581 0 0 0 OA 心理学における再現性危機の10年
- 著者
- 平石 界 中村 大輝
- 出版者
- The Philosophy of Science Society, Japan
- 雑誌
- 科学哲学 (ISSN:02893428)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.54, no.2, pp.27-50, 2022-03-31 (Released:2022-03-31)
- 参考文献数
- 126
It has been almost ten years since Bem published the psi study in a prestigious social psychology journal, which ignited the replicability crisis in psychology. Since then, drastic and systematic changes in research practices have been proposed and implemented in the field. After a decade of such controversy and reformation, what is the current status of psychology? We provide an overview of the 10 years of credibility revolution in psychology by taking the perspectives of “researcher's degree of freedom” and “specification space.” Based on the view, we propose possible future directions for psychology to proceed as a scientific discipline.
90 0 0 0 OA 配偶者選好における身体的魅力重視度の男女差は消えたのか
- 著者
- 平石 界 斎藤 彩乃 西尾 眞紀 藤井 那侑 森 峻人
- 出版者
- 心理学評論刊行会
- 雑誌
- 心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.62, no.3, pp.244-261, 2019 (Released:2021-02-28)
- 参考文献数
- 28
- 被引用文献数
- 3
After Buss (1989) initiated research in the field, sex differences in individuals’ preferences for long-term mates have been extensively studied in evolutionary psychology. Numerous studies report robust sex differences such as (1) men have a stronger preference for a younger mate than do women, (2) women have a stronger preference for an older mate than do men, (3) women more highly value traits associated with resource acquisition (e.g., economic status and educational attainment) than do men, and (4) men more highly value physical attractiveness than do women. However, our replication of the study by Bech-Sørensen & Pollet (2016) did not show a significant sex difference in the preference for physical attractiveness among a Japanese sample; however, the other sex differences (e.g., age difference and resource acquisition ability) were significantly different (Study 1). We designed Study 2 to test whether the nonsignificant findings were an artifact of the item used to measure the preference for physical attractiveness. Study 2 showed that sex differences were not statistically significant. In addition, the effect of sex was significantly smaller than the pre-determined smallest effect size of interest (SESOI).
45 0 0 0 OA 心理学における再現可能性危機:問題の構造と解決策
- 著者
- 池田 功毅 平石 界
- 出版者
- 心理学評論刊行会
- 雑誌
- 心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.59, no.1, pp.3-14, 2016 (Released:2018-04-13)
- 参考文献数
- 100
- 被引用文献数
- 19
Psychological science is now facing an unprecedented crisis of reproducibility. The field is becoming aware of the systematic problems embedded in its research practices that have been widely employed by most academic journals. An emphasis on aesthetic rather than scientific standards has led to a publication bias for positive results, which, in turn, has encouraged questionable research practices (QRPs), such as p-hacking and HARKing. These processes have potentially created “null fields” where many findings are mere products of false positives. This risk is especially large in fields where the prior probability of the hypotheses being true is low. In fact, a recent large-scale replication project reported that the reproducibility of psychological literature is less than 40%. The psychology community is starting to respond to this crisis by becoming aware of the importance of pre-registered replication, and by reforming the publication standards of many journals. In this paper, we provide an overview of the facts and solutions to the present problems.
28 0 0 0 OA ソーシャルメディアにおける災害情報の伝播と感情:東日本大震災に際する事例
- 著者
- 三浦 麻子 鳥海 不二夫 小森 政嗣 松村 真宏 平石 界
- 出版者
- 一般社団法人 人工知能学会
- 雑誌
- 人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.31, no.1, pp.NFC-A_1-9, 2016-01-06 (Released:2016-01-08)
- 参考文献数
- 27
- 被引用文献数
- 8
In this article, we investigate “retweeting in Twitter” or information transfer behavior in social media to figure out some characteristics of our information processing behavior in emergency situation from social psychological perspective. We made an exploratory log analysis of Twitter focusing on the relationship between diffusion of disaster information and user's emotional response on them. Disaster-related tweets which were retweeted over 10 times around the time of the Great East Japan Earthquake were extracted and emotional words in them were categorized and counted. Frequently retweeted tweets tended to include more negative (anxious or angry) or active emotional words than positive or inactive words. As results of multiple and quantile regression analyses, negative (especially anxious) or active emotional words in tweets had a significant effect on the increase of retweeting regardless of a kind of disasters. The results were discussed in terms of the difference with those based on common tweets.
- 著者
- 平石 界
- 出版者
- 日本社会心理学会
- 雑誌
- 社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.34, no.1, pp.60, 2018-07-31 (Released:2018-08-01)
22 0 0 0 OA リスク認知とソーシャルメディア情報拡散過程の進化論的解明:基礎研究から社会実装へ
- 著者
- 佐倉 統 平石 界 池田 功毅 中西 大輔 横田 晋大 三浦 麻子 小森 政嗣 松村 真宏 林 香里 武田 徹 水島 希
- 出版者
- 東京大学
- 雑誌
- 基盤研究(A)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- 2013-10-21
放射線リスクの認知特性と社会内拡散動態を明らかにし、風評被害や差別の抑制に貢献することが目的である。個人の認知的特性を対象とする行動免疫班の実験は、放射線リスクに対する忌避感情が当初の予想より強固で制御困難であることを明らかにした。放射線リスク関連情報のツイッターでの動態を解明するソーシャルメディア班は、放射線についての否定的感情が強力であり、他の災害リスクと異なる拡散パターンを確認した。抑圧的でないリスク管理の方途を考察する社会実装班は、感染症などの過去の風評被害や差別の事例との比較分析やメディア論的考察をおこなった。研究遂行および成果発表は福島の研究者や生活者と共有することを心がけた。
17 0 0 0 OA オンライン時代の研究コミュニティ運営: ReproducibiliTea Tokyo繁盛記
- 著者
- 平石 界 池田 功毅
- 出版者
- 日本認知科学会
- 雑誌
- 認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.30, no.2, pp.146-153, 2023-06-01 (Released:2023-06-15)
- 参考文献数
- 2
ReproducibiliTea Tokyo, a Tokyo branch of a worldwide journal club movement on open and reproducible science, was introduced. We present how it came about, how it operates, and the topics discussed in the past three years since its inception in 2020. We hope the report serves as an example of the management of an online academic community in the post Covid-19 era.
16 0 0 0 OA 進化心理学 : 理論と実証研究の紹介
- 著者
- 平石 界
- 出版者
- 日本認知科学会
- 雑誌
- 認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.7, no.4, pp.341-356, 2000-12-01 (Released:2008-10-03)
- 参考文献数
- 62
- 被引用文献数
- 3
Darwinian natural selection theory has large importance in biology. It has been producing many sub-theories on evolution of animal behavior. Evolutionary psychology is an approach to psychology that employs the evolutionary sub-theories to construct hypotheses on the design of human mind; one of the most interesting biological phenomena. Following an introduction of the natural selection theory, this paper describes some empirical studies on cognitive psychology that have been undertaken with the evolutionary psychological approach. Specifically we will observe the application of a) a theory of social behavior to the study of reasoning, b) a theory of foraging behavior to the study of decision making, and c) sexual selection theory to the study of cognitive sex differences. This paper also presents arguments on domain specificity and innateness of human mind; an important topic that often follows evolutionary psychology. Criticisms on evolutionary psychology will be discussed as well.
15 0 0 0 OA マキャベリアニズム尺度日本語版の作成とその信頼性・妥当性の検討
- 著者
- 中村 敏健 平石 界 小田 亮 齋藤 慈子 坂口 菊恵 五百部 裕 清成 透子 武田 美亜 長谷川 寿一
- 出版者
- 日本パーソナリティ心理学会
- 雑誌
- パーソナリティ研究 (ISSN:13488406)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.20, no.3, pp.233-235, 2012-03-30 (Released:2012-05-22)
- 参考文献数
- 14
- 被引用文献数
- 4 1
This study developed a Japanese version of the Machiavellianism scale (Mach IV) and examined its reliability and validity. A questionnaire survey of university, junior college and vocational school students showed sufficient internal consistency and test-retest reliability for the scale. Its correlational validity was demonstrated in terms of the relationships with psychopathic tendencies, prosocial behavior, and Agreeableness (a dimension of the Five-Factor personality model). These results indicated that the Japanese version of the Machiavellian scale IV is useful to measure Machiavellian tendencies.
With the twin method, we tested the theory of general trust. Among data collected on 1,040 twins, data from 328 pairs of identical twins and 103 pairs of same-sex fraternal twins were analyzed to examine genetic and environmental influences on the general trust level. A univariate genetic analysis showed that genetic factors and nonshared environmental factors accounted for 36% and 64% of the phenotypic variance of general trust respectively, while shared environmental factors did not contribute to it. This supports the argument that the general trust level is set responding to individual social circumstances, not by familial circumstances. A substantial degree of correlation between general trust and extraversion suggested that high trusters were more extraverted, which could support the emancipation theory of trust. Finally, a multivariate genetic analysis demonstrated that there is no genetic factor contributing specifically to general trust. All the genetic factors were shared by general trust and other personality traits, i.e., hostility, positive emotions, warmth, and altruism. The results suggested that heritability of general trust observed with the univariate analysis was a "reactive heritability" from personality traits. The implication of the data from the evolutionary psychological viewpoint is discussed.
9 0 0 0 OA 「行動免疫仮説」に基づく感情の適応的機能に関する総合的検討
9 0 0 0 OA 『心理学の7つの大罪』から考える心理学研究法
- 著者
- 工藤 与志文 南風原 朝和 村井 潤一郎 岡田 謙介 国里 愛彦 平石 界 柴山 直
- 出版者
- 一般社団法人 日本教育心理学会
- 雑誌
- 日本教育心理学会総会発表論文集 第63回総会発表論文集 (ISSN:21895538)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- pp.54-55, 2021 (Released:2021-08-25)
7 0 0 0 共感性形成要因の検討 : 遺伝-環境交互作用モデルを用いて
- 著者
- 敷島 千鶴 平石 界 山形 伸二 安藤 寿康
- 出版者
- 日本社会心理学会
- 雑誌
- 社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.26, no.3, pp.188-201, 2011
Factors contributing to individual differences of empathy were examined using behavioral genetics methodology. Data related to individual levels of empathy and parental warmth received during childhood were collected from approximately 450 pairs of twins (ages 14-33). A bivariate model analysis clarified that shared family environmental factors did not contribute to the formation of empathy. No common shared environmental factors were detected between empathy and parental warmth, either. The positive correlation between the two variables was mediated principally by genetics. The result does not support socialization theory, which holds that warm parenting nurtures children's empathy. However, the subsequent gene-environment interaction model analysis revealed that shared family environmental factors significantly affected the formation of empathy for those with high or very low parental warmth. The results imply that individuals with a strong or very weak attachment to their parents were more influenced by the shared family environment.
6 0 0 0 深層学習と心理学
6 0 0 0 OA 一般的信頼に及ぼす遺伝と環境の影響 : 行動遺伝学的・進化心理学的アプローチ
- 著者
- 敷島 千鶴 平石 界 安藤 寿康
- 出版者
- 日本社会心理学会
- 雑誌
- 社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.22, no.1, pp.48-57, 2006-08-25 (Released:2017-02-08)
- 被引用文献数
- 3
With the twin method, we tested the theory of general trust. Among data collected on 1,040 twins, data from 328 pairs of identical twins and 103 pairs of same-sex fraternal twins were analyzed to examine genetic and environmental influences on the general trust level. A univariate genetic analysis showed that genetic factors and nonshared environmental factors accounted for 36% and 64% of the phenotypic variance of general trust respectively, while shared environmental factors did not contribute to it. This supports the argument that the general trust level is set responding to individual social circumstances, not by familial circumstances. A substantial degree of correlation between general trust and extraversion suggested that high trusters were more extraverted, which could support the emancipation theory of trust. Finally, a multivariate genetic analysis demonstrated that there is no genetic factor contributing specifically to general trust. All the genetic factors were shared by general trust and other personality traits, i.e., hostility, positive emotions, warmth, and altruism. The results suggested that heritability of general trust observed with the univariate analysis was a "reactive heritability" from personality traits. The implication of the data from the evolutionary psychological viewpoint is discussed.
6 0 0 0 OA 東日本大震災関連ツイートにおけるメディアと感情表現の関連
- 著者
- 松村 真宏 三浦 麻子 小森 政嗣 平石 界
- 出版者
- 人工知能学会
- 雑誌
- 人工知能学会全国大会論文集 (ISSN:13479881)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.29, 2015
東日本大震災の際、情報を得るためのインフラとして活用されたツイッターは、他メディアに流れた情報を共有する「メタメディア」としても機能していた。震災関連情報の中には真偽の明確でない情報、悪質なデマ、賛否の分かれる事柄など、議論や論争を呼び起こすものが多かった。本稿では、ツイートログを対象として、メディアが誘発した投稿者の感情を分析し、メディアが投稿者の心理的な側面に及ぼした影響について探る。
5 0 0 0 OA 堪え性のない一研究者からみた研究者のアイデンティティ
- 著者
- 平石 界
- 出版者
- 日本基礎心理学会
- 雑誌
- 基礎心理学研究 (ISSN:02877651)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.36, no.1, pp.113-116, 2017-09-30 (Released:2017-12-07)
- 参考文献数
- 23
Looking back at my own staggering research history, I will discuss and reflect on why and how people should forge their own identities as a researcher in psychological science.
3 0 0 0 OA 社会性とメンタルヘルスの双生児研究-遺伝子と脳活動をつなぐ
- 著者
- 三浦 麻子 小森 政嗣 松村 真宏 平石 界
- 出版者
- 日本感情心理学会
- 雑誌
- エモーション・スタディーズ (ISSN:21897425)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.4, no.Si, pp.26-32, 2019-02-28 (Released:2019-03-11)
- 参考文献数
- 18
The present study explored social sharing of negative emotion on social media related to the 3.11 earthquake. A dataset was created from tweets that included one or more of the nuclear disaster at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (F1-NPP) related vocabulary, which were extracted from all Japanese tweets from March 11th, 2011 to April 16th, 2012. The results show anger was less susceptible to attenuation over time and this trend was more obvious in regions farther from the F1-NPP. Anxiety was more commonly shared in regions with a nuclear power plant, but a tendency to decrease over time was observed and this trend was more prominent the closer one was to the F1-NPP.
3 0 0 0 社会心理学研究の再現可能性検証のための日本拠点構築
本研究計画は,心理学,特に社会心理学領域における,実験結果の再現可能性の検証を組織的に実施する世界規模の再現可能性検証プロジェクトに参画するために,日本における拠点を構築するものである.具体的には,追試研究の実施の拠点となる研究者ネットワークを形成し,標準化された刺激・手続きの日本語版を作成し,手続きの共有と結果の蓄積・公開をインターネット上で実現する.2017年度の研究実績は,以下の3点に集約できる.まず,自分たちの手で着実に再現可能性の検証を積み重ねるため,標準化された刺激・手続きを共有しうる追試研究を事前登録の上で実施し,その成果を日本社会心理学会の年次大会で3件報告し,参加者と活発な議論を行った.次に,心理学における実験結果の再現可能性検証の重要性に対する認識を普及させるための取り組みを行った.特に今年度は,心理学の関連領域の学会誌(ヒューマンインタフェース学会誌)特集号への招待論文の掲載や関連する内容を取り扱った著書や翻訳書の刊行,インターネットラジオ番組への出演など,心理学を超えた周辺領域や心理学に関心をもつ一般市民をも視野に入れた活動を展開した.そして,結果の再現性に疑念のある研究ばかりが追試されがち(そして,再現されないという結果が公表されがち)な現状を憂慮し,心理学の今後の発展のためには,頑健な再現性をもつだろう研究の再現可能性にも注目すべきという信念を持って,その追試マテリアルを作成することにも注力した.この作業は現在も進行中で,2018年度にはAdaptive Memoryに関する実験のマテリアルが完成する予定である.