著者

山本 悦史 中西 純司

出版者

日本スポーツ産業学会

雑誌

スポーツ産業学研究 (ISSN:13430688)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.1, pp.1_97-1_116, 2022 (Released:2022-01-20)

参考文献数

51

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While professional sports clubs in Europe and the U.S. have attained marketability and a public nature simultaneously, many clubs in Japan are struggling to achieve either or both these two values. This study explores the businessization and localization strategies of professional football clubs belonging to the J. League, categorizes the clubs into several types, and examines their marketing dilemmas. A quantitative survey of 35 clubs was conducted from managerial and social marketing perspectives. The findings are as follows: First, through exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis, three factors were extracted as businessization indexes: stable supply of sport services, rationalization of management, and establishment of a management base. Additionally, two factors were extracted as localization indexes: building a platform for regional cooperation, and promotion of local sports activities. Second, using the geometric means derived from the businessization indexes (three factors, eight items) and the localization indexes (two factors, nine items), a correlation analysis was conducted. The clubs were classified into four types: Advanced club (Type-A), Business-oriented club (Type-B), Community-oriented club (Type-C), and Developing club (Type-D). Finally, from the viewpoint of the ABCD model, an analytical model for professional football club management is proposed. We suggest that there can be both synergies and trade-offs between businessization and localization.

著者

荒井 弘和 樋口 匡貴 伊藤 拓 中村 菜々子

出版者

Japan Society of Sports Industry

雑誌

スポーツ産業学研究 (ISSN:13430688)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.3, pp.3_251-3_255, 2022-07-01 (Released:2022-07-23)

参考文献数

6

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This study examined perceptions of the Tokyo 2020 Games among ordinary citizens living in Tokyo, the host city of the Tokyo 2020 Games, in the immediate aftermath of the Tokyo 2020 Games. This study was a cross-sectional survey study conducted via the Internet. Participants were asked to choose from six options that best corresponded to their views on the postponement of the Tokyo 2020 Games. The results were as follows: “It should have been carried out as planned and on the same schedule” (implementation group), “It should have been carried out as planned without spectators or other measures to prevent infection” (no-spectators implementation group), “It should have been carried out as planned and postponed” (postponement group), “It should have been carried out without spectators or other measures to prevent infection and postponed” (no-spectators postponement group), “It should have been canceled” (canceled group), and “Others.” In conclusion, compared to April-June 2020, (1) the percentage of postponement group decreased by approximately one-third; (2) the percentage of no-spectators postponement group increased approximately tenfold. The significance of this study is that the data was collected immediately after the Tokyo 2020 Games, which was an unprecedented event.

著者

小林 至

出版者

日本スポーツ産業学会

雑誌

スポーツ産業学研究 (ISSN:13430688)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.3, pp.241-256, 2018 (Released:2018-08-02)

参考文献数

12

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The designation of undrafted player started its history in the Nippon Professional Baseball (“NPB”) when the NPB introduced its entry draft for the Japanese amateur players in 1965. The NPB clubs used undrafted players to gain competitive edges while the draft system was to bring competitive balance on the field. Many top amateur players who were supposed to remain amateur signed with the NPB teams as undrafted players, to many people’ s surprise. The NPB clubs often put undrafted players outside of the roster as practice players.    1990 was the year when historical changes were made to the entry draft system in the NPB. The NPB expanded the number of draft picks and the roster while it banned the teams from signing amateur players as free agents. Carrying practice players was outlawed at the same time.    The demand for another development system had been growing among NPB clubs with the number of industrial league teams diminishing and players losing opportunities to play. That is how the developmental player system was born in 2005. 2005 was also the year the first independent league in Japan was born, in Shikoku Island. As of 2018, 17 teams, in three leagues, are active. There has been a steady increase in the number of independent league players who were picked in the developmental draft.    As the birth of the developmental player system and the independent league happened to be in the same year, both took their roots in the diminishing of the number of industrial league teams and in the players’ losing opportunities to play.    Another significance of this study lies in the fact that a list of all Japanese players who signed with the NPB teams since the first draft is databased in a spreadsheet.

著者

澤井 和彦

出版者

日本スポーツ産業学会

雑誌

スポーツ産業学研究 (ISSN:13430688)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.2, pp.2_169-2_184, 2014 (Released:2014-11-21)

参考文献数

45

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This study uses property rights theory to comparatively analyze the institutional design of the spectator sports business by examining both a company basketball club and a professional basketball club of Japan’ s top basketball league, whose hometowns were adjacent to each other. Then we try to clarify the possibilities and problems of the institutional transition from a company club to a professional club. To evaluate the “property” (attributes of goods and services) in the spectator sports businesses, we administered a questionnaire survey to spectators attending home games of each club, in which we asked fans if their motivation consisted of “team attachment,” “player attachment,” “sports attachment,” and/or “community pride.” Employees and stakeholders of both clubs were interviewed to identify the assignment of property rights to utilize the value corresponding to the fans’ motivation.    Our results showed that company club fans showed significantly higher “player attachment,” while professional club fans showed significantly higher “community pride.” Moreover, despite the fans’ higher player attachment, the company clubs failed to efficiently utilize “player value” (an attribute of spectator sports that motivated fans via player attachment) because the required property rights actually belong to the parent company, which employs players as full-time employees of the main business, rather than as players. However, the economic advantage that company athletes gained from simultaneously performing a double role (top athlete and full-time employee) provided the company clubs more opportunities to recruit players than the professional clubs, whose budgets for player salaries were limited. In contrast, professional clubs had control over most of the property rights required to utilize the element “value for community resource,” (an attribute of spectator sports that motivated fans via community pride) although these rights were dispersed to stakeholders who had little incentive to engage in the community activities from a medium- and long-term perspective in the company clubs. More fans attended home games of the professional clubs than company clubs, and the utilization of the value for community resources was one factor behind this difference. Therefore, assigning property rights of the value for community resources and also the lack of human resources of business management in company club can be considered the key aspects of institutional design required by spectator sports businesses and the answer to the problem of successful institutional transition from a company club to a professional club.

著者

西尾 建 倉田 知己

出版者

日本スポーツ産業学会

雑誌

スポーツ産業学研究 (ISSN:13430688)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.2, pp.2_159-2_169, 2022-04-01 (Released:2022-04-17)

参考文献数

18

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The Rugby World Cup (RWC) was held in Japan in 2019 and 1.704 million (37,800 per game) domestic and international rugby fans attended the 45 games. In the RWC 2019, hospitality seats, in addition to normal seats, were sold. Hospitality seats provided hospitality service on top of a game ticket, including access to VIP and lounge areas, and dinners at exclusive hotels. Sports hospitality has been popular in professional sports such as NBA, NFL, MLB, and golf in the USA and soccer and tennis in Europe since the 1990’s. However, this concept had not been so popular in Japan before the RWC 2019. This study examined consumer patterns, motivation and satisfaction of hospitality seat buyers at RWC 2019. The data were collected from Japan Rugby Football Union member clubs (N=371). This population were asked questions regarding consumer spending, motivation (20 items), and satisfaction (15 items) in addition to basic demographics. The consumption by hospitality ticket holders at RWC2019 was significantly larger than those of normal seat holders in terms of transportation (2.40 times), accommodation (2.81 times), tourism (1.60 times) and game day souvenirs (2.05 times), as well as tickets (3.62 times). Using factor analysis, five motivation items : 1) World class events, 2) Reputation, 3) Advertisement, 4) Super play, 5) Rugby preference) and three satisfaction items : 1) Rugby watching, 2) Food drink and ticket delivery, 3) Tourism before or after the games were extracted. The analytical results showed some implications. Firstly, the results showed significant difference of consumption between hospitality ticket holders and normal ticket holders. Secondly, difference between motivation in gender, resident location and being a repeater was indicated. Thirdly, advertisement is a very important factor for hospitality ticket promotion.

著者

日比野 幹生 舟橋 弘晃 青柳 健隆 間野 義之

出版者

日本スポーツ産業学会

雑誌

スポーツ産業学研究 (ISSN:13430688)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.1, pp.1_13-1_28, 2016 (Released:2016-04-26)

参考文献数

33

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Although studies conducted to understand why athletes do not use Performance Enhancing Drugs (PEDs) are becoming more common, little is known about the problem from the “elite” athlete’s perspective. This study qualitatively identified the factors that had influenced the decisions not to dope of twelve retired Japanese elite athletes (six males and six females) who won Olympic medals after the Athens Games in 2004. Thematic analysis was used to extract meaning from the semi-structured interview data using MAXQDA11. Personal and socio-environmental factors underpinning their decisions not to dope were identified in the accounts. Personal factors included: (1) personal moral stance; (2) judgment from a wide perspective; (3) intrinsic motivation; (4) task orientation; and (5) resilience. Socio-environmental factors were: (1) education from parents; (2) education from coaches; (3) social pressure; (4) fair play culture in Japan; (5) secure elite sport climate; (6) monetary benefit from winning a medal; (7) access to and knowledge of PEDs. The above-mentioned factors might be useful for developing future anti-doping strategies under a situation where there is a growing social need for actively engaging in promoting elite sports as a national strategy in order to generate success in the Tokyo Olympics in 2020, and in view of the fact that the pressure for athletes to engage in doping may be increased.

著者

八尋 大 児玉 ゆう子 平田 竹男

出版者

日本スポーツ産業学会

雑誌

スポーツ産業学研究 (ISSN:13430688)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.4, pp.4_347-4_356, 2020-10-01 (Released:2020-10-15)

参考文献数

13

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Although there are some reports of the trajectory of swimmers becoming elite athletes, there are no reports on Para-Swimmers. In this study, the authors conducted semi-structured interviews with Japanese elite Para-Swimmers (seven men and three women) who participated in the Paralympics since the 1992 Barcelona Paralympics. As a result of the analysis, the background of the Para-swimmers identified three factors : places of practice, coaching, and participation in competition. Furthermore, each factor could be divided three periods as follows : (1) infancy, (2) junior high school and high school, (3) university and society. Analysis of the trajectory of Para-Swimmers revealed some important opportunities that were held in common. They were : to exercise with healthy people from an early age, to meet with leaders who drew out their abilities, and to participate in competition from an early stage when they were able to notice their abilities. As coaches, it is important to teach skills, as well as to create a pool environment that enables people to practice swimming regardless of age or disability. In addition, many results were obtained from this study that show that the order of these activities will play an important role in the community and social contribution promoted through swimming.

著者

平田 竹男 シマンスキー ステファン

出版者

Japan Society of Sports Industry

雑誌

スポーツ産業学研究 (ISSN:13430688)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.1, pp.41-54, 2009 (Released:2009-11-05)

参考文献数

8

被引用文献数

1 1

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This paper examines the impact of the 2002 World Cup held in Japan and Korea on the domestic soccer league of Japan, the J. League. We first consider the impact of World Cups on league attendance in some European countries and then compare this with the Japanese case. We find that demand increased substantially in the years just before and after the World Cup. These effects seem to be associated with new stadiums built for the event.

著者

河合 慎祐 平田 竹男

出版者

日本スポーツ産業学会

雑誌

スポーツ産業学研究 (ISSN:13430688)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.2, pp.11-19, 2008-09-30 (Released:2011-03-01)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

1 1

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The purpose of this study was to clarify the variables determining the attendance in J-league matches, using the 2, 699 J-league matches held between 1993-2005 season as a sample. There have been many studies about attendance demand in other countries, but there have been no such studies in Japan. By making a regression equation consisting of dependent variables such as attendance per match, and independent variables such as variables which determine the number of attendance, we clarified attendance demand. In the selection of independent variables, we added 4 J-league variables (“Existence of Professional Baseball Team”, “Distance from Professional Baseball Team”, “April”, “October”) to the variables used by existing literatures and extracting 21 independent variables. The result of regression analysis showed that the attendance demand model accounting dependent variable "Attendance" was about 51%. Except for 2 variables (“Population” and “Income”), the effect signs of variables agreed with existing literature. The results of variables such as “Distance”, “Income”, “Population” and “Existence of Professional Baseball Team”, suggested the conditions which can boost up attendance in the future.

著者

久保谷 友哉 平田 竹男

出版者

Japan Society of Sports Industry

雑誌

スポーツ産業学研究 (ISSN:13430688)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.2, pp.2_241-2_248, 2014 (Released:2014-11-21)

参考文献数

15

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The purpose of this study was to determine whether the primary factor of growth in the clubs of English Premier League is in the advertising rates.    The analysis in this study was based on the data from the 1996/1997 season to 2012/2013 season. The subject of investigation was the clubs which belong to the Premier League in the aforementioned years, and we did research on the categories of business of the sponsors and the location of its head office.    As a result, the number of main sponsors whose head office is located in Asia, especially ones from ASEAN counties, is increasing recently. Also, the number of sponsors whose business is gambling has been increasing, especially in lower ranked clubs in the league.

著者

熊谷 成将

出版者

Japan Society of Sports Industry

雑誌

スポーツ産業学研究 (ISSN:13430688)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.1, pp.1_71-1_81, 2022 (Released:2022-01-20)

参考文献数

18

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Pacific league teams have been the champion teams in the NPB for the recent eight years, and ability differences among the relievers in both leagues have been noted. Major determinants of team wins during the regular season might be different between both league teams. To explore the determinants of win rate in each league, the current study analyzed team stats. Two major findings associated with baseball stadium size were found. First, central league teams can offset poor pitching performance by batting, although the effect of good pitching on team wins among central league teams is smaller, compared to that of pacific league teams. Second, increasing the number of stolen bases per game does not have a significant effect on team wins. Pitchers in the central league teams should improve pitch mix to reduce the number of home runs allowed per game.

著者

内田 好治 舟橋 弘晃 澤井 和彦 間野 義之

出版者

Japan Society of Sports Industry

雑誌

スポーツ産業学研究 (ISSN:13430688)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.2, pp.2_195-2_206, 2020 (Released:2020-04-20)

参考文献数

27

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Opposing clubs involve not only sports competitors but also economic partners that are likely to influence fan behavior. Therefore, it is important to understand rivalry in team sports to ensure the financial viability of the leagues and teams. However, much of the study on rivalry in sports has focused either on professional or high-level men’s collegiate team sports in the US. The research in this study explored the perceptual rivalry of a Japanese professional sport club’s supporters against other clubs and the reasons for the rivalry. Data were collected via an email survey of the official fan club members of Alvark Tokyo, a Japanese professional basketball team in the B.League (N=377). Respondents were asked to rank up to five of the biggest rival clubs in the B.League first division and assess their subjective intensity of rivalry on a 100-point direct rating scale (RP). Next, they were asked to answer the reasons for their rivalry perception, based on 17 rivalry element items. The intensity of the rivalry against each club was calculated as the average value of the RP. A Kruskal-Wallis test was used to assess the differences in the reasons why each club was recognized as the biggest rival. The Chiba Jets was selected as the biggest rival team (RP=84.0), followed by the Tochigi Brex (RP=82.1), the Ryukyu Golden Kings (RP=61.2), the Kawasaki Brave Thunders (RP=56.0), the Seahorses Mikawa (RP=27.4), and the Sunrockers Shibuya (RP=16.9). The Kruskal-Wallis test indicated that the reasons for supporters’ perception of rivalry differed significantly across the six clubs. The empirical results suggested that the rivalry against other clubs may be amplified by the overlapping of conditions such as comparable competitiveness, geographical proximity, and historical relationships. Some practical implications are provided.

著者

石川 勝彦 束原 文郎 舟橋 弘晃 横田 匡俊 澤井 和彦 長倉 富貴 中村 祐介 岡本 円香

出版者

日本スポーツ産業学会

雑誌

スポーツ産業学研究 (ISSN:13430688)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.2, pp.2_207-2_215, 2022-04-01 (Released:2022-04-17)

参考文献数

22

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The present study investigated how academic performance and athletic performance were related to the results of athletic students’ getting a job offer from companies which are preferred by college students in job hunting. One thousand seven hundred thirty-nine student athletes were surveyed regarding the result of job hunting, the difficulty of entrance exam of university, national/private university, getting a scholarship, classification of entrance exam, academic performance (GPA), athletic performance, and gender. Results showed that the difficulty of entrance exam of university is the most effective factor relating to the results of getting a job in companies preferred by college students. In particular, the effects of academic performance and athletic performance on job hunting were not common to all participants, but were limited to the universities with the highest admission difficulty.

著者

棟田 雅也 山下 玲

出版者

Japan Society of Sports Industry

雑誌

スポーツ産業学研究 (ISSN:13430688)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.3, pp.3_333-3_351, 2022-07-01 (Released:2022-07-23)

参考文献数

108

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With the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games hosting, attention has begun to be paid to spectators of parasports. However, there has been limited research on spectators of parasports. It is essential to clarify the motivations for spectatorship, which can predict future spectatorship behavior, and there is room to consider the relationships among factors and moderating variables. The purpose of this study was threefold : (1) to identify the structure of spectator motivation and to provide basic data for the development of a valid a reliable spectator motivation scale for parasports (2) to investigate the relationship between spectator motivation and spectator intention, and (3) to compare and verify how the relationship between spectator motivational factors and spectator intention differs depending on differences in spectators' psychological involvement in sport. By conducting a questionnaire survey with international wheelchair basketball spectators (n = 993), we were able to identify a parasport spectator motivation scale consisting of six factors and 19 items. Furthermore, in examining the relationship between the factors and each variable, we were able to identify factors that had a significant effect. In addition, by using the moderating variable, we were able to clarify that there were differences between spectator motivation and spectator intention depending on the psychological involvement of the spectator in the sport. It is hoped that these results will be used as primary data for organizers of parasports events to promote the uniqueness and singularity of parasports and to stimulate spectator behavior.

著者

朴 明姫 波多野 圭吾 野川 春夫 大竹 弘和

出版者

日本スポーツ産業学会

雑誌

スポーツ産業学研究 (ISSN:13430688)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.2, pp.2_197-2_209, 2021-04-01 (Released:2021-04-26)

参考文献数

39

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eSports refers to the overall cyber culture and related community activities, including participation and watching competitions or leagues that compete in games by utilizing mental and physical abilities in the games. We conducted a literature survey to clarify the development process and current status of eSports in Korea. Korea was the place of the origin of the terms and it has achieved the development of eSports in a short period. eSports has emerged and developed against the background of culture and industry such as the spread of PC Ban (PC Café), and the level of industrialization is high, and there is a high possibility that eSports will develop as a promising industry with a deep connection with media-related companies. In South Korea, eSports started a nationwide game league in 1998 with the spread of online games and the support of PC BAN. In addition, the marketing of companies has become active, and it has continued to this day with the support of the government and local governments. Compared to the United States, many leagues are in operation all year round, and the situation is characterized by an unspecified large number of tournament participations and high levels of commercialization and industrialization. Currently, there are 80 eSports teams in Korea. The number of registered players is 481. In addition, there are 92 formal educational institutions, including vocational schools, that have established game-related education courses in Korea. The Korea eSports Association officially joined the Korean Sports & Olympic Committee in 2019. Furthermore, eSports have been recognized as an official event of 2022 Asian Games which will be held in Hangzhou. In order for eSports to be recognized as an official Olympic sport it is necessary to enhance its contents and prepare for systematic sports management so that eSports can meet the requirements for establishing sports while solving socially adverse functions such as the violence of eSports.

著者

佐々木 達也

出版者

日本スポーツ産業学会

雑誌

スポーツ産業学研究 (ISSN:13430688)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.4, pp.4_401-4_413, 2020-10-01 (Released:2020-10-15)

参考文献数

9

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In the J League, the number of clubs having a small business scale is increasing with the age of the league, resulting in a disparity in business scale. There is a certain correlation between the business scale and ranking. In professional sports, the ratio of personnel costs for players to the total cost is large, and the performance (rank) is determined by the ability of the players possessed by the club. It is arguable that the business scale is explained by the management ability of the club (organizational ability) or the ability of the management, and it is also explained in part by the change in rank. V-Varen Nagasaki was pushed to the point of management failure in 2017. Then the founder of a major mail order business took over the management of the tea, which was ranked second in J2, and decided that it would be promoted to J1 in the next year. In this study, we interviewed the president, directors, and captains. V-Varen Nagasaki's management philosophy is Action, Passion and Mission ; having the meaning of thoroughly improving the environment, building relationships of trust with players, and establishing and implementing basic policies. V-Varen Nagasaki overcame the management crisis because of the management of professional managers and the convenience model in J League, which is a business model for controlling and instructing clubs. This study shows that it is important for professional sports clubs, which are public entities, to have a proven professional manager participate in the management of the J club.

著者

舟橋 弘晃 管 文彦 桂田 隆行 間野 義之

出版者

日本スポーツ産業学会

雑誌

スポーツ産業学研究 (ISSN:13430688)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.2, pp.2_131-2_149, 2020 (Released:2020-04-20)

参考文献数

45

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Building consensus among numerous stakeholders is an important yet difficult step in stadium construction projects. Understanding who the stakeholders are and their characteristics is necessary for the success of construction projects. Using archival materials and semi-structured interviews, we identified and characterized the most salient stakeholders associated with the subsidization decision for the stadium construction plan in Kitakyushu city. Stakeholder classification was carried out using a framework designed by Mitchell et al. (1997) that characterized salient stakeholders using attributes of power, legitimacy, and urgency. Definitive stakeholders identified as having all three attributes included the J. LEAGUE, the Kitakyushu City Assembly, and the Kitakyushu City Public Works Evaluation Committee. Although these groups were classified into the same stakeholder categories, their detailed features or roles were different. The Giravanz Kitakyushu, the city’s professional football team, was considered a dependent stakeholder with legitimacy and urgency, but limited power. Our findings highlighted the importance of stakeholder analysis as a strategic tool, especially in the initial planning phase. Practical implications and ideas for further research were discussed.

著者

石原 豊一 胡 青

出版者

日本スポーツ産業学会

雑誌

スポーツ産業学研究 (ISSN:13430688)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.3, pp.3_275-3_284, 2020 (Released:2020-07-24)

参考文献数

20

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The Chinese Baseball Association (CBA) established the China National Baseball League (CNBL) as the new top league to replace the Chinese Baseball League (CBL) in 2019. At the opening game in August, a strategic partnership agreement was signed between the Major League Baseball (MLB) and the CNBL. In this new league, four of the six teams who were affiliated with the former league of CBL participated, each team had a regular season of 18 games, and the playoffs between the top two teams were held in a best-of-five series. The former league CBL was established in 2002 by selecting top teams from existing local teams with the aim of strengthening the national team for the 2008 Beijing Olympics. The domestic league matches and the overseas expeditions by the national team selected from each team have boosted the competitiveness of top-level players, resulting in victories over Taiwan, one of Asia’s powerhouses, in the Beijing Olympics and next year’s World Baseball Classic. However, the CBL was forced to reduce its scale after the Beijing Olympics, as baseball was dropped from the Olympics. After several season cancellations, the CBL eventually folded after the 2018 season. A national team has not shown any outstanding performances on the international stage since the 2009 WBC. Under such circumstances, the launch of the new league, the CNBL, was suddenly announced in 2019. The CBA has announced that it is positioning this league as a professional league. In this paper, we review the history of baseball in China and its research history. Then we examine the influence of sports policy in China on the management of the former top league and illustrate the current condition of the newly launched league, the CNBL, in 2019. This will show the direction of the sustainability of the new professional baseball league in China.

著者

西崎 信男

出版者

Japan Society of Sports Industry

雑誌

スポーツ産業学研究 (ISSN:13430688)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.53-64, 2010

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Corporate governance is essentially the way in which companies are managed. Among professional sport clubs, professional football clubs are typically registered as companies. Hence, the operation is determined by corporate governance. There was a steadily increasing volume of criticism and complaints regarding the governance of many companies. Also in sport industries worldwide, there occurs the conflict of interests between fans and clubs due to excessive commercialization. To tackle this problem, innovative "supporters′ trusts" have been successfully created in the British football and rugby leagues and union clubs by an organization called "Supporters Direct" , an independent but government backed body. Supporters come together collectively and set up these mutual organizations (called Industrial and Provident Societies-IPSs) and buy and hold the shares mutually in their clubs and where possible elect their representatives to the board as directors to express their concerns and opinions effectively. This has been effective at many clubs where they depend on supporters as well as the local community for their survival, and also at clubs in the English and Scottish Premier Leagues.<BR>    Here in Japan, we find the sponsors have started to withdraw their sponsorship for the professional as well as amateur clubs due to the tightening corporate governance in the business societies. The successive withdrawals have caused damages to the development of sports, while sports are expected to provide good pastime for the ageing society in the future.<BR>    In the circumstances it is now apparent that fans' participation in the management of professional sport clubs has become more important than ever. Here we discuss the structure of supporters' trust and its significance to fans′ involvement in the management of football clubs by comparing it with other types of ISA (Independent Supporters Association) , Mutuals, Share Purchase Cub and as such.

著者

前田 正登

出版者

日本スポーツ産業学会

雑誌

スポーツ産業学研究 (ISSN:13430688)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.2, pp.33-41, 2005-09-30 (Released:2010-07-27)

参考文献数

5

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The present study focused on the behavior of the ball at the time of the stroke in soft tennis, and it aimed at exploring the relations of many kinematic values at impact, and the flight behavior of the ball, while checking whether there might be an abnormal flight behavior. The flight of the ball was videotaped by three sets of video cameras, and the ball at impact was videotaped with two high speed cameras. The behaviors of these balls were analyzed. These experiments investigated the conditions of the flights of soft tennis balls, both when given a lift from an applied drive rotation and when given a sinking flight from a slice rotation. It was suggested that the difference in rate of spin given by a stroke influenced the abnormal flight behavior of a soft tennis ball, and also that when there was drive rotation or slice rotation of 40rps or more, the possibility of abnormal flight behavior occurring was high.