subtypes, there were 15 fibrous, 22 transitional, 2 meningothelial, 5 atypical, and 1 anaplastic meningiomas. These subtypes are classified into grade 1 (39 cases), grade 2 (5 cases), and grade 3 (1 case). There was no significant difference in the Ki-67 index among histological subtypes or grades. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for cytokeratin in 5 cases (12.8%), vimentin in 17 cases (43.6%), E-cadherin in 36 cases (92.3%), β-catenin in 21 cases (53.8%), and N-cadherin in 1 case (2.6%), demonstrating the utility of E-cadherin-immunohistochemistry for the diagnosis of feline meningiomas.

著者

Nanako YAMASHITA-KAWANISHI Chia Yu CHANG James K CHAMBERS Kazuyuki UCHIDA Katsuaki SUGIURA Iwao KUKIMOTO Hui Wen CHANG Takeshi HAGA

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.21-0153, (Released:2021-06-15)

被引用文献数

11

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Felis catus papillomavirus (FcaPV), especially type 2 (FcaPV2) is considered as one of the causative agents in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in cats. However, our previous study detected FcaPV3 and FcaPV4, but not FcaPV2 in feline SCCs collected in Japan, suggesting that the prevalence of FcaPV2 in SCC may vary depending on geographic locations. To evaluate this hypothesis, two conventional PCR reactions targeting E1 and E7 genes were performed to detect FcaPV2 in feline SCC samples collected in Taiwan and Japan. While 46.9% (23/49) of feline SCC cases from Taiwan were PCR positive for FcaPV2, only 8.6% (3/35) cases from Japan were positive. Our result suggests that the prevalence of FcaPV2 in feline SCCs may depend on the region.

著者

YAMAJI Moeka KUBOTA Takuji YAMAMOTO Munehisa K.

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2021-033, (Released:2021-02-17)

被引用文献数

8

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Reliability information of satellite precipitation products is required for various applications. This study describes and evaluates a reliability flag of the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation Near-Real-Time precipitation product (GSMaP_NRT). This flag was developed to characterize the reliability of GSMaP_NRT data simply and qualitatively by considering its algorithm characteristics. The reliability at each pixel is represented by any one of ten levels (10 being the best and 1 the worst) by considering three major factors: 1) “surface type reliability”—which takes into account that estimation of rainfall using passive microwave sensors is better over the oceans than over land and coastal areas; 2) “low-temperature reliability”—which takes into account the lower reliability due to surface snow cover in low-temperature conditions; and 3) “Moving Vector with Kalman Filter (MVK) propagation reliability”—which means that the reliability gets worse with the increase in time since the last overpass of the passive microwave sensor. To evaluate the utility of the reliability flag, statistical indices are calculated for each reliability level using gauge-calibrated ground radar data around Japan. It is found that the reliability flag represents the differences in GSMaP accuracy: the accuracy worsens as the reliability decreases. The GSMaP errors exhibit seasonal changes that are well represented by the ten levels of the reliability flag, indicating that the reliability flag can be used to catch seasonal variations in GSMaP accuracy due to changes in environmental factors. This study also raises the possibility of improving the reliability flag by using information related to heavy orographic rainfall. It is shown how the error features of heavy orographic rainfall differ from those of the total rainfall, and it is suggested that heavy orographic rainfall information can be utilized to further improve the reliability flag.

著者

村田 敏 スロウラ フセイン 今田 大介 アマラトウンガ K. S. P.

出版者

The Japanese Society of Agricultural Machinery and Food Engineers

雑誌

農業機械学会誌 (ISSN:02852543)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.4, pp.53-57, 1995 (Released:2010-04-30)

参考文献数

6

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本報では, 製粉時に発生する熱による粉体の品質低下の防止に有効な減圧製粉について研究を行った。測定では, 圧力を (170~1025hPa), 水分を (13.4~20.2%w. b.) と変化させることにより, 各々の条件における製粉機の消費電力, 小麦粉末の水分変化を求めた。その結果, 常圧時 (この場合1025hPa) の製粉に比べ, 減圧時の製粉では, 製粉後の粉末の温度上昇が少ないことが明かとなった。また, 消費電力は減少し, 製粉後の水分の減少量は大きくなった。なお, 製粉機への小麦の供給速度は, 小麦の水分に依存することが示された。

著者

JAIN Shipra CHHIN Rattana DOHERTY Ruth M. MISHRA Saroj K. YODEN Shigeo

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2021-021, (Released:2021-01-13)

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Equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) is defined as the change in global-mean surface air temperature due to the doubling or quadrupling of CO2 in a climate model simulation. This metric is used to determine the uncertainty in future climate projections, and therefore the impact of model changes on ECS is of large interest to the climate modeling community. In this paper, we propose a new graphical method, which is an extension of the Gregory's linear regression method, to represent the impact of model changes on ECS, climate forcing and climate feedbacks in a single diagram. Using this visualization method, one can quantify (a) whether the model- or process-change amplifies, reduces, or has no impact on global warming, and evaluate (b) the percentage changes in ECS, climate forcing and climate feedbacks and (c) ranges of the uncertainties in the estimated changes. We demonstrate this method using an example of climate sensitivity simulations with and without interactive chemistry. This method can be useful for multi-model assessments where the response of multiple models for the same model experiment (e.g., usage of interactive chemistry as compared to the prescribed chemistry as shown here) can be assessed simultaneously, which is otherwise difficult to compare and comprehend. We also demonstrate how this method can be used to examine the spread in ECS, climate forcing and climate feedbacks with respect to the multi-model mean (or one benchmark model) for multi-model frameworks like Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 or for different ensemble members in a large ensemble of simulations carried out using a single model.

著者

Kazuhiro Nogita Stuart D. McDonald Arne K. Dahle

出版者

The Japan Institute of Metals and Materials

雑誌

MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS (ISSN:13459678)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.2, pp.323-326, 2004 (Released:2005-06-24)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

115 177

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The effects of different concentrations of individual additions of rare earth metals (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu) on eutectic modification in Al-10 mass%Si has been studied by thermal analysis and optical microscopy. According to the twin-plane reentrant edge (TPRE) and impurity induced twinning mechanism, rare earth metals with atomic radii of about 1.65 times larger than that of silicon, are possible candidates for eutectic modification. All of the rare earth elements caused a depression of the eutectic growth temperature, but only Eu modified the eutectic silicon to a fibrous morphology. At best, the remaining elements resulted in only a small degree of refinement of the plate-like silicon. The samples were also quenched during the eutectic arrest to examine the eutectic solidification modes. Many of the rare-earth additions significantly altered the eutectic solidification mode from that of the unmodified alloy. It is concluded that the impurity induced twinning model of modification, based on atomic radius alone, is inadequate and other mechanisms are essential for the modification process. Furthermore, modification and the eutectic nucleation and growth modes are controlled independently of each other.