著者

鈴木 宏昭 横山 拓

出版者

特定非営利活動法人 組織学会

雑誌

組織科学 (ISSN:02869713)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.4, pp.4-15, 2016-06-20 (Released:2016-09-05)

参考文献数

42

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本稿では,組織の中に蓄積された暗黙知の明示化,公共化に関わる困難を認知科学的に分析する.その困難は,意識化すら不可能な知識が存在すること,言語が断片的であるがゆえに状況の復元に十分なパワーを持っていないことに由来する.こうした困難を克服するためには,知識を,場の中でマルチモーダルシミュレーションによって生み出され,改変され続けるものとして捉えることが必要とされる.また状況や身体の情報を豊かに伝える象徴的言語の利用も知識の伝達には有効である.

著者

鈴木 宏昭 大西 仁 竹葉 千恵

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.3, pp.86-95, 2008 (Released:2008-02-21)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

1

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Many studies on skill acquisition have claimed that improvements in performance follow the power law of practice. However, it is also well-known that during long-term practice there are fluctuations such as plateaus, regressions, and spurts. In order to objectively examine the fluctuations in learning process, we analyzed a long-term learning process in a simple assembly task. We applied a time-series analysis based on the state space method to the task completion time. The analysis revealed that the power law of practice provided only a first approximation, and that fluctuations around the power law line reflected long-term trends. Next, we focused on one of the fluctuations, and carried out cognitive analysis to find what produced the fluctuation. We found that, contrary to the dominant skill acquisition model, the slump was attributable to the mismatch between the level of skills and the environment that the skills are demonstrated in. This analysis suggests that, in order to fully elucidate the processes and mechanisms of skill acquisition, attention should be paid not only to the internal mechanisms, but also to the external environment that the skills are demonstrated in. We discussed the above results in terms of the essential role of fluctuations and environment in skill learning as well as the nature of the data obtained from a single subject.

著者

横山 拓 鈴木 宏昭 寺尾 敦

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.3, pp.255-268, 2023-09-01 (Released:2023-09-15)

参考文献数

46

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The purpose of this paper is to develop a model of meta learning in acquiring expertise in the field of insight problem solving. We gave 4 participants a series of 12 geometric insight problems and analyzed the process microscopically. By modeling causal relationships between observed variables using covariance structure analysis, we found that 1) an increase in both variety of trials and appropriateness of evaluation improves performance, 2) the variety of trials and appropriateness of evaluation are enhanced by activating cognitive coordination with external resources; that is, epistemic interaction with external resources to distribute the cognitive load to the environment and find information that is hidden or hard to compute mentally. These findings suggest that meta learning is a result of the activation of the interaction between the cognitive component (variety of trials and appropriateness of evaluation) and the situational-perceptual component (cognitive coordination with external resources).

著者

小田切 史士 鈴木 宏昭

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.3, pp.352-357, 2023-09-01 (Released:2023-09-15)

参考文献数

13

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Previous studies have suggested that implicit information processing plays an important role in insight problem solving. However, some studies reported that when subliminal hint information was presented in sequential order, performance did not improve. On the other hand, recent research has found that sequential presentation of subliminal cues and motor information induced by illusory line motion improved performance. However, the improvement might not be due to the motion information but to the mere presentation of the cues. In order to test this possibility, we conducted an experiment that consisted of three conditions (dynamic, static, and control). The results showed that the dynamic condition outperformed the other conditions, which suggested the crucial role of motion information, at least in insight problems requiring sequential operations.

著者

M.シーガル著 鈴木敦子 外山紀子 鈴木宏昭訳

出版者

新曜社

巻号頁・発行日

1993

著者

諏訪 正樹 鈴木 宏昭 堀 浩一 慶應義塾大学環境情報学部 青山学院大学教育人間科学部 東京大学大学院工学系研究科

雑誌

人工知能

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.3, 2017-05-01

著者

鈴木 宏昭

出版者

The Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence

雑誌

人工知能学会論文誌 = Transactions of the Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence : AI (ISSN:13460714)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, pp.145-153, 2004-11-01

被引用文献数

6 1

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The dynamic constraint relaxation theory predicts crucial roles of the initial diversity and evaluation in creative problem-solving. We reported the experimental evidence supporting these predictions, using an insight problem. The experiments showed that the degrees of making different types of trials and the appropriate evaluation were closely related to individual differences in insight problem-solving, and that evaluation became more appropriate by making the problem-solving goal explicit. The review of the research in related fields showed that these experimental findings were in congruent with the evidence obtained from different types of creative activities.

著者

諏訪 正樹 鈴木 宏昭 堀 浩一

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能 (ISSN:21882266)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.3, pp.437-447, 2017-05-01 (Released:2020-09-29)

著者

鈴木 宏昭 植田 一博 堤 江美子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.1, pp.1_14-1_25, 1998-03-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

12

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A series of experiments was conducted to explore sources of difficulties in manipulating daily electronic appliances. In realizing users' goals, these appliances require users to decompose their goals to a set of subtasks in a specific way. We hypothesize that users who have extreme difficulties do not decompose the task or that their decompositions are different from the one that designers assume. To test this hypothesis, we compared the performance of those who had been taught the general idea of task decompsition with that of the control group, using a copy machine. The results of the two experiments showed that the trained group achieved the tasks faster with fewer errors than the control group. The experiment 3 examined this task decomposition hypothesis, using a refined copier that visualized the idea of task decompostion. The results showed that the refined copier reduced errors at the early stages of learning. These results strongly support the idea that users' difficulties lie mainly in the task decomposition.

著者

横山 拓 鈴木 宏昭

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.2, pp.156-171, 2018-06-01 (Released:2018-12-01)

参考文献数

44

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This study aims at revealing the process and mechanism of meta learning in acquiring expertise in the field of insight problem solving. We gave a participant a series of ten geometric insight problems and analyzed the processes microscopically. During solving a series of problems, the participant’s performance was greatly improved. This improvement seems due to three factors. The first factor is increasing variety of combination patterns. The second factor is increasing appropriateness of evaluation, which enables the participant to quickly discriminate feasible trials from unfeasible ones. The third and most important factor is distribution of problem solving load to the environment. Instead of memorizing the goal pattern and mentally evaluating the fitness of a current combination pattern to the goal, the participant recruits external resources on the spot to offload the cognitive burden. These mechanisms are very different from elaborating and sophisticating individual operations. Rather, they contribute to establish the meta level knowledge that enables the participant to improve his performance.

著者

鈴木 宏昭

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.1, pp.52-71, 2019-03-01 (Released:2019-09-01)

参考文献数

89

被引用文献数

4

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Human cognition necessarily involves the process of projecting internal representations to the real world. However, little effort has been made to explore its process and mechanism. This paper aims at stressing the importance of projection for the total understanding of mind. Next, we propose that there are three types of projection: (proper) projection, misprojection, and fictional projection, depending on the relationships between internal representations and external objects. Then, we discuss possible mechanisms of projection, based on the idea of “overprint” developed by a Japanese philosopher Omori (1982). Finally, we contrast the notion of projection with alternative explanations that deny the notion of projection.

著者

Donald A. Norman 佐伯 胖 Jonathan Grudin 安西 祐一郎 Allan M. Collins Dedre Gentner Michael Cole James Levin Margaret Riel 杉本 卓 村山 功 美馬 のゆり 鈴木 宏昭 中島 秀之 小笠原 秀美 土屋 孝文 樋口 一枝 落合 弘之 野田 耕平 古田 一義 石井 裕 諏訪 正樹 安斎 利洋 中村 理恵子 益川 弘如 中山 隆弘 遠山 紗矢香 Daniel L. Schwartz Marcia C. Linn 飯窪 真也 齊藤 萌木 杉山 二季 板谷 大介 萩原 英子 畑 文子 堀 公彦 Stella Vosniadou Cindy E. Hmelo-Silver Sandra Y. Okita 大津 由紀雄 Marlene Scardamalia Carl Bereiter

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.4, pp.504-541, 2015-12-01 (Released:2016-06-01)

参考文献数

28

著者

西村 友 鈴木 宏昭

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.1, pp.136-138, 2006 (Released:2008-09-25)

参考文献数

4

被引用文献数

1

著者

鈴木 宏昭 杉谷 祐美子

出版者

一般社団法人 日本教育心理学会

雑誌

教育心理学年報 (ISSN:04529650)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, pp.154-166, 2012 (Released:2013-01-16)

参考文献数

73

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本論文では大学生のレポートライティングにおける問題設定に注目して, その援助の可能性を探究した。問題設定は気づき, 洗練, 定式化の3つのプロセスからなり, この各々のプロセスで支援の可能性が存在する。気づきについては文献の批判的読みと直感的判断が重要である。これらを援助することでよりよいレポートが作成される可能性が高まる。洗練の段階では図的にあるいは言語的に自らのアイディアを外化することでレポートの質が向上することを示した。問題の定式化の段階では, 明確化, 普遍化, 相対化の3つが必要となる。協調学習環境下の長期にわたるライティング実践の結果, 明確化と相対化は普遍化に比べて学習されやすいことが明らかになった。

著者

鈴木 宏昭 杉谷 祐美子

出版者

The Japanese Association of Educational Psychology

雑誌

教育心理学年報 (ISSN:04529650)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, pp.154-166, 2012

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本論文では大学生のレポートライティングにおける問題設定に注目して, その援助の可能性を探究した。問題設定は気づき, 洗練, 定式化の3つのプロセスからなり, この各々のプロセスで支援の可能性が存在する。気づきについては文献の批判的読みと直感的判断が重要である。これらを援助することでよりよいレポートが作成される可能性が高まる。洗練の段階では図的にあるいは言語的に自らのアイディアを外化することでレポートの質が向上することを示した。問題の定式化の段階では, 明確化, 普遍化, 相対化の3つが必要となる。協調学習環境下の長期にわたるライティング実践の結果, 明確化と相対化は普遍化に比べて学習されやすいことが明らかになった。

著者

鈴木 宏昭

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.4, pp.4_6-4_18, 1997-12-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

52

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Recent research has shown that similarity plays crucial roles not only in lower-level cognition, but also in higher-level ones such as problem-solving and learning including analogy. At the same time, these findings have made clear the insufficiency of the traditional model of similarity that assumes a flat representation of a fixed set of properties of an object. This paper explores the possibility of extending similarity to the variety of cognitive activities. For this purpose, by reviewing recent studies on similairty judgment, we examined whether human similarity judgment could reflect a.) structural information, b.) task goals, and c.) knolwedge relevant to achieving the task. The review revealed that human mechanisms of similarity judgments incorporate structural and goal-related information in computing similarity.

著者

鈴木 宏昭 大西 仁

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.154-165, 2009 (Released:2010-06-11)

参考文献数

31

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We discussed symmetry from the viewpoint of form and structure of knowledge representation. First we proposed a hypothesis that explains why nonhuman animals do not exhibit symmetry while humans exhibit symmetry. According to the proposed hypothesis, non-human animals form procedural knowledge where an object (the comparison item) and an action are tightly coupled by knowledge compilation through repetitive training. It prevents them from recognizing the object separate from the action so that non-human animals do not recognize the object as the sample stimulus of the inverted task. Therefore the animal does not exhibit symmetry. In contrast, humans make use of verbal description of the training situation. It prompts them to separate the action and the objects, so that the object is easily recognized as the sample of the inverted task. Second we discussed the problem of similarity in reasoning. Many studies showing human symmetric reasoning presume that the truth value of a proposition is either true or false. However we do not always treat a proposition in such a dichotomous way. In such cases, similarity plays important roles. It is well known that similarity is asymmetric and that similarity is computed based on structured representation. We pointed that these two properties of similarity are crucial for understanding human symmetric as well as asymmetric reasoning.

著者

鈴木 宏昭

出版者

一般社団法人 日本科学教育学会

雑誌

日本科学教育学会研究会研究報告 (ISSN:18824684)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.2, pp.53-56, 2014 (Released:2018-04-07)

参考文献数

9

被引用文献数

1

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本研究の目的は,米国の次世代科学スタンダードにおける Nature of Science の内容構成、Nature of Science の内容と科学的・工学的な実践及び領域横断的な概念の関連性を解明することである。研究の結果として以下の 3 点を挙げることができた。第1 に、Nature of Science の内容は、「学問上核となる知識」の一つではないものの独立した学習内容として導入されていたこと。次に、次世代科学スタンダードに導入されたNature of Science の内容は、具体的に 8 つの内容であり、それらは科学史を活用しながら、科学的・工学的な実践と領域横断的な概念と関連づけて学習することとなっていたこと。そして、Nature of Science の内容と科学的・工学的な実践との関連については、領域横断的な概念と比べると、内容に応じて幅広く関連付けられていた。しかしその一方で、Nature of Science の内容と領域横断的な概念との関連については偏りが見られた。

著者

鈴木 宏昭

出版者

一般社団法人 人工知能学会

雑誌

人工知能学会全国大会論文集 第29回全国大会(2015)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.1B4CS1, 2015 (Released:2018-07-30)

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The present paper aims at the collaboration of cognitive science and artificial intelligence. Contrary to the traditional notion of intelligence, recent development in cognitive science has revealed that human cognition is closely tied with its body, emotion, and the environment, to generate adaptive actions. These findings are partly paralleled with those in artificial intelligence. Realizing the commonalities would trigger the reunion of the two research communities.

著者

鈴木 宏昭 開 一夫

出版者

心理学評論刊行会

雑誌

心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.2, pp.211-232, 2003 (Released:2019-04-12)

被引用文献数

7