著者

高橋 晃

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.1, pp.9-14, 1998-04-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

14

被引用文献数

8 3

---

This report concerns with the recognition memory and the confidence rating. The hit ratio was correlated to the confidence ratings, while the correct rejection (CR) ratio was not correlated to the confidence ratings. Especially, in case of short presentation of target items, negative coefficient was observed between CR and its confidence rating. This is because there were no memory traces of new items, so subjects used supplementary information about those items that had no relations to experimental learning episodes, and the subjects used that information as clue in recognition judgement. Although the base of the confidence rating was relpaced by the plausibility of such information, the subjects could not monitor the source of confidence.

著者

西口 美穂 楠見 孝

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.93.21001, (Released:2022-03-31)

参考文献数

36

被引用文献数

1

---

Many recent studies, primarily about comprehension, have shown that perceptual simulation occurs in language processing. We conducted two studies to investigate how such perceptual simulation influences sentence production. In both studies, the participants were first repeatedly presented with pictures of an object with a specific shape (e.g., an unbroken egg or a broken egg). In Study 1, they produced a sentence using two words (e.g., egg, refrigerator) and the onset times for their speech were recorded. In Study 2, they were presented with three words and asked to produce a sentence from the target word (e.g., egg) and a word they freely chose from the others (e.g., refrigerator or skillet). Results indicated that visual information matching the sentences did not influence speech onset times (Study 1). However, more sentences implied that the shape matched the presented picture compared to the other picture (Study 2). This suggests perceptual simulation plays an important role in sentence production when spontaneously formulating the message to be conveyed.

著者

大橋 恵 藤後 悦子 井梅 由美子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.93.20224, (Released:2022-03-31)

参考文献数

38

被引用文献数

2

---

Coaching harassment, which includes physical violence (corporal punishment), psychological violence, and other inappropriate coaching behaviors such as unfair treatment and favoritism, is known to occur in junior sports. Previous studies have primarily focused on the effects and qualitative characteristics of harassment. Moreover, a scale for convenient and appropriate assessment of coaching harassment experiences have not been developed to date. This study developed a scale to assess coaching harassment experiences in sports that comprised of nine items assessing concrete behaviors. A survey using the scale was conducted with university and vocational school students asking about their sports experiences in senior high school. The scale’s internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and concurrent validity were examined, which indicated adequate results. It is expected that using this scale in future studies will demonstrate the psychological effects of coaching harassment on motivation and mental health, as well as the process through which coaching harassment occurs.

著者

坂井 敬子 半澤 礼之

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.79, no.1, pp.60-65, 2008 (Released:2011-03-16)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

4 1

---

This study aimed to examine the goal consciousness scale as lifespan developmental index in young adult workers, and the relationship between work values and the goal consciousness. Survey data from 240 young adult workers were used, two subscales in work values scale and five subscales in goal consciousness scale were confirmed by factor analyses. Analysis of variance (ANOVAs) showed that goal-confidence and time-management were high with high expert-orientation or low work-as-devise-orientation. Thirst for goal was low with low expert-orientation and low work-as-devise-orientation. Anxiety about the future was high with high work-as-devise-orientation in the case of males who have high expert-orientation. Planning was high with low work-as-devise-orientation in the case of male. These results indicated that expert-orientation promotes goal-consciousness, work-as-devise-orientation disturbs it, especially, expert-as-devise-orientation raises anxiety for the future.

著者

久保 真人

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.85.13214, (Released:2014-08-01)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

17 17

---

Two studies were conducted to examine the factorial and construct validity of the Japanese Burnout Scale which was designed to measure hypothesized aspects of the burnout syndrome among public service workers in a variety of samples. The sample in study 1 consisted of 389 public service workers, 350 non-public service workers, and 3,410 non-service workers. Exploratory factor analysis confirmed a hypothesized three-factor structure for both public and non-public service workers, which was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. The sample in study 2 consisted of the following car dealer employees: 349 sales staff, 152 engineering staff, and 288 clerical staff. Exploratory factor analysis confirmed a hypothesized three-factor structure only in the sales staff group, which was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Moreover, the construct validity of the scale was supported by the job demand-control model (Karasek, 1979). The Japanese Burnout Scale may serve as a useful measure of burnout syndrome among service workers in future research.

著者

石原 金由 齋藤 敬 宮田 洋

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.6, pp.362-365, 1982-03-10 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

26 18

---

The Kwansei Gakuin Sleepiness Scale (KSS) is a self-rating scale which is developed after the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) and using Thurstone's method of equal-appearing intervals. The present study investigated whether the KSS correlates with vigilance task performance, fatigue test and oral temperature, and whether circadian variation of the KSS ratings is demonstrated during 40 hours sleep deprivation. Six student subjects employed in this study were given performance test, self-ratings and temperature measurement at every 3 hour for 3 days. On Day-2, sleep deprivation was carried out to all subjects. The results showed that mean KSS ratings highly correlated with correct detection rates on the vigilance task, fatigue test and oral temperature, and that the change of KSS ratings demonstrated not only the effect of sleep deprivation but also the circadian variation in sleepiness.

著者

萩野 源一

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.4, pp.363-380_4, 1936

---

<I>Problem</I>: The purpose of this study is to analyse and describe the temporal course of facial expression. Although many studies have been already attempted on the judgment of facial expression, there was lacking a consideration from a temporal point of view. Accordingly, the conclusions of most of these studies were negative. Now I wanted to take up the same thema from a standpoint which seemed to me most fundamental for the further study.<BR><I>Procedure</I> : I used as the objects of judgment a few motion pictures from the reason that otherwise we can not see repeatedly the same facial expression. The subject was a two years old boy. An adult, I think, is inadequate to be taken in film beeause he changes his attitude as soon as he is conscious of the situation.<BR>Thus I had nine series of film pictures of facial expressions of emotion, including five of <I>crying</I> and four of <I>laughing</I>. These films were protieded on the waalnld the images were analysed by the following methods.<BR>(1) To measure the length of eye old mouth opening quantitatively, and at the same time record the impressions of these.<BR>(2) To record the impression of the expression of the whole face.<BR>(3) A time-curve was plotted from, these'records.<BR><I>Summary of results</I>:<BR>(1) There are some specific differences between the temporal courses of <I>crying</I> and those of <I>laughing</I>, and these differences are decided by the internal conditions as well as the situation in which the subject is placed. But, generally speaking, we can find out a tendency that <I>crying</I> continues longer than <I>laughing</I>.<BR>(2) The climaxes of <I>crying</I> of the child show the same intensity irrespective of the causes, but in the case of <I>laughing</I> the climaxes are not the same.<BR>(3) The duration of climax of <I>crying</I> is very short. But a considerably strong<I>crying</I> as a whole continues long.<BR>The expression of <I>lauphing</I> continues for only a very short time when it is stong, and continues sometimes long (but shorter than <I>crying</I>) when it is weak.<BR>(4) Generally speaking, the speed of the changing of <I>crying</I> is slower than that of <I>laughing</I>.<BR>(5) In all cases the processes of the facial expressions jump up and down, and during the intervals of these there are slow changes.<BR>(6) <I>After crying</I> (sometimes before it) there is a long and slow change of expression. But <I>laughing</I> occurs and vanishes suddenly.

著者

吉田 正昭 藤井 和子 栗田 淳子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.2, pp.74-85, 1966-06-10 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

8

被引用文献数

1 1

---

Purpose. “On” is a very difficult concept to translate into foreign languages. Japanese English dictionaries assign kindness, favor, love, obligation, or indebtedness to this word, but they are not broad enough to cover all the forms of “on”. Before the termination of Pacific war, loyalty towards emperor and filial piety supported the every structure of Japanese community, and authoritarian attitude among the Japanese. But since the new Constitution become effective, these concepts have changed drastically, and the contents of “on” also is expected to change, because it has very close connection with them. With these considerations, two surveys were planned.(I) Method. Free associations and semantic differential ratings concerning “on”, were obtained from 215 adults (male and female, their ages ranging 17-50) in Tokyo. Results. Clearly “on” has two aspects, the one is based on old-fashioned, feudalistic, one-way devotion, etc., and the other is based on universality of human nature. Older people recognize the former aspect, but regard it as more “beautiful” because of the latter aspect, and highly esteem it as a moral standard, In contrast with this, younger people show fairly negative attitude towards the former aspect.(II) Method. Costant sum method. 100 points were assigned to 22 attributes of “on” for 19 human relations listed below. Enquetes were presented to three groups of Ss, (i) younger male, (ii) younger female, and (iii) older people. Number of Ss in each group was about 50, all living in Tokyo. Attributes were (1) true love, (2) gratitude, (3) tradition, (4) “taimen” or appearances, (5) human obligation, (6) “girl”, (7) fictitious love, (8) voluntariness, (9) social coercion, (10) friendship, (11) comradeship, (12) expectation of future guarantee, (13) benefit of others, (14) dependence on authority, (15) conscience, (16) indebtedness, (17) reverence, (18) pursuit of own benefit, (19) mutual dependence, (20) social courtesy, (21) contract, and (22) feudally. Human relations used were (1) parent-child, (2) main family-branch family, (3) parent and child in law, (4) ancestordescendant, (5) boss-henchman, (6) landlordtenant, (7) emperor-subjects, (8) masterservants, (9) guild master-apprentice, (10) trader-consumer, (11) employer-employee, (12) senior-subordinate, (13) capitalist-laborer, (14) parent company-subsidary company, (15) neighbourhood, (16) individual-society, (17) friendship, (18) teacher-pupil, and (19) godhuman beings.Results. Data for only younger males are shown in Table 2. They are the most radical of the three groups, older people being the most conservative, and younger female lying between the two Items which were accepted positively were based on true love, gratitude, friendship, obligation, conscience, voluntariness, mutual dependence, and items which were accepted negatively were based on authority, feudality, tradition, “girl”, etc. These results are in marked contrast with the pre-war concept of “on”.

著者

石原 治 権藤 恭之 W. Poon Leonard

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.6, pp.516-521, 2002-02-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

21

被引用文献数

7 9

---

The continuous recognition paradigm was employed to examine age-related performance deficit in short-term and long-term memory. Three age groups of people: young, young-old, and old-old, participated in the study, which used words of high and intermediate familiarity. With intervals used as criteria for separation of short-term (STM) and long-term (LTM) memory, hit rate and reaction time (RT) were computed separately. Although not significantly different in STM, hit rate in LTM decreased as the participant got older. No difference in RT for young-old and old-old groups was found for STM and LTM of high familiarity words, but the difference was significant for LTM of intermediate familiarity. RT was longer for intermediate than high familiarity words for both young-old and old-old groups in LTM, and only for old-old group in STM. These results indicated that although age differences in memory performance were not very large, different influence of aging on encoding, storage, and retrieval processes could be inferred.

著者

本明 寛 織田 正美 木村 裕

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.3, pp.113-124, 1972-08-10 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

13

---

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of personality traits of car salesman on the sales performancesJust prior to engaging in practical business, 106 car salesmen underwent the Salesman Test which consisted of 10 personality scales (Adaptability, Creative attitude, Motivation, Alignment, Circumspectness, Sense of responsibility, Self-confidence, Version, Magnanimity and Comprehensibility).Results obtained from the analyses of relationships between the total number of cars sold over a fourteen-month peirod and the scores of the Salesman Test were as follows:1. The upper third of all subjects in respect of their sales performances had scored significantly higher than the lower third of them in Creative attitude, Motivation, Circumspectness and Self-confidence.2. Personality traits which had positive and significant correlation to the sales performances were Adaptability, Creative attitude, Motivation and Self-confidence.3. Personality traits which had positive and significant partial correlation to the sales performances were Creative attitude, Motivation, Alignment, Circumspectness and Sense of responsibility.4. Through Multiple Regression Analysis, partial regression coefficients of sales performances to the personality traits were computed. The partial regression coefficients to Creative attitude, Motivation, Alignment, Circumspectness and Sense of responsibility were positive and significant.From the above-mentioned results, it could be concluded that personality traits which had effect on the sales performances and, therefore, were useful to predict their performances were Creative attitude, Motivation and, Circumspectness. Furthermore, since the significant multiple regression coefficient was larger than any one of the correlation coefficients, the multiple prediction could be more valid than the prediction by some of the personality traits described above.

著者

久保田 桂子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.79, no.6, pp.530-535, 2009 (Released:2011-11-03)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

4 2

---

This study examined mother-daughter communication in two tasks. Adolescents (N=41) from two age levels (mean age=13.45 and 20.50 years) participated with their mothers in solving math questions and decorating a mirror. Their utterances were coded into fifteen categories based Condon, Cooper and Grotevant (1984). The results showed that the communications of adolescents differed according to their age level. Older adolescents (college students) associated with their mothers on equal terms while accomplishing the tasks. In contrast, younger adolescents (junior high school students) were supported by their mothers. These differences were also evident in the mothers' data.

著者

郷田 賢 宮本 正一

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.3, pp.211-218, 2000-08-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

9 16

---

This study examined the effect of the changes in facial expressions in different parts of the face on emotion recognition. Fiftytwo university students participated in the study. Seven emotions were selected as being the most suitable for categorization and expression: namely, anger, fear, surprise, disgust, sadness, happiness, and neutrality. Picture of these emotions were used to create stimulus materials, composed facial expressions were created by combining the upper and the lower parts of the pictures expressing different emotions. The participants were asked to categorize the type of emotion represented by each picture. The results showed that the upper area of the face was more often associated with anger, fear, surprise, and sadness. On the contrary, the lower area was more often associated with disgust and happiness. There were no significant differences between parts of the face associated with neutral emotions. Based on these results, we conclude that affected areas of the face differed as a function of emotion being experienced. Finally, the relationship of our results with Yamada's model (1993) was discussed.

著者

外山 美樹 長峯 聖人 湯 立 肖 雨知 三和 秀平 相川 充

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.91, no.3, pp.155-164, 2020 (Released:2020-08-25)

参考文献数

42

被引用文献数

2

---

This study focused on the relationship between regulatory focus and creative performance. We investigated the effects of ego involvement on enhancing motivation in task performance. We hypothesized that there are no differences in creativity based on the degree of ego involvement in promotion-focused individuals, whereas creativity would be higher in prevention-focused individuals with higher ego involvement. University students (N = 128) participated in the study. The results supported the hypothesis. When ego involvement was high, there were no differences in creativity between promotion-focused and prevention-focused individuals on three indicators of creativity. Based on these three indicators, prevention-focused individuals were more creative than promotion-focused individuals. Moreover, prevention-focused individuals who worked on a task patiently and persistently achieved equal or better creative performance than promotion-focused individuals.

著者

飯島 雄大 丹野 義彦

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.3, pp.232-236, 2012 (Released:2012-11-23)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

9 9

---

The present study investigated the effects of cognitive load on the temporal focus of mind wandering. Participants performed a cognitive-load task under three load conditions (0 back, 1 back, 2 back). During each condition, thought sampling was conducted to measure task-unrelated thoughts. When a thought probe was presented, participants responded what they were just thinking. The results showed that future-related thoughts were reduced with increasing cognitive-load. On the other hand, past-related thoughts were not reduced under moderate cognitive-load but were under high cognitive-load. This indicates that future-related thoughts require additional resources. Furthermore, future-related thoughts were more prevalent than past-related thoughts under low cognitive-load. These findings may indicate that a future prospective bias is important for survival.

著者

和田 実

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.3, pp.186-194, 2001-08-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

1 1

---

This study examined the differences between interpersonal relationship of same-sex old friends (OF) and that of new friends (NF). It also investigated the effects of physical distance with an old friend and gender on the friendship. Respondents were 208 undergraduates, 86 men and 122 women, who chose one of most intimate person each from same-sex friends they had made before and after they entered a university, and answered questions to describe their relationship. Results showed that relationship satisfaction and tired feeling were higher for OF than NF. Spending time together and talking over telephone were more frequent for NF than OF, but for each occasion together or over telephone, OF spent longer time than NF. OF expected more self-disclosure between them than NF. Gender differences in friendship expectation were similar to previous findings (Wada, 1993, 1996). Furthermore, gender and physical distance both influenced the frequencies of OF spending time together and over telephone. These findings are discussed in terms of gender differences in friendship.

著者

白神 敬介 川野 健治

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.89, no.3, pp.251-261, 2018 (Released:2018-08-28)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

2 3

---

Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a useful evaluation measure of medical, health, and welfare activities, but it is difficult to apply it at the individual level. To solve this problem, we analyzed a widely used HRQOL instrument, the Medical Outcomes Study short form-36 (SF-36), using latent rank theory (LRT) to try to identify findings useful for supporting health care activities. We analyzed data from 2952 people obtained in a population health survey. In Analysis 1, we examined the feasibility of applying LRT. In Analysis 2, we performed qualitative interpretation analysis of the LRT results of Analysis 1 to determine more effective use of support activities in local public health care. Analysis 1 showed that LRT could properly extract information from SF-36 data. In Analysis 2, the LRT results allowed for the classification of each subject based on HRQOL status. The method would therefore be useful for determining appropriate interventions and selecting subjects for interventions. This study demonstrated a new methodology to more effectively use HRQOL measures in health care and psychological support.

著者

橋口 捷久

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.2, pp.68-74, 1985-06-20 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

23

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In this study, it was hypothesized that (1) both task- and performance-contingent rewards would undermine intrinsic motivation for high-interest task but enhance it for low-interest one, that (2) in the high-interest task conditions, performance-contingent rewards would undermine intrinsic motivation more than task-contingent ones, and that (3) in the low-interest task conditions, performance-contingent rewards would enhance intrinsic motivation more than task-contingent ones. Ninety female undergraduate subjects were offered task-contingent (300 yen for participating in the task for 8 min) or performance-contingent (piece rate: 15 yen for each 10 characters deciphering) rewards, or no reward, for working on a decipherment task called a cipher game of high or low interest. Results indicated that both task- and performance-contingent rewards, which did not differ from each other, undermined intrinsic motivation for high-interest task. Task-contingent rewards enhanced intrinsic motivation for low-interest task, but performance-contingent rewards did not affect it. These results were discussed in terms of a general approach to the self-perception of intrinsic motivation.

著者

石川 遥至 浮川 祐希 野田 萌加 越川 房子

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.92, no.4, pp.227-236, 2021 (Released:2021-10-25)

参考文献数

38

被引用文献数

1

---

Focused-distraction (FD), which aims to interrupt negative thoughts, is a major coping strategy for depressive moods, but it may also function as maladaptive avoidance and prevent acknowledging problems. This study compared the effects of FD and dividing-attention distraction (DD), a strategy to think about a negative past event while engaging in distraction, on mood and thoughts about the event. Sixty-five students (undergraduates and graduates) ruminated about negative past events, followed by an 8-minute DD, FD, or no-task session, and then a 5-minute rest. After one week, students ruminated again. Participants’ moods and evaluations of negative events were measured after the initial rumination, task session, rest, and the second rumination. The FD group showed lower anxiety than other groups after each task but FD group participants with high-rumination levels showed higher tenseness than the no-task group after the second rumination. The rate of DD participants who reported non-negative thoughts after one week was higher than the FD group. These findings suggest that one’s attentional state while using distraction affects mood and attitude with respect to a negative memory.

著者

中尾 達馬

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.92, no.5, pp.390-396, 2021

被引用文献数

4

---

<p>This study, using both the cross-lagged and synchronous effects models, examined the temporal and causal relationships between attachment and other critical psychological variables (loneliness, mental health) in university students under the restrictive conditions of campus activities due to COVID-19. The participants of the analysis were 150 university students (88 males, 62 females) who responded to two web surveys three months apart: one in early May 2020 and the other in late July or early August 2020. The main findings were: (a) AIC and BIC indicated that the cross-lagged effects model fit the data better than the synchronous effects model; (b) attachment anxiety had a negative cross-lagged effect on mental health three months later; and (c) loneliness had a positive cross-lagged effect on attachment avoidance three months later. This study's academic contribution was to extend the previous findings about the interrelationships over time in a potentially attachment-related threat situation, the COVID-19 pandemic, and to clarify whether attachment influences loneliness and mental health in this situation or vice versa.</p>

著者

大沼 夏子 箱田 裕司 大上 渉

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.5, pp.391-398, 2002-12-25 (Released:2010-07-16)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

1 1

---

This study investigated if emotionality affects the occurrence of source misattribution, which seems to be the most valid mechanism of misinformation effect. A half of 120 participants saw an emotionally stressful videotaped movie, and the other half a neutral one. Then, they answered the questionnaire, which included misinformation about the details of the movie. After 15 minutes or 2 days, they answered the source monitoring test, which required them to select the source of the memory of details that had been presented in the movie and/or in the questionnaire, or not either of them. Several patterns of differences in test performance appeared between the emotional condition and the neutral condition. These differences suggest that the ability for source monitoring declined more saliently with time in the emotional condition than in the neutral condition, and that memories about visually central details are less vulnerable to misinformation effect with 15 minutes delay in the emotional condition than in the neutral condition.