著者

鈴木 直人 金野 祐介 山岸 俊男

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.78, no.1, pp.17-24, 2007-04-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

8 9

---

The purpose of this study is to show that expectations of generalized reciprocity within one's own group are responsible for in-group trust. To test this hypothesis, an allocator choice game in the minimal group situation was used. We assigned the role of a recipient in a dictator game to all 81 subjects, and measured whether they chose to be a recipient of either an in-group or an out-group “allocator” who freely allocate a fixed reward between him/her and a recipient. The results indicate that in-group trust occurs only in the condition in which recipients know that allocators make a reward allocation knowing the group membership of their recipient; recipients show no preference for either an in-group or an out-group allocator when allocators make the decision without knowing the group membership of their recipient. It is thus shown that participants' in-group trust is derived from the general belief that people treat in-group members more favorably than out-group members—a belief about generalized reciprocity within groups.

著者

松本 金壽 倉石 精一 續 有恒

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.1, pp.53-60, 1939 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

34

著者

今栄 国晴 竹内 義夫

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.3, pp.168-177, 1959 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

1 1

---

The purpose of this study was to investigate psychological characteristics of the series of approximation to Japanese. Two kinds of the series of approximation were experimentally made by the method which was quite similar to that of Shannon-Miller's guessing technique. The orders of both syllable and word-approximations were 0th, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, and text series. The text series means a series of meaningful syllables or words quoted from magazines and novels.Experiment 1. Syllable-approximation and intelligibility.(A) Procedure: 12 undergraduate students were asked to listen to the auditory stimuli which were given under the masking white noise at the rate of one syllable per second. Five different orders of approximation which consisted of 20 syllables were used as the stimuli. The level of noise was controlled. The S-N ratios were -8, -4, 0, +4, +8, in db.(B) Results: The intelligibility of syllables under the condition of the masking tends to increase with the ascending order of approximation (p<0.01; See Fig. 1).Experiment 2. Syllable-approximation and span of attention.(A): 8 students responsed to the visual stimuli which were presented tachistoscopically. The stimuli were 8 typewritten Japanese letters which were placed in a line vertically or horizontally.(B): The span of attention tends to extend with the ascending order of approximation (p<0.01; see Table 2).Experiment 3. word-approximation and immediate recall.(A): 20 students were asked to recall the word material which had been presented in audition. The material consisted of groups of 6, 10, 20 and 50 words.(B): The rate of recall of words increases in accordance with the order of approximation (p<0.01) and this tendency is almost equal to Miller-Selfridge's data (see Fig. 2).Experiment 4. Syllable-approximation and immediate recall.(A): The same condition as that of Exp. 3 except the material being syllables.(B): The rate of recall of syllables increases in accordance with the order of approximation (p<0.01; see Fig. 3).Experiment 5. Syllable-approximation visually presented and immediate recall.(A): 17 students were asked to recall the letters which had been presented by a film-strip projector at the speed of 2 letters per second.(B): So far as this experimental condition is concerned there is no significant difference between the auditory and the visual channel through which the messages were conveyed (p>0.99; see Fig. 4).Experiment 6. Syllable-approximation and eye-voice span.(A): 10 students were asked to read the material consisting of 24 letters. While the subject was reading aloud, the light was suddenly extinguished; he was required to continue saying as many which he had seen as possible.(B): The eye-voice span expands in accordance with the order of approximation (p<0.01; see Fig. 5).

著者

高林 久美子 沼崎 誠 小野 滋 石井 国雄

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.79, no.4, pp.372-378, 2008 (Released:2011-08-26)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

3 1

---

This study investigated women's stereotyping and evaluation processes for other women related to their own activated self-representations for categories of homemaker and career women. We predicted that when self-representation as a traditional woman was activated, participants would evaluate traditional women more positively and nontraditional women more negatively than when self-representation as a nontraditional woman was activated. When self-representation as a traditional woman was activated, participants would regard traditional women as more feminine and nontraditional women as more masculine. Fifty-three female college students were asked to imagine their future selves as a career woman or a homemaker and rate their difficulty in imagining this. Next, they were presented with a fictitious profile of a career woman or a homemaker and asked to rate this woman. The results supported the hypotheses for those who imagined their future selves clealy. The importance of the relative perspectives of women's prejudice toward other women was discussed.

著者

福田 恭介 水口 美咲 松尾 太加志 志堂寺 和則 早見 武人

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.92.20023, (Released:2021-03-31)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

1

---

The “Tip of the Tongue” (TOT) is a well-known phenomenon in which one cannot recall the name of a familiar person or object but can recall related words. In the TOT state, cognitive processing activities based on relating information are frequently performed. Blinking is suppressed when waiting for information and when inputting or processing information, and instead occurs at the end of the processing phase. However, the relationship between blinking and the TOT state is not yet clear. In this study, we investigated how the timing of blink suppression and occurrence changes during the TOT state. We presented successive facial photographs of famous people interspersed with those of unknown persons. The participant’s task was to name the person during recall-stimulus after each of the photographs. The participant’s responses were classified as “Recognized,” “TOT,” and “Not recognized.” Our results indicated that blink suppression occurred most frequently while waiting for the recall-stimulus period in “Not recognized” responses, whereas suppression occurred least frequently in TOT responses. We conclude that blink suppression and occurrence is related to memory-system-access processing.

著者

伊藤 美奈子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.3, pp.205-208, 1992-08-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

5

被引用文献数

1 1

---

The purpose is to examine the relationship between self-acceptance and personalities developmentally, as for evaluative and affective dimensions. Results: Males and females showed differences in the formation of adolescent self-acceptance. At junior high school level, the accepted personalities are not yet differentiated as for two dimensions in both males and females. In males, they are differentiated at senior high school, and above this level, they showed a linear increase in differentiation. Females showed emotional differentiation at junior high school, and behavioral differentiation at senior high school, and further emotional differentiation at college level. The transition of male is “from a few limited to diverse”, while for females it is “from diverse to a few limited”, As the traits to self-acceptance diversify, the self-acceptance score is high.

著者

久崎 孝浩

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.76, no.4, pp.327-335, 2005-10-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

3 3

---

The present study explored developmental factors that would contribute to individual differences in behaviors relevant to shame and guilt of young children. The children's behaviors relevant to shame and guilt were observed by an experimental procedure. The children were led to happen to destroy an experimenter's doll, and their behavioral variables relevant to shame and guilt were measured. Their mothers answered the questionnaire tapping developmental factors: children's temperament, the frequency of maternal disciplines, and the frequency of maternal emotional experiences. A factor analysis of children's behavioral variables revealed that there were apologizing traits and repairing traits. Moreover, children who received more physical punishment were likely to apologize to the experimenter for destroying the doll. Children whose mothers experienced more shame were less likely to repair the broken doll rapidly. Boys who were temperamentally more insistent and expressing more positive emotions were likely to apologize to the experimenter for destroying the doll.

著者

中村 麻衣子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.2, pp.140-147, 2002-06-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

1 1

---

The purpose of this study is to investigate correlations between anxiety and physical traits of facial expressions. In this study, subjects were divided into two groups on the basis of MAS (manifest anxiety scale), and were taken pictures under three different conditions. In Analysis I, we examined how facial expressions differ between high-anxiety and low-anxiety groups. The results showed that facial expressions differed between two groups especially in mouth, left half of the face, and asymmetry of the face. In Experiment I and II, we investigated whether human beings could identify one's anxiety trait and apparent anxiety in facial expressions only on the basis of its facial expressions. The results showed that one's anxiety trait and apparent anxiety could be detected through the mouth. From these results, human beings can recognize one's anxiety through its facial expressions.

著者

言語条件づけ研究会

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.6, pp.319-334, 1969-02-10 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

125

被引用文献数

1

著者

言語条件づけ研究会

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.5, pp.266-277, 1968-12-10 (Released:2010-07-16)

被引用文献数

1

著者

池田 央

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.4, pp.194-203, 1964 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

10

---

1. Vector analysis has been widely used in such fields as factor analysis, regression analysis, and the analysis of variance. It is also applicable to the field of test theory.2. Let the transpose of an N-column vector XT={X1, X2, …Xi, …XN}T whose i-th element is the score of the i-th person on the test under consideration.By assuming that the mean of test scores for N persons is zero and by adjusting the unit of the vector, we can obtain the following relations: 1) The length of the vector is equal to the standard deviation of the test scores. 2) The cosine of the angle between two test vectors is equal to the correlation between the two sets of test scores. (See Fig. 1 on Top Page 2.)3. The classical test theory starts from the following assumption and definition in terms of vector algebra: 1) A test vector X may be divided into two orthogonal components, X=T+E and TT·E=0. (See Fig. 4 on Top Page 3.) 2) Two test vectors, X1 and X2, having such characteristics among components that T1=T2, E1T·E2=T1T·E2=E1T·T2=0, and √E1T·E1=√E2T·E2 are called parallel test vectors in a sense that their true components are parallel. (See Fig. 5 and 6 on Top Page 3.)Almost all the basic theorems given in the first nine chapters of Gulliksen's book, “Theory of Mental Tests (1950, Wiley)”, can be derived from the above assumptions without any complicated calculation.4. For example, the reliability coefficient of a test is the square of the cosine of the angle between the test vector X and its true component T. This is equal to the cosine of the angle between two vectors of parallel tests, X1 and X2. (See Fig. 4 on Top Page 3.)5. Spearman-Brown's prophecy formula is considered as the square of the cosine of the angle between the vector sum of parallel tests and the vector sum of their true components. (See Fig. 8 on Top Page 5.)6. The validity coefficient between a test vector X and its criterion vector Y is defined as the cosine of the angle between X and Y. The formula for “Correction for Attenuation” is obtained by calculating the cosine of the angle between the true component of the test vector and that of the criterion vector. (See Fig. 9 on Top Page 7.)7. Errors of measurement, substitution and prediction, pointed out by Gulliksen (1950, Chapter 4), are also interpretable by the concept of vector geometry. (See Fig. 7 on Top Page 5.)8. The use of vector method has at least two advantages; the first is the algebraic aspect which facilitates the solution of complex problems by the use of simple rules of vector operation, and the second is the geometric aspect which helps us in an intuitive understanding of the nature of problems by the use of geometric figures.

著者

天井 響子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.92.19233, (Released:2021-03-31)

参考文献数

40

被引用文献数

2

---

This research examined the influence of expectation on the association between emotional-support-seeking behavior and support evaluation in adolescence. In Study 1, 500 secondary-school students completed an anonymous survey, and five emotional-support expectations; acceptance-, reinterpretation-, justification-, optimism-, and distraction-expectation were detected for developing the emotional-support-expectation scale. The sample of Study 2 consisted of 1,007 secondary-school students who completed an anonymous survey that asked their stressor in the past month, support-seeking behaviors, emotional-support expectations, and support evaluation. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that frequent emotional-support-seeking behavior expects higher “perception of support from others” in the case of the reinterpretation expectation was high. Although emotional-support-seeking behavior showed direct influence only “perception of support from others” out of four support evaluations, reinterpretation expectation effected on “problem-solving” and “perception of support from others”, and also justification expectation effected on “confusion”. This result indicated that the effect of expectations on support evaluation. The necessity of longitudinal examination, consideration regarding the interaction between support seeker and supporter, and verification of adaptive change were discussed as future implications.

著者

齋藤 美穂

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, no.3, pp.204-213, 1996-08-26 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

1 1

---

Using 176 Japanese and 132 Indonesian university students as subjects, the author investigated the preference for light complexions and the cultural influence on it from the viewpoint of the psychological structure of the aesthetic preference for white. In the first survey, the subjects were asked to choose their preferred colors from a color chart in order to know their general preference for white. In the second survey, the subjects were asked to answer a questionnaire designed to discriminate personal images for the four stimuli of different complexion. The results showed that positive images were associated with a fair complexion in Japan. In Indonesia, on the other hand, the images associated with a fair complexion were rather negative although white itself was highly accepted. Association with images of rareness and scarcity for a fair complexion was, however, common to both countries. This may suggest that the preference for white and whiteness derives from images of something unique and special.

著者

北村 英哉

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.4, pp.221-228, 1991-10-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

22

---

The present study investigated the relationship among construct accessibility, self-schema and person memory. Three hundred and thirty-four subjects received 40 behavioral descriptions of a stimulus person, consisting of eight specific behaviors on each of five trait-dimensions. Subjects also rated personality traits of their acquaintances and themselves on nine-point bipolar scales and ranked the importance of the five trait-dimensions. Weights, which subjects assigned to each of the five dimensions, were calculated as indices of construct accessibility. Self-schema scores of each subject were also calculated based on his/her ratings. Multiple regression analyses indicated that the dimensional weights and selfschema scores were positively correlated with the recall performance of the descriptions of the stimulus person. The schematics recalled significantly more descriptions than the aschematics, whether their self-schema was positive or negative. Subjects who had positive self-schema showed higher construct accessibility than the aschematics. It was argued that the relationship between construct accessibility and self-schema might be affected by motivational factors such as self-esteem.

著者

松田 憲 楠見 孝 細見 直宏 長 篤志 三池 秀敏

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.3, pp.240-247, 2014 (Released:2014-08-25)

参考文献数

40

被引用文献数

1 1

---

This study examined the influence of familiarity and novelty on the mere exposure effect while manipulating the presentation of background information. We selected presentation stimuli that integrated cars and backgrounds based on the results of pilot studies. During the exposure phase, we displayed the stimuli successively for 3 seconds, manipulating the background information (same or different backgrounds with each presentation) and exposure frequency (3, 6, and 9 times). In the judgment phase, 18 participants judged the cars in terms of preference, familiarity, and novelty on a 7-point scale. As the number of stimulus presentations increased, the preference for the cars increased during the different background condition and decreased during the same background condition. This increased preference may be due to the increase in familiarity caused by the higher exposure frequency and novelty resulting from the background changes per exposure session. The rise in preference judgments was not seen when cars and backgrounds were presented independently. Therefore, the addition of novel features to each exposure session facilitated the mere exposure effect.

著者

高橋 雅延

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.6, pp.357-364, 1987-02-27 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

1

---

Two experiments were designed to examine the relationship between elaboration and to-be-elaborated items in paired-associate learning. In the first task of both experiments, 20 subjects were presented with a sequence of 32 noun words to be elaborated, and instructed either to generate sentences or to produce associates. In second task, the subjects were asked to remember pairs of words either incidentally (Exp. I) or intentionally (Exp. II). The first word of the pairs, referred to as the context word, was used later as a cue for cued recall, while the second word, as the target word, was to be recalled. Three different types of pairs were constructed: (i) C pairs, in which the context word was elaborated and the target word was not, (ii) T pairs, in which the target word was elaborated and the context word was not, and (iii) CT pairs, in which both words were elaborated. Subjects who generated sentences remembered the items better than subjects who produced associations. Both T and CT pairs were more recalled than C. pairs, while there was no difference in recall between T and CT pairs. The results suggest that the type of to-be-elaborated items is an important factor in elaborative process.

著者

篠塚 寛美

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.6, pp.396-403, 1993-03-10 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

8

被引用文献数

3 3

---

Problems consisted of two categories of questions, of general knowledge and forecasting future events. Given each question, the subjects chose a more likely answer from the given two alternatives, rated their own confidence on the correctness of the choice, and then, assessed the hit-rate of the classmates. The major result is as follows. The difference between average confidence and average hit-rate was small, namely, calibration was good, for problems of both general knowledge and familiar future events. On the other hand, calibration was poor for problems of accidental future events. In other words, the more available knowledge, the better calibration is. In discussion we proposed “a model of retrieval and generation”, which could explain our results for the problems of general knowledge. Results for problems of future events suggest that the subjects possibly used a certain model to make their probability judgments. On the basis of our results and with our discussion, we found the phenomenon that people believe themselves to make mental judgments better than the average. We call the phenomenon “self-superiority phenomenon”.

著者

新谷 優

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.87, no.5, pp.513-523, 2016 (Released:2016-12-25)

参考文献数

35

被引用文献数

5 5

---

Three studies tested the reliability and validity of a Japanese version of the scale that measures compassionate goals to support others’ well-being and self-image goals to construct and defend a desired self-image. Consistent with Crocker and Canevello’s (2008) original English scale, the Japanese scale had a correlated two-factor structure and showed high reliability. Study 1 found that when controlling for self-image goals, compassionate goals were associated with lower zero-sum thinking, lower validation-seeking, higher growth-seeking, and higher independent self-construal. Controlling for compassionate goals, self-image goals were associated with higher validation-seeking and higher interdependent self-construal. In Studies 2 and 3, compassionate goals were associated with self-compassion and private self-consciousness to a greater extent than self-image goals, whereas self-image goals were associated with insecure attachment and with public self-consciousness to a greater extent than compassionate goals. A promotion focus and a prevention focus were moderately associated with both goals, suggesting that compassionate and self-image goals are different from these constructs.

著者

蔵冨 恵 吉崎 一人

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, no.5, pp.536-542, 2013-12-25 (Released:2014-03-01)

参考文献数

22

---

We used a global/local processing task with hierarchically structured visual stimuli to investigate whether each hemisphere independently modulates visual selectivity depending on conflict frequency. In both of the present experiments, a hierarchical pattern consisting of large (global) letter made up of small (local) letters was briefly presented to unilateral visual-field (LVF/RVF) and the congruency between the local and global levels was manipulated. An important manipulation was that the congruency ratio in a given block differed between the two visual-fields (80% and 20%). We required right-handed participants to identify the global (Experiment 1) and local level (Experiment 2) of the hierarchical stimulus. The results showed that when the stimuli were projected to the nondominant hemisphere for the task demand (left hemisphere in the global task and right hemisphere in the local task) the size of the interference (local interference in Experiment 1 and global interference in Experiment 2) was larger in the 80% congruent condition than in the 20% congruent condition, whereas it was invariant when the stimuli were projected to the dominant hemisphere. These results demonstrate that each hemisphere independently works cognitive control.

著者

和田 実

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.1, pp.45-52, 1988-04-30 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

3 3

---

Effects of liking, interpersonal distance, and intimacy of topics on nonverbal behaviors were investigated in a setting simulating natural interaction, using a multichannel approach, which simultaneously took account of look, eye contact, body orientation, body lean, head orientation, and utterances. Twenty four male undergraduates interacted in pairs. Their interactions were video-taped. 1. Effects of liking were found on forward body lean, smile, head orientation, eye contact, and quantity of look. 2. Effects of interpersonal distance were found on forward body lean, eye contact, and body orientation. 3. In high liking, the smaller the interpersonal distance (or the greater the immediacy in terms of interpersonal distance), the greater the immediacy defined as a composite of other behaviors, and in low liking vice versa.