著者

三船 恒裕 山岸 俊男

出版者

日本社会心理学会

雑誌

社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.2, pp.128-134, 2015-11-30 (Released:2015-12-17)

参考文献数

28

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We tested the reputation maintenance hypothesis of ingroup favoritism. Ninety-two non-student participants played one-shot prisoner’s dilemma games with an ingroup and an outgroup partner with minimal groups, and showed ingroup favoritism only when the participant and his/her partner knew each other’s group membership (common knowledge condition). The ingroup favoritism observed in the common knowledge condition positively correlated with fear of negative evaluation. These results provide support for the reputation maintenance hypothesis.

著者

松本 良恵 李 楊 新井 さくら 井上 裕香子 清成 透子 山岸 俊男

出版者

日本社会心理学会

雑誌

社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2210, (Released:2023-10-20)

参考文献数

54

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Empirical studies have shown that beliefs in conspiracy theories are associated with low self-reported attitudinal trust in other people in general. However, self-reports do not always reflect actual behaviors. The present study investigates whether beliefs in conspiracy theories are negatively associated with actual trust behavior. We conducted a secondary analysis to examine correlations between conspiracy beliefs and trust behavior measured in a monetarily incentivized economic game (trust game) as well as self-reported attitudinal general trust. The results demonstrated that the more people believed in conspiracy theories, the less they entrusted their money to strangers when there was a risk of being betrayed and losing money. The present research confirms that conspiracy beliefs are associated with low trust regardless of whether trust is self-reported attitude or actual behavior which entails the risk of betrayal.

著者

鈴木 直人 山岸 俊男

出版者

日本社会心理学会

雑誌

社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.17-25, 2004

被引用文献数

2

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This study investigated the cognitive basis of self-effacing behavior among the Japanese. Based on the premises that self-effacement among the Japanese is a form of "default self-presentation," we predicted that Japanese self-effacement will dissipate when actual self-evaluation is required. The experiment (n = 110) consisted of two phases. In Phase 1, participants took a "cognitive ability test" that consisted of 20 questions. In Phase 2, they were asked to judge if their performance on the test was above or below the average performance level in their school. In the bonus condition, participants were rewarded for making a correct judgment in their performance. In the fixed-reward condition, no reward was provided for making a correct judgment. The results from experiments 1 and 2, taken together, indicate that self-effacement observed in the fixed-reward condition was not confirmed in the bonus condition. These results suggest that self-effacement among the Japanese is a strategy for self-presentation, which they switch on and off depending on the situation.

著者

高岸 治人 高橋 伸幸 山岸 俊男

出版者

日本グループ・ダイナミックス学会

雑誌

実験社会心理学研究 (ISSN:03877973)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.2, pp.159-166, 2009 (Released:2009-03-26)

参考文献数

32

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人々は,不公正な状況(e.g.資源の不公平な分配)に直面した際に,多くの場合,その不公正を是正しようとする傾向を持つ。これまでの最後通告ゲームでの実験によって,行為者の不公正な意図が,不公正の被害者による不公正是正行動に重要な役割を果たしていることが示されてきた。本研究では,同じ研究方法を用いて,第3者が行う不公正是正行動においても,行為者の不公正な意図が重要な役割を果たしているかどうかを実験によって検証した。実験の結果,意図の効果は見られたものの,意図がない状況でも,多くの参加者が不公正是正行動をとることが示された。これらの結果は,相手に意図がない状況で不公平な結果を改善したいという動機が,被害者の立場よりも第3者の立場で強く生じていることを示している。

著者

山岸 俊男

出版者

日本社会心理学会

雑誌

社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.66-70, 1999-08-20 (Released:2016-12-15)

著者

堀田 結孝 山岸 俊男

出版者

日本グループ・ダイナミックス学会

雑誌

実験社会心理学研究 (ISSN:03877973)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.2, pp.169-177, 2008 (Released:2008-03-19)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

2 1

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最後通告ゲームにおいて,相手の責任や意図とは無関係に生じる不公正分配の拒否が,不公正結果に対する嫌悪によって生じる行動であるかを検討するために,137名を対象とした最後通告ゲームと独裁者ゲームを実施した。参加者は,最後通告ゲームで受け手の役割に割り当てられ,不公正分配の提案を受け入れるか拒否するかを決定した。最後通告ゲームでは,提案者が意図的に不公正分配を行う“意図あり条件”と,提案者の意図とは無関係に不公正分配が生じる“意図なし条件”の2つの条件が個人間要因として操作された。更に,参加者は最後通告ゲーム終了後,独裁者ゲームに分配者として参加し,別の相手へ分配する金額を決定した。実験の結果,意図なし条件でも拒否者が観測され,また意図なし条件での拒否者は受け入れ者よりも,独裁者ゲームで公正分配を行う傾向にあった。実験結果は,相手の意図とは無関係に生じた不公正分配の拒否が,純粋に公正結果を追求する動機に基づく行動である可能性を示唆している。

著者

林 直保子 神 信人 山岸 俊男

出版者

日本社会心理学会

雑誌

社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.1, pp.33-43, 1993-01-22 (Released:2016-12-01)

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The main purpose of this study was to examine how the existence of multiple Prisoner's Dilemma relations among group members affects their choices in each PD relation. Twenty-eight computer simulated actors were used to simulate group members. Each simulated-actor had two kinds of strategies: (1) designation strategy (i.e., strategy to determine whom to choose as a game partner), and (2) behavior strategy (i.e., strategy to determine when to cooperate and when to defect). The simulation involved four designation strategies, and seven behavior strategies. Five of behavior strategies were variants of the tit-for tat strategy, said to be most effective in iterated 2-person PD games. Results of the simulation indicate that: (1) the designation strategy has a greater influence on the simulated-actor' total score than the behavior strategy; (2) effectiveness of the behavior strategy changes depending on the designation strategy adopted; (3) the relationship between disignation and behavior strategies mentioned above depends on the nature of the pay-off matrix used in each game played along the PD network.

著者

菊地 雅子 渡邊 席子 山岸 俊男

出版者

The Japanese Group Dynamics Association

雑誌

実験社会心理学研究 (ISSN:03877973)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.23-36, 1997-06-30 (Released:2010-06-04)

参考文献数

46

被引用文献数

20 20

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他者一般の信頼性についての信念である一般的信頼の高さが必ずしもその人の騙されやすさを意味しないというRotter (1980) の議論, および高信頼者は低信頼者よりも他者の信頼性 (ないしその欠如) を示唆する情報により敏感であるという小杉・山岸 (1995) の知見を, 情報判断の正確さにまで拡張することによって導き出された「高信頼者は低信頼者に比べ, 他者の一般的な信頼性についての判断がより正確である」とする仮説が実験により検討され, 支持された。この結果は, 他者一般の信頼性の「デフォルト推定値」としてはたらく一般的信頼の高低と, 特定の他者の信頼性を示唆する情報が与えられた場合のその相手の信頼性の判断とは独立であることを示している。すなわち, 高信頼者は騙されやすい「お人好し」なのではなく, むしろ他者の信頼性 (ないしその欠如) を示唆する情報を適切に処理して, 他者の信頼性 (ないしその欠如) を正確に判断する人間であることを示唆している。最後に, 社会環境と認知資源の配分の観点からこの知見を説明するための一つのモデルが紹介される。

著者

鈴木 直人 山岸 俊男

出版者

日本社会心理学会

雑誌

社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.17-25, 2004-07-22 (Released:2017-01-14)

被引用文献数

2

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This study investigated the cognitive basis of self-effacing behavior among the Japanese. Based on the premises that self-effacement among the Japanese is a form of "default self-presentation," we predicted that Japanese self-effacement will dissipate when actual self-evaluation is required. The experiment (n = 110) consisted of two phases. In Phase 1, participants took a "cognitive ability test" that consisted of 20 questions. In Phase 2, they were asked to judge if their performance on the test was above or below the average performance level in their school. In the bonus condition, participants were rewarded for making a correct judgment in their performance. In the fixed-reward condition, no reward was provided for making a correct judgment. The results from experiments 1 and 2, taken together, indicate that self-effacement observed in the fixed-reward condition was not confirmed in the bonus condition. These results suggest that self-effacement among the Japanese is a strategy for self-presentation, which they switch on and off depending on the situation.

著者

渡部 幹 山岸 俊男

出版者

日本社会心理学会

雑誌

社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.1, pp.65-72, 1993-12-25 (Released:2016-12-02)

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The purpose of this research is to examine whether or not people prefer the trigger strategy when given a chance to choose between various kinds of strategies in a social dilemma (SD) situation. The experiment was run as a 4-person iterated SD situation with three conditions. The results show that Ss did not select morefrequently the trigger strategy in either condition. These results are inconsistent with the one found in an ealier study (Watabe, 1992). Changes in experimental design are needed in order to examine possible reasons of this inconsistency.

著者

清成 透子 山岸 俊男

出版者

日本社会心理学会

雑誌

社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.2, pp.100-109, 1999-12-20 (Released:2016-12-15)

被引用文献数

2

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The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between general trust and trustworthiness. According to the traditional psychological as well as economic approaches, trust has been regarded as simple reflection of trustworthiness. On the other hand, Yamagishi's (1998) "emancipation theory of trust" assigns trust significance of its own, beyond simple reflection of trustworthiness. We developed a device, which we call "game of enthronement," to measure trustful behavior independently from trustworthy behavior, and used it to compare the levels of trust and trustworthiness between American and Japanese Ss. The results show a higher level of trust among American than Japanese Ss, whereas no difference was found in the level of trustworthy behavior between the two samples, implying that trust has its own significance beyond simple reflection of trustworthiness.

著者

山岸 みどり 小杉 素子 山岸 俊男

出版者

日本社会心理学会

雑誌

社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.1, pp.33-42, 1996-08-15 (Released:2016-12-06)

被引用文献数

2

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A new method of detecting and controlling for acquiescence response biases in questionnaire studies was developed and applied to a cross-national survey data on trust collected by Yamagishi & Yamagishi (1994). Instead of including a set of balanced items or a large number of mutually unrelated questions as was common in conventional methods for assessing acquiesence, the proposed method uses multiple, mutually independent sets of items selected based on a principal component analysis. A relatively high correlation (r=.56) between two independent indices of acquiescence (obtained from two independent sets of items) suggests validity of the proposed method. No statistically significant differences in acquiescence were found between American and Japanese respondents suggesting that the results of Yamagishi & Yamagishi's results were not due to crossnational differences in acquiescence responses.

著者

MILLER Alan・S 山岸 俊男 大坪 庸介 山岸 みどり 大沼 進 ミラー アラン

出版者

北海道大学

雑誌

基盤研究(B)

巻号頁・発行日

1998

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本研究の主要な成果は、以下の4点にまとめられる。(1)信頼と社会的知性との関連について。囚人のジレンマ(PD)における他者の行動予測の正確さが、共感4因子のうちの、想像性因子とのみ関連しており、他の因子とはほとんど関連していないことが明らかにされた。PDで協力行動を取った人物の顔写真と、非協力行動を取った人物の顔写真の再認において、後者の写真の再認率が前者の写真の再認率を上回ることが明らかにされた。(2)集団所属性に基づく信頼について。集団所属性にもとづく内集団成員に対する信頼が、内集団成員に対するポジティブなステレオタイプによって支えられているのではなく、集団内部に一般的互酬性が存在するという直感的な集団理解により支えられていることが明らかにされた。(3)信頼関係形成プロセスにおけるリスクテイキングの役割について。信頼関係形成に際して、リスクの程度が外的環境により決定される状況と、リスクの程度を自分で決定できる状況とを比較することで、リスクテイキングのオプションが信頼関係の形成を促進することが明らかにされた。(4)情報の非対称性が存在する社会関係での信頼行動を支える評判システムの役割について。情報の非対称性が存在するインターネット・オークション市場を再現した実験を実施し、適切な評判システムが存在しない限りレモン市場化が確実に発生することが明らかにされた。更に、単純な評判システムではレモン市場問題の有効な解決をもたらされないことが確認され、適切な評判システムを支える条件についての示唆が得られた。これらの研究成果は、リスクテイキングを中核とする信頼行動を生み出す心理的プロセスと、社会制度の両面から、信頼社会形成のための条件を明確にしている。

著者

品田 瑞穂 山岸 俊男 谷田 林士 高橋 知里 犬飼 佳吾 小泉 径子 横田 晋大 三船 恒裕 高岸 治人 堀田 結孝 橋本 博文

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.81, no.2, pp.149-157, 2010 (Released:2010-09-09)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

1 1

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Cooperation in interdependent relationships is based on reciprocity in repeated interactions. However, cooperation in one-shot relationships cannot be explained by reciprocity. Frank, Gilovich, & Regan (1993) argued that cooperative behavior in one-shot interactions can be adaptive if cooperators displayed particular signals and people were able to distinguish cooperators from non-cooperators by decoding these signals. We argue that attractiveness and facial expressiveness are signals of cooperators. We conducted an experiment to examine if these signals influence the detection accuracy of cooperative behavior. Our participants (blind to the target's behavior in a Trust Game) viewed 30-seconds video-clips. Each video-clip was comprised of a cooperator and a non-cooperator in a Trust Game. The participants judged which one of the pair gave more money to the other participant. We found that participants were able to detect cooperators with a higher accuracy than chance. Furthermore, participants rated male non-cooperators as more attractive than male cooperators, and rated cooperators more expressive than non-cooperators. Further analyses showed that attractiveness inhibited detection accuracy while facial expressiveness fostered it.

著者

松田 昌史 山岸 俊男

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.5, pp.413-421, 2001-12-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

30

被引用文献数

5 8

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This study examined the relationship between cooperation and trust in interpersonal trust formation. Previous studies of trust and cooperation using prisoner's dilemma (PD) games failed, methodologically as well as conceptually, to distinguish the former from the latter. In response to the criticism on the use of iterated PD games, and for the purpose of investigating dynamic relationship between trust and cooperation, an improvement in research methodology was recently proposed: namely, PD with choice of dependence (PD/D; Kakiuchi & Yamagishi, 1997; Yamagishi & Kakiuchi, 2000). We conducted an experiment to compare formation of trust relations in PD and PD/D. Result indicated a higher level of cooperation in PD/D than in PD. Further analysis of strategies used to build trustful relationship, where two partners trusted each other and reciprocated the other's trusting behavior, revealed that participants in PD/D adopted “cautious and unconditional cooperation strategy” rather than TFT strategy.

著者

山岸 俊男 山岸 みどり 高橋 伸幸 林 直保子 渡部 幹

出版者

The Japanese Group Dynamics Association

雑誌

実験社会心理学研究 (ISSN:03877973)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.1, pp.23-34, 1995-07-30 (Released:2010-06-04)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

10 12

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人間性の善良さに対する信念として定義される, 他者一般に対する信頼である一般的信頼と, コミットメント関係にある特定の相手が, その関係の中で自分に対して不利な行動を取らないだろうという期待として定義される個別的信頼との間で, 理論的区別が行われた。社会的不確実性に直面した場合, 一般的信頼が低い人々は, そこでの不確実性を低減するためにコミットメント関係を形成する傾向が強いだろうという理論に基づき, 売手と買手との関係をシミュレートした実験を行った。実験の結果, 社会的不確実性と被験者の一般的信頼の水準が (a) 特定の売手と買手との間のコミットメント形成および (b) 個別的信頼に対して持つ効果についての, 以下の仮説が支持された。第1に, 社会的不確実性はコミットメント形成を促進した。第2に, コミットメント形成はパートナー間の個別的信頼を促進した。第3に, 上の2つの結果として, 社会的不確実性は集団内での個別的信頼の全体的水準を高める効果を持った。第4に, 人間性の善良さに対する信念として定義される一般的信頼は, コミットメント形成を妨げる効果を持った。ただし, 第2と第4の結果から予測される第5の仮説は支持されなかった。すなわち, 一般的信頼は個別的信頼を押し下げる効果は持たなかった。

著者

山岸 俊男 渡部 幹 林 直保子 高橋 伸幸 山岸 みどり

出版者

日本社会心理学会

雑誌

社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.3, pp.206-216, 1996-03-30 (Released:2016-12-04)

被引用文献数

2

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An experiment was conducted to test three hypotheses concerning effects of social uncertainty and general trust on commitment formation, hypotheses derived from Yamagishi & Yamagishi's (1994) theory of trust. First two hypotheses were supported, while the last one was not. First, increasing social uncertainty facilitated commitment formation. Second, low general trusters formed mutually committed relations more often than did high trusters. Finally, the prediction that the effect of general trust on commitment formation would be stronger in the high uncertainty condition than in the low uncertainty condition was not supported. Theoretical implications of these findings for the theory of trust advanced by Yamagishi and his associates are discussed.

著者

垣内 理希 山岸 俊男

出版者

日本社会心理学会

雑誌

社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.3, pp.212-221, 1997-03-31 (Released:2016-12-06)

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This study examined the development of trusting relationships as investments in relation-specific assets. A new experimental game called "the dilemma of variable interdependency" was created based on iterated prisoner's dilemma game, in which subjects faced a choice of increasing or decreasing the level of dependency in addition to the usual choice between cooperation and defection. Results of the experiment confirmed the hypothesis that high-trusters (those who have a strong belief in human benevolence) would take a risk of making themselves vulnerable to exploitative behavior of the partner more strongly than low-trusters. This resulted in formation of mutually highly dependent relationships among high-trusters. It was further demonstrated that the subjects' levels of trust affect their cooperation levels when they were given an option to choose the level of dependence but not in the ordinary two-person, iterated PD.

著者

真島 理恵 山岸 俊男 松田 昌史

出版者

日本社会心理学会

雑誌

社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.3, pp.175-183, 2004-03-15 (Released:2017-01-13)

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The purpose of this study was to examine the role of trust in relationships between temporary partners. In this study, we predicted that trust would play a "signaling" role in promoting mutual cooperation, even in relationships with unfixed or temporary partners. To examine this prediction, we conducted an experiment using two different games. We used the repeated PD/D (prisoner's dilemma with choice of dependence) game, which can measure trusting behavior independently from cooperation. Also, we used the ordinary PD game in which there is no option for trust. Seventy participants were assigned to either the PD/D condition or the ordinary PD condition. In both conditions, players interacted with a randomly matched partner in each trial. The results reveal that the cooperation rate in the PD/D game was significantly higher than that in the PD game. Such a finding indicates that trust serves as a signal of the player's intention, which in turn, promotes mutual cooperation. However, in a similar experiment in which players interacted with the same partner, Matsuda & Yamagishi (2001) found a much lower cooperation rate in the PD/D condition than what was found in this experiment. Therefore, we conclude that the role of trust in non-fixed relationships has only a limited effect for promoting mutual cooperation.

著者

寺井 滋 山岸 俊男 渡部 幹

出版者

日本社会心理学会

雑誌

社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.2, pp.94-103, 2003-12-15 (Released:2017-01-13)

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Using computer simulations, this study examined whether mutual cooperation can occur in social dilemmas characterized by the absence of a central authority. In the absence of a central authority, provision of a sanctioning system that administers selective incentives-a well referred solution to social dilemmas-constitutes a second-order social dilemma. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the generalized tit-for-tat (TFT) strategy, which is an extended version of tit-for-tat that is applied in n-person games, can help solve the second-order social dilemma. The results of computer simulations indicated that the second-order social dilemma could be resolved when group members adopt the Generalized TFT. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the Generalized TFT strategy could survive and prosper in a population originally dominated by "probabilistic actors."