著者

水谷 知生

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, no.5, pp.412-429, 2015 (Released:2018-01-30)

参考文献数

84

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The institutionalization through law of natural landscapes for use and conservation in Japan began with the enactment of two laws ― the National Monuments Preservation Law of 1919, which defined meisho (places of scenic beauty), and the National Parks Law of 1931, which defined national parks.This study details the administrative affairs of parks and meisho through the Meiji era and discusses the influences of those affairs on the institutionalization of the use and conservation of natural landscapes. The research method used in this study is based on the analysis of contemporaneous material, including administrative papers, magazine reports, and press reports.The Geography Bureau and the Geography Division of the Department of Home Affairs were in charge of the administrative affairs concerning parks and meisho. These affairs were based on the perspective of state-owned land management.During the period from 1900 to 1910, the Geography Division with the Shrine and Temple Bureau investigated the preservation of historic sites and meisho, leading to the National Monuments Preservation Law. Around the same time, the jurisdiction over parks was moved to the Sanitary Bureau. After the jurisdiction was given to them, there was little work concerning parks.From 1910 on, requests were submitted to the Diet asking for the establishment of large parks in the Mt. Fuji or the Nikko areas. However, in response to these requests, the Department of Home Affairs did not consider the establishment of parks, but instead considered the preservation of these areas as meisho. After the Sanitary Bureau presented intensive research on parks in 1920, the Department of Home Affairs changed its approach and considered both perspectives on the use of parks for recreation as well as for the preservation of meisho.Although members of the National Monument Committee conducted the research regarding the preservation of meisho, the investigators’ views of the natural landscapes were different. Therefore, their work did not result in the institutionalization of large natural landscapes. In contrast, the research of the Sanitary Bureau led to the enactment of the National Parks Law of 1931.The origin of the institutionalization of natural landscapes for use and conservation in the Taisho era was in the administrative affairs concerning parks and meisho beginning with government decisions in the early Meiji era. The transfer of jurisdiction of parks around 1897 had an impact on the enactment of the National Parks Law.

著者

森 正人

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, no.6, pp.522-535, 2014 (Released:2018-01-27)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

1

---

This paper aims to track the interlinked trajectories of the production of aesthetic landscape experience and the creation of senses of belonging to Japan during the formation of the modern nation-state of Japan. Particular emphasis was placed on an examination of the monthly tourist magazine Tabi 旅 (official English title is Travel), as tourism is a visual practice that frames vision, and mobilizes and assembles people and nature. The paper elaborates on how the culture of Japaneseness was embodied in the form of national parks and the selection of the New Eight Landscapes of Japan in the late 1920s and the early 1930s, as well as in the quest for the localness witnessed in the 1970s practice of traveling to and around various Sho-Kyoto sites recognized as pretty historic towns. In particular, the article focuses on the intersection of scale, materiality, visuality, and tourism using two periods of time to illustrate how the landscape of nature shaped the racialized homogeneity of Japan. The article clarifies that the national and local geographical scales of are not opposed, but mutual and supplementary. It also addresses how landscapes of nature materiality were used to instill moral and physical discipline, and how photos as a visual assemblage played a significant role in conveying a particular preference for localities featuring nature.

著者

中川 祐希

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.3, pp.221-244, 2019 (Released:2019-10-29)

参考文献数

70

被引用文献数

4

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本稿は,神戸市の湊川公園の変容過程を事例とし,米騒動後における「市民」形成によって,いかなる都市空間が形成されたのかを明らかにした。米騒動と労働争議を契機に,都市行政は,湊川公園に公設市場や職業紹介所といった施設を設置した。都市行政は,「貧民窟」や労働者地区,歓楽街と近接するがゆえに,湊川公園にこのような整備を施した。さらに音楽堂と児童遊園地が設置されたことで,湊川公園は,諸階層を「市民」へと教化する空間に変容した。このように「市民」が湊川公園の利用者として想定される一方で,不況により公園内には数多くの野宿者が姿を現していた。はじめ都市行政は野宿者を救済の対象として認識した。しかし,「市民」を想定した公園の整備が進展し,昭和天皇の即位を祝う記念事業が開催されたことで,野宿者は排除や抑圧の対象に位置づけられた。湊川公園が私生活を積極的に管理する「勤勉」な「市民」によって利用される公園に変容する過程で,野宿者はこの規範から逸脱する「怠惰」な主体として捉えられた。こうして米騒動後の湊川公園は,「市民」への主体化の成否によって,諸階層が選別される空間へと変容した。

著者

若林 芳樹

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.3, pp.266-281, 2009 (Released:2018-01-10)

参考文献数

95

被引用文献数

2

---

The annual review of human geographical studies in Japan published in the Japanese Journal of Human Geography (Jimbun Chiri) has included a section on perceptual and behavioral geography since 1982. Nevertheless, the editorial board of the journal decided to remove this section in 2008. There is no doubt that this decision was made because of the need to re-examine the classification of the sections in this article, and was affected by the recent reorganization of this discipline. However, it is too early to say that perceptual and behavioral geography has lost its productivity and attraction. The aim of this paper is to review the advancements in perceptual and behavioral geography in retrospect and to evaluate the prospects for research in this field in Japan in comparison with the trends in English-speaking countries.To elucidate the place of perceptual and behavioral geography in Japanese geography and the changes over the years, the author analyzed the literature in Bibliographies on Japanese Geographical Research, the fields of interest of Japanese geographers, and the change in the tone of the articles published in the annual review of the above journal. The analysis revealed that perceptual and behavioral geography in Japan has not lost its productivity and still attracts the attention of more than a few young geographers; however, the number of researchers specializing in this field remains few. As the studies in this field tend to overlap with other branches of geography, and since the polarization between perceptual and behavioral studies has not yet been reconciled, the unity of this field of research has become lost. As a result, this field is marginalized in human geography.While this trend in perceptual and behavioral geography observed in Japan is similar to that observed in UK, perceptual and behavioral geography in the USA enjoys a more optimistic outlook, since the specialty group of EPBG, which has made close connections with GIS and cartography, remains active there. After 2000, new trends in perceptual and behavioral geography have been observed in Japan. A notable one is the interdisciplinary collaboration with related fields (e. g., psychology and information science). In addition, there has been an increase in the number of studies focusing on special segments of the population, such as the disabled, foreigners, children, the elderly, and women; these studies are more concerned with specificity rather than generality, since they take into consideration the geographic context of environmental perception and spatial behavior. These studies aim at solving actual problems and are applicable to public policy and urban planning. Recently, studies on spatial cognition have also contributed significantly to GIS and cartography.

著者

中村 豊

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.6, pp.507-523, 1979-12-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

66

被引用文献数

2

著者

山神 達也

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.6, pp.509-531, 2001-12-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

105

被引用文献数

2 1

---

Since temporal changes in the spatial distribution of population are closely connected to many other aspects of society, an exact understanding of these changes is essential not only for progress in scientific research but also for applications to public policy, planning and business. It is especially critical that population changes in metropolitan areas be explored carefully, since it is here that such changes generally emerge. Furthermore, it is very important to investigate the changes observed in a given metropolitan area, compared to those found in other areas, because, by doing so, we can distinguish conditions common to many metropolitan areas from those peculiar to individual ones.Based on this perspective, I refer to the problems arising from the use of a dichotomy of dividing a particular metropolitan area into a central city and surrounding suburbs, which is the common method found in previous literature associated with population redistributions in metropolitan areas. Problems arise when such a dichotomy is used; specifically, the location of the central city boundary affects the rate of residents in the central city within an entire metropolitan area, and the aggregation of residents in local municipalities into the suburb as a whole obscures the differences among municipalities. To resolve these issues, this paper uses an urban population-density function model.Although this model is assumed to explain the spatial variation of the density continuously in terms of distance from the city center, it does not have to aggregate the density values of observations (or local municipalities) as building blocks. However, there is a limitation in that the density function assumes a concentric-circle distribution of population, implying that points with the same distance from the city center have exactly the same density. Consequently, the expansion method, developed by E. Casetti, is employed to overcome this drawback.The expansion method enables us to incorporate the contextual effect of the spatial system under consideration. By expanding the distance parameter of the density function by direction from the city center, we can redefine the function so that the distance-decay of the population density varies directionally. As a result, the extent of directional bias of the intra-metropolitan population distribution can be measured quantitatively.The purpose of this article is to analyze and compare the spatio-temporal changes in population distribution within the three largest metropolitan areas in Japan during 1965-95 by the 'expanded' density function model. The Standard Metropolitan Employment Areas (SMEA) advocated by H. Yamada and K. Tokuoka are used here to delineate metropolitan areas. Analyses are carried out in two stages; first, by the traditional Clark model and then by the expanded Clark model.First, by calibrating the ordinary density function model (or Clark model), which does not consider directional differences, average relations between the distance from the city center and the population density are identified. The explanatory power of the Clark model itself, generally speaking, indicates a gradual improvement over time. It is also confirmed that, the larger the population size of the SMEA, the higher the density of the city center. In addition, the density gradient in Tokyo is the most gentle and that in Nagoya and Osaka is almost the same. Furthermore, population decentralization occurred first in Tokyo and Osaka and then in Nagoya. The time lag of this sequence is ten years. Additionally, based on this finding, one limitation of using the dichotomy for the central city and suburbs is demonstrated. The spatial pattern of the residual obtained from the Clark model shows, however, that similar values tend to concentrate in particular sectors, especially in the Tokyo SMEA, suggesting a necessity to alleviate such concentration by improving the traditional Clark model.

著者

谷本 涼

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.4, pp.425-446, 2017 (Released:2018-02-23)

参考文献数

48

被引用文献数

2 1

---

日本の都市部では,特に医療・介護サービスへのアクセシビリティの不足と格差が,将来的に問題化することが予想される。本稿では,二段階需給圏浮動分析法によるアクセシビリティ分析と,現在の政策の検討を通じて,都市郊外(大阪都市圏北部)における病床へのアクセシビリティの変容やその問題点を考察した。アクセシビリティの現状分析からは,病床へのアクセシビリティには,供給総量の不足と,移動手段間・地域間での格差という二つの問題が存在することが明らかになった。また,公共交通の改善と病床機能別の病床数調整を想定した2025年のアクセシビリティの将来推計から,「不足と格差」の現実的な解決には,地域の既存の資源を効率的に活用するための,多面的なアプローチが必要となることが明らかになった。加えて,国と都道府県の医療政策による入院患者の削減には,受け皿としての介護施設の容量が大きな問題になる可能性も示された。現在の政策の考察からは,医療・介護へのアクセシビリティの確保には,各自治体の都市計画と専門的・広域的な医療・保健政策の連携の実現が必要であることと,その上で各自治体が自らの都市計画の妥当性を柔軟かつ批判的に検討し続ける必要があることが示された。

著者

佐々木 高明

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.6, pp.630-656, 1965-12-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

102

被引用文献数

1 1

---

以上,焼畑農業についての最近の研究の動向とその問題点にふれ,あわせて焼畑の比較地理学への若干の展望を行ってきたが,最近の焼畑農業研究には,大別して二つの方向がみとめられる。その第1はmicro-scopic studyとでもいうべきもので,community或はfamilyのレベルで焼畑農業の経営形態を捉え,その特色を詳しく調査・研究するとともに,その地域の自然条件や文化や社会の構造と焼畑農業組織との関連を精細に追究する方向である。この場合にはとくに,作物栽培技術や輪作形態が詳しく分析され,焼畑の生産性や人口支持力の問題、或は焼畑農業とその社会の変容過程が興味ある問題としてとりあげられている。他方,第2の研究方向は,macro-scopicなもので,焼畑農業の比較研究をめざすものである。ここでは焼畑農業の地域的特色の類型的把握が問題になり,その歴史的・文化生態学的特徴の解明が重要な研究課題になっている。そうして,この場合には,《根栽型焼畑農業》と《雑穀栽培型焼畑農業》の二つの大類型の設定とその特徴の把握が,比較研究上のきわめて有効なメルクマールになるのではないかと考えられるのである。

著者

矢部 直人

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.3, pp.264-278, 2013 (Released:2018-01-26)

参考文献数

28

被引用文献数

1

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In 2008, domestic travel spending in Japan reached 23.6 trillion yen, with overnight travel by the Japanese amounting to 15.6 trillion yen (66.2%). In contrast, domestic overnight travel by international visitors to Japan accounted for only 1.3 trillion yen (5.7%). If overnight travel by the Japanese were to be increased, it would not only contribute to travel spending but also stimulate the regional economies. The Japan Tourism Agency proposed a plan to stagger national holidays by region to reduce traffic jams and make travel easy for people. The plan suggests the division of Japan into five zones, with each zone observing a five-day break during different weeks in May. This paper proposes zoning plans for the regional holiday schedule and investigates the zoning effects in view of travel demand equalization.Network analysis was applied to the OD (Origin-Destination) data of the Japanese overnight travelers between prefectures published by the Japan Tourism Agency. PageRank centrality was computed to check the stability of travel flow between prefectures from January 2007 to March 2010. Functional regions were then extracted from the OD data by the community finding method to set zoning plans. A greedy search algorithm was employed for the community finding analysis. The OD data for May 2009, which included the Japanese national holiday period called “Golden Week,” was used for community finding.The results of PageRank centrality analysis showed that the overnight travel flow was very stable for the period. Chiba Prefecture showed the highest PageRank centrality mainly because of Tokyo Disney Resort, which attracted travelers from all over Japan. Narita International Airport also contributed to the high centrality of Chiba Prefecture.The application of the community finding method to the OD data led to two zoning plans. While one of them divided Japan into two zones - eastern and western Japan, the other divided it into three -eastern Japan, western Japan, and Kyushu. Hence, the results of the community finding method offered fewer zones than were proposed through the plan developed by the Japan Tourism Agency.We evaluated these zoning plans in terms of travel demand equalization. Travel demand was considered to be equalized when the percentage of overnight travelers from each zone was equal. The three zoning plans that divided Japan into two, three, and five zones were compared in view of travel demand. It was concluded that the zoning plan which divided Japan into two zones was the most effective in terms of travel demand equalization.

著者

今里 悟之

出版者

人文地理學會

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.5, pp.458-480, 1995

被引用文献数

2 2

---

Social geographical studies concerned with rural societies in Japan until the 1970's dealt almost exclusively with the relationship between settlement forms and social structure (distribution of social groups or strength of social unity). Although religious landscape as place has attracted new attention since the 1980's in order to elucidate the symbolic meaning of space, most of the existing literature has not taken relation between landscape and social structure into consideration so far. Keeping such a drawback in mind, this article seeks to clarify the relation by grouping social functions of constituents of rural landscape, which are represented by religious objects, for instance, shrines, <i>jizo</i> (guardian deity statues) and graveyards. Note that the term social structure in this study concerns comprehensive relations associated with intra-settlement social groups and traditional rural households.<br>To pursue this aim, Aso, a mountain village located in the western part of Shiga Prefecture, Japan, was selected as the study field. With respect to the time span, the period from the Edo period to the present is taken up to examine historical changes of landscape. Based on remarkable changes in the local municipality's boundary and landscape, the four periods were established. There are various possible subjects associated with rural landscape, but the main focus here is restricted to social groups in the village.<br>The second section is devoted to an investigation of relationships between social group systems and social structure in the village under consideration. Social groups of <i>hongo</i> (formerly influential hamlets) are classified into the three different hierarchical levels: <i>mura</i> (self-government organizations), <i>Kami/Shimo</i> (organizations for supporting agricultural and Buddhist-temple activities) and <i>kumi</i> (mutual aid organizations). The social groups <i>Kami/Shimo</i>, as well as the four <i>kumis</i> check each other. The three <i>edago</i> (hamlets formerly subordinated to <i>hongo</i>) generally belonged to the <i>kumi</i> level, but it is considered that an <i>edago</i> evolved to the <i>mura</i> level. Moreover, there was a strict social hierarchy of households, especially until the prewar period. This is an outline of the social structure in the study field.<br>In the third and fourth sections, specific functions of social landscape constituents are identified in relation to social life, social structure-mentioned in the second section-and location of constituents themselves concerned with these. The term &ldquo;social landscape constituent&rdquo; here is used to denote landscape elements owned, managed and used by a social group. The functions of the constituents can be classified into five categories: mental unification, self-assertion, mutual understanding, territory declaration and memorial services for the dead. Due attention is not paid to such functions as community properties, production facilities and infrastructure, because of lack of enough information. From this procedure, however, the matrices of social landscape constituents are prepared for every period defined earlier.<br>Interrelations between social change and the matrices are explored in the fifth section. 1) the Edo period (1605-1873): <i>edago</i> seldom had social landscape constituents, suggesting their subordination to <i>hongo</i>. 2) the prewar period (1874-1946): the matrix shows that an <i>edago</i>, a Rokuro-<i>kumi</i>, strengthened its social unification, and became so competitive as to be regarded as an independent community. 3) the postwar period (1947-1964): Rokuro-<i>kumi</i> and Kumanobata-<i>kumi</i> were separated from the <i>hongo</i> and formed the new Kijiyama district. The appearance of war monuments represented the defeat and decline of the communities under analysis. 4) after the period of high economic growth (1965-1993): this period witnessed the most drastic change among the four.

著者

斎藤 晨二

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.6, pp.521-541,580, 1961-12-30 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

1 1

---

In China there live some 35, 000, 000 (or 35 million) minor race people. They occupy only 60.6% of the total Chinese population. Yet the total area they occupy is 50% of the land, frontier regeons being included.In the past these minor races were incessantly oppressed by the Chinese (Hans) that have absolute majority in population and predominating economical power. And there were some minor races in the North-Western area that turned their back to China Proper. The minor races that inhabited the South-Eastern mountain range were separted into small groups, driven into the mountains by the Hans that (historically) toward the South, and led a primitive life isolated from the outer world. One can sea Shin-chang as an example of such region. This area was once a Chinese domain. Howevr, it was independent from China except at the times of strong dynasties.At the close of the 19th century when Ching Dynasty grew weaker, they were exposed to Russian influence on the north and British (influence) on the south. And until People's Republic of China was formed, they had been only a nominal domain of China; They independently formed diplomatic and economic connections with Russia, and it was much easier for them to go to Russia than to China Proper. However, there have occurred great changes during recent 10 years. Not only roads but also railways are under construction that connect them with China in many ways. It is somewhat similar to the relation between the Soviet Middle Asia and Russia.Roads and railways are being steadily built in the southeastern mountainous region. As various resources deposited here are developed, the policy is taken to make better the living standard of the races living here. China gives letters to the races that have no letters and propagates the songs that praise Peking by means of their traditional folk songs and folk dances. It is somewhat similar to the relation between the Soviet Polar Regins and Russia.Besides these, Mohammedans are regarded as one nation. This is because, although they speak Chinese, their manners and customes that their religion produced build up a unique social system. The Chinese esteem such uniqueness and activate their traditional activities, while they made an autonomous region on the northwest and are trying to move the Mohammedans living in big cities to this region in order to develop this underdeveloped region. Isn't this similar to Jews' Autonomous Region in the Soviet Union?Now the Chinese do not compulsorily adapt minor races to their way of life, which they used to do in the past. At present they esteem their autonomy. The Chinese need their cooperation in order to make the Chinese domain a strongly unified body, to make the border lines clear that used to be obscure, and to develop the People's Republic of China.Gradwally the social orders of People's China will covre the whole domain.

著者

山口 覚 Satoshi Yamaguchi

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.2, pp.182(76)-196(90), 1996

著者

荒木 俊之

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.2, pp.203-213, 1994-04-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

42

被引用文献数

8 1

著者

菊地 利夫

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.3, pp.184-197,280, 1952-07-30 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

24

---

This study deals with the Shinden developed on the sand-bar at the lower Tone about 350 years ago. The author tried to illustrate the three items as follows, (1) the political-geographical meaning of this Shindien, (2) characteristics of the Shinden developed on the sand-bar of the river influenced by the river (3) the structuce of the village and the process of its disorganization.(1) The Tokugawa Clan permitted the hermits to develop the Shinden on the sand-bar of the lower Tone, the boundary with the territory of the Satake Clan. They were a group of the defeated Samurai (Japanese knights) who had fled to the Tokugawa Clan, losing their lands in the Satake Clan. The Tokugawa Clan made use of them for the match of the boundary, betwen the territory of the clan and that of the Satake Clan. Therefore, the Tokugawa sustained the Jurokushima Shinden when a dispute arose betwen the Tokugawa Clan and the Satake Clan.(2) The Jurokushima Shinden was developed to be fit for the characteristics of the Tone. As the Tone was influenced by the tide, in the rice-field developed on the sand-bar natural irrigation and drainage perfomed in accordance with flow and ebb. At first only the village was surrounded by the bank to provide against the flood but later the Tone overflowed its banks so often that the banks were built around not only the villages but also the arable lands, and water flowed in and out through the sluices.(3) As it was difficult to call for the new settlers, the structure of the village in the Shinden contracted for by the trademen. A hermit owned the arable land for 5 or 6 persons, which was distributed generally among some new settlers. According to this proportions in dividing lands, grass for manure were also allotted. But as the system of owning lands fell in disorder, this proportions came to de disregarded. And, it was poor peasants who required the change of the proprtions in distribution. The more often floods happened, and the more difficult life became, the more eagerly this claim was repeated. Thus, the proportions in distributing lands or daily necessities could be changed, and yet poor peasants had to cultivate the hermits lands in the system of statute labour as before.

著者

高橋 誠一

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.2, pp.113-144, 1975

被引用文献数

1

---

Many works have been proposed as to the location of settlements in <i>Yayoi</i> era. But the problems about the character and origin of upland settlements have been not yet solved. There are a variety of views about its character and origin. There are as follows; (A) Hill-Fort or Camp, (B) settlement for arable farming, (C) upland settlement refuged from flood, (D) religious settlement etc.<br>In this article I examined sites of <i>Yayoi</i> settlements in Osaka prefecture and arrived at the following conclusions.<br>i) The location of sites are different from the 1st period to the 5th period in <i>Yayoi</i> era.<br>ii) The number of settlements are rapidly increased in the 3rd and the 5th period. In the former period settlements increased on upland and in the latter they increased both on upland and on lowland.<br>iii) Great disturbances happened two times in <i>Yayoi</i> era, at least in Osaka prefecture. These disturbances correspond to the great rebellions before and after Queen &lsquo;<i>Himiko</i>&rsquo; recorded in historical writings of ancient China.<br>iv) Some settlements on upland surely had the militaly function under the background of the disturbances above mentioned.<br>v) Some settlements refuged from flood were also formed in the 4th and the 5th period.<br>vi) In the 3rd and the 5th period the population growth with the advance of product and the spread of the space of life are notably recognized.

著者

王 君香

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.1, pp.21-38, 2020 (Released:2020-05-08)

参考文献数

44

被引用文献数

3

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外邦図は過去の地理情報を直接的に示す資料であり,歴史地理学を始め,地域研究,環境科学などの幅広い研究分野において重要な資料といえる。しかし,これまでの研究の多くは外邦図の目録整理やその製作史に関するものであった。本稿はこうした状況をふまえ,外邦図に記載された黄河下流域の主流における渡口に焦点を当て,旅行記に記録された孟津渡との比較を通して,外邦図の価値と限界を検証した上で,渡口の分布を復原した。さらに渡口の分布の特徴を把握し,その分布に影響を与えた要因を検討した。旅行記に記録された孟津渡の4ヶ所の渡口の内,3ヶ所は外邦図上で確認できた。このように外邦図に渡口は全て記入されているわけではないが,その多くは記載されているといえる。外邦図に基づき復原した黄河下流域の渡口は全部で178ヶ所認められる。渡口は河南省には少ないが,山東省には密に分布している。その要因としては,沿岸の河道状況,鉄道交通,都市(県城)や集落をつなぐ道路,定期市密度にみる経済の発展が関わっていたと考えられる。

著者

野尻 亘

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.6, pp.551-565, 1982-12-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

57

被引用文献数

3 2

著者

藤田 佳久

出版者

The Human Geographical Society of Japan

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.5, pp.550-564, 1967-10-28 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

32

著者

遠城 明雄

出版者

人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.3, pp.341-365, 1992

被引用文献数

4 2

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In Japan, studies on "community" and the reality of everyday life in the city have been both assumed and largely ignored by geographers. This study, in exploring the role of various social bonds within a local area and the influence of some institutions on its bonds, attempts to clarify some aspects of "community" and its transformation in the city. Though "community" is a highly ambiguous notion, it could be defined as the complete range of relationships an individual is led to establish with other peoples within definite place and that members of it conform to certain unwritten rules or informal norms which can't be applied to outsiders.The research field for this study is Hakata, Fukuoka City, from the 1910's to the 1930's. In Hakata, the "Hakata Yamakasa" has long been held and is one of the most famous festivals in Japan.The main results of this study are summarised as follows:1) There is a mutually supportive role of neighbors materially and emotionally. The inhabitants conform to informal norms, for example, the duty of mutual aids at ceramonial occasions and payment of money used for local community's everyday expenses.In consumption, the inhabitants buy daily necessfties mainly through pedlars and retailers who depend on face-to-face local interaction. It seems that this mode of buying has a potential role in the reinforcement of connection within the neighborhood.Though it is clear that the residents keep close contact with each other, we must pay attention to the difference of these interactions according to gender, age, occupation, socio-economic status and so forth.2) As at "Yamakasa" the various and heterogeneous residents are integrated together in the internal system, they recognize each other as members of the local community and preserve identity and loyaly to their own community through various observances. This identity is necessary for the formation and maintenance of community. The division between the internal system and the external one is kept strictly during the festival. This is, however, not absolute and consistent, but relative and contingent. The nature of each grovp is context-bounded and contingent on two relationships, both intragroup-relation and intergroup-relation. The author emphasizes the contingency of these relationships and the relationship with externalities at various levels.3) In the process of modernization and urbanization, the intervention of administration and capital to the local community is thorugh the labor process, consumption and relief of the poor, etc. Although from the standpoint of inhabitants, local community forms an 'absolute territory' which can be a place of identity, from the standpoint of capital, it is a 'relative territory' and an obstacle to capital interests occasionally. The new systems gradually include or substitute for the existing institutions and social order or norms which depend on mutuality within the local community. In short, these institutions make individuals subject to control and the accumulation of capital. It seems, however, that there are cases where through the struggle around these institutions a different consciousness from the old one is generated.

著者

小方 登

出版者

一般社団法人 人文地理学会

雑誌

人文地理 (ISSN:00187216)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.6, pp.493-503, 1980

被引用文献数

3

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In this paper, the structure of bus service network is analysed as a system of bus routes connecting a pair of unit areas. This research is based on graph theory, in which transport networks are interpreted as systems of connections between pairs of places.<br>The paper is concerned with the region served by the municipal bus service of Kyoto City. This consists of 164 unit areas, including 162 mesh areas and two secluded areas among mountains, <i>Onogo</i>, and <i>Yase-Ohara</i> (Fig. 1).<br>A connectivity matrix <i><b>C</b></i> is defined on the basis of the existence of the connection by a bus route between any pair of unit areas. Then, a shortest path matrix <i><b>D₄</b></i> is derived from <i><b>C</b></i>. The sum across any row of <i><b>D₄</b></i> indicates the accessibility from one area to all other areas (Fig. 2). The peak of this accessibility is at the city center of Kyoto, <i>Shijo-Karasuma</i>, and ridge lines radiate from there along <i>Shijo</i> street and <i>Karasuma</i> avenue. The matrix <i><b>L⁴</b></i> is derived from the matrix <i><b>L</b></i>, with elements of numbers of services, whose pattern of accessibility resembles that of <i><b>D₄</b></i> (Fig. 3).<br>The accessibility index of the matrix <i><b>L⁴</b></i> between any pair of areas is multiplied by the population indeces of the two areas, and the resulting matrix is defined as interaction between the two areas. Among these interactions of an area, the largest is specified as a link comprising the nodal structure of the region (Fig. 5). The resulting nodal structure indicates that a great majority of the unit areas are oriented to the city center, and that this region lacks an intervening level of centers. This means that, in the scale within the city, there is no system covering changes between rapid mass-transit, such as trains, and municipal bus service.