著者

西川 博美 中川 理

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.767, pp.171-181, 2020 (Released:2020-01-30)

参考文献数

7

被引用文献数

1 1

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This paper discusses the historical perspectives and social significance of the Butokuden martial arts halls that were built and managed by the official branches of the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai (Greater Japan Martial Virtue Society) in Taiwan under the Japanese colonial rule. The Butokuden halls were constructed in Kyoto in 1895 by the Dai Nihon Butoku Kai for the purpose of endorsing martial arts which had fallen into disuse after the Meiji Restoration, and construction spread throughout Japan. In Taiwan, a great many Butokuden halls were constructed. From the 1930s, there more splendid Butokuden buildings being built in Taiwan than in Japan. This paper analyzes 26 Butokuden halls that were built in various places up until that point. The Taiwan branch of the Dai Nihon Butoku Kai was established in 1906. Branch offices were situated within the prefectures of the branch, and further chapters were established within the districts of the branch offices that organized the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai throughout the country. However, there were established committees within various parts of Taiwan before, and activities began early. As a result, several martial arts practice halls were built in various places featuring architecture that had the appearance of a temple that was built in Kyoto in 1899, but were smaller in scale. From 1913, the construction of full-scale Butokuden halls began within large prefectures such as Taichung, Tainan, Hsinchu, Taipei, Kaohsiung, and so on. They featured varying external appearances, all of which referred to the Kyoto Butokuden hall. From 1925, the construction of the Butokuden halls began to spread among the branches of countries within the districts of the prefectures. They were generally small in scale, however, the Butokudens within the Lengko district (Taichung Prefecture), Zhongli district (Hsinchu Prefecture), and Taikah district (Taichung Prefecture) were large in scale and it can be noted that they shared a common external feature of a large wooden Irimoya-style roof and a Irimoya-style driveway. The activities of the Dai Nihon Butoku Kai were covered by a membership fund on which the construction of the Butokuden halls was reliant upon at first. However, as larger scale and grander Butokuden halls were built, the construction cost was paid via collected donations. Large amounts of donations were collected from volunteers in the area where the Butokuden halls were built, and from companies that had emerged from the industrial promotion policy of the government-general of Taiwan. The fact that such construction funds were donated suggests that the Butokuden halls were recognized as meaningful facilities for the public. In some cases, the planning of the facility was led by local administrations, economic organizations, or autonomous organizations as organized by the government-general of Taiwan. Further, the Butokuden halls were not only facilities for martial arts demonstration but also used as community centers. The Butokuden hall, which encourages martial arts and has a temple style design, is understood to be responsible for the assimilation policies within colonial rule. The government-general of Taiwan and local governments provided support for their construction, such as free land rental. However, the study within this paper revealed that the facilities of the Butokuden halls began to find a role and value as a public facility within the local regions.

著者

李 東明 波多野 純

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, no.547, pp.237-242, 2001-09-30 (Released:2017-02-04)

被引用文献数

2 1

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This study is trying to find the formation and changes of the town-houses with arcades in Di-Hwa Street, Taipei City. They are important heritage of Taiwan. Di-Hwa Street is one of the most traditional towns in Taipei, Taiwan. The town-houses with arcades are built side by side, and their beautiful facades are continued over 1 kilometer. The facades' style can be sorted out to 5 different styles. Building of town-houses was started from A.D.1851. And they had been consolidated in the 1930s and 1940s. The change of facades' designs corresponds to the history of the town's development.

著者

徐 華 小林 美紀

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

no.769, pp.517-524, 2020-03

被引用文献数

2

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<p> In this study, the objects are two nursery schools in Tokyo. The aim of the study is to clarify the characteristics of the communication and spatial distribution of the two-year-old's classes in the space of the nursery room, and find new policies for space design of nursery schools.</p><p> The facilities for investigation are two nursery schools in Tokyo, namely H nursery school and N nursery school. The number of two-year old's children in class is 20 persons and 19 persons respectively. The method of investigation was to record the behavior and location of children every 15 minutes on a plan. The survey time started from normal childcare (8:45) until end of normal childcare (18:30), excluding naptime (12 to 15 o'clock). The period of investigation was a total of five weekdays in 2018 for each nursery school.</p><p> Analysis contained the communication and trigger, and space distribution, of communication based on the observation survey.</p><p> As a result, common points of communication of children in the two nursery schools during free play were clarified as follows.</p><p> (1) Children's behavior can be classified into eight types, which are playing with toys, talking, reading, frolicking, handmaking, being desultory and wandering. Among them, communication was observed from playing with toys, talking, reading, frolicking, and handmaking; while communication was not observed from being desultory and wandering.</p><p> (2) The ration of communication during playing with toys was observed to be highest near the toy shelf. The trigger of communication was to show toys made, or working together to make one toy.</p><p> (3) The communication of frolicking was observed near the changing shelf, the toy shelf and free space. The trigger of communication is high spirits from playing with toys and talking, or imitating children frolicking.</p><p> (4) The communication of handmaking and reading in the case of sitting was observed as a low rate. This, was observed when gathering around a desk with a picture book reading after group reading, or when showing what was produced.</p><p> (5) The trigger of communication is from the topic of wearing clothes near the changing shelf or free space, and the topic of view by the window. The different points of communication of children in two nursery schools during free play were clarified as follows.</p><p> (6) In N nursery school, in a large free space, compliant communication was observed from collaborative work of playing with toys, gathering together after reading to children, and collaborative production of paper and puzzles. On the other hand, in H nursery school, in the narrow space near the desk, approval communication was observed from showing production.</p><p> From the above, as planning policy for a childcare room for a two-year-old's class at children's class which stimulates communication with other children in parallel with the individual ego. As a personal ego emerges, it is thought that communication between children will be encouraged further by providing a craft corner next to the toy shelf, free space for unstructured play, space for changing clothes, space with floor seats for reading books, display space for handmaking things, and a space for conversation with views of the outside scenery.</p>

著者

境野 健太郎 三浦 研 神吉 紀世子 高田 光雄

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.72, no.611, pp.15-22, 2007

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

1 2

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This study analyzed the original plans of all houses and the process of renovation at an independent ward in a sanatorium for Hansen's disease patients, and clarified how differences of house plans affected the process of living environment improvement. The results are as bellows: 1) The house plans were classified into 6 types. Based on this classification, the features of house scale, construction process and room layout were clarified. 2) Layout of storage spaces affected the direction of house extension. 3) The kitchen and dining areas at houses constructed by the institution were smaller than ones constructed by residents themselves. 4) 90% of three-tatami-mat-rooms were extended, and on the other hand, only 20% of 4.5 tatami-mat-rooms were extended. 5) Because the houses constructed at the later stage were built at the fringe of the site, most of them were easily extended.

著者

大岩 昭之

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.499, pp.259-260, 1997-09-30 (Released:2017-02-02)

参考文献数

22

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I would like to discuss on the three points as mentioned below as your paper. 1. The name of roof (floor) materials should be "arka" instead of "agatu".2. The method of scale cited is not necessarily commonly used in Tibet. Moreover, what is mentioned in Chinese notation tend to differ considerably from the original Tibet, thus it should not be taken as it is.3. As against an act meaning 'to sit' in Tibet, "gdan" should be used as the most characteristic things.

著者

吉川 彰布

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.767, pp.141-150, 2020 (Released:2020-01-30)

参考文献数

27

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Masuno Kosetsu was a prominent figure in Tenrikyo becoming the Shikishima Grand Church head in his late 20’s, and the president of the company publishing the periodical, Michinotomo, where he edited and also contributed an article “Architecture and Clothing in our Religion” in its 1925 May edition. This article retains a vital role in understanding the architectural intent and thoughts of the Tenrikyo at the time being one of the oldest written disquisition about the architectural aspects of the religion. Here, Masuno categorizes the features and characteristics of the Tenrikyo architecture into five periods, each a decade long, starting in 1888 when the buildings for the regional churches began. In what Masuno defined as the first period from 1888 to 1897, he defines the regional churches built during this period to be the origins of Tenrikyo church designs. Analyzing the constructed churches in those periods, the features he did not describe revealed a style. Common features consist of a wood constructed single storied ceramic tile covered hipped roof with an entrance at the front with space extending further to the back. The similar architectural features among these first generation churches suggest some discussion took place within the followers to create a standard style for the church when it did not have one to follow. Masuno considers the churches from the first period to be “dark and fragile, ” and praises the architectural development of the churches from the second period of 1898 to 1907, to “give the impression of cheerful and glorious.” As the religion grew, the need for a larger building to house the followers pressed the development of the church constructed during this period to become larger. Churches in this period although still single storied, consist of double layered roof raising the ceiling height resulting in a more airy and brighter atmosphere inside relative to the first generation of churches leading to the before mentioned impression Masuno have had. The third period 1908 to 1917 was what Masuno called it as "a stale period" with no particular development to found in his view. It was a period when the colossal construction was taking place at the Tenrikyo headquarters. The completion of the headquarter buildings provided a new reference for the regional churches to follow. Masuno describes the fourth period of 1918 to 1925 as a period when "focus was placed into the regional dioceses." In numbers constructed, the third period has built more. However, those dioceses were mostly converted buildings. As such, Masuno's assessment is correct where all of the nine constructed dioceses was explicitly designed and built for this purpose including the Nara diocese where Masuno was the head then. The fifth period is the period after the published article. Masuno predicts several new churches constructed including those rebuilding after The Great Kanto Earthquake such as Azuma, the first concrete church completed in 1931. In the same year, Tohon church also completed reconstructing their church using a steel-framed concrete system. The use of new construction material reveals their concerns towards fires. This period was also the time wood constructed churches were at their peak in scale and glamour in the likes of Koriyama, Koga, Heishin, and Shikishima; the church Masuno was the head of until his early death in 1928. These churches were similar in size as the headquarter building, and in some cases more glamorous in its ornamentation. Further analyzing the built churches of the periods Masuno defined in his article confirms his assessment and revealed the architectural origins, trends, and shifts in regional churches and dioceses of Tenrikyo at the time.

著者

熊澤 貴之 高田 大稀

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

no.757, pp.591-599, 2019-03

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&nbsp;In recent years, as the size of displays have become larger, the number of installed outdoor street vision around station intersections have increased year by year. However, there are not sufficient rules to regulate outdoor street vision. Besides, there are no previous studies that have quantitatively examined the causal relationship between physical environmental factors and psychological evaluation of the landscape with outdoor street vision. It is necessary to quantitatively consider the relationship between the physical environmental factors of outdoor street vision and human reactions. In addition, it is necessary to demonstrate concrete guidelines in order to maintain an attractive landscape. Therefore, landscape simulation experiments were conducted using a 1:100 model, in which physical environmental factors such as the number of installed street vision and its size were changed. Subsequently, based on the obtained data, the factors that prescribe landscape evaluation are quantitatively examined.<br><br>&nbsp;As a result of clarifying the factors that regulate landscape evaluation around the intersection of a station with outdoor street vision, the following three points were observed.<br><br>&nbsp;1) Landscape evaluation around station intersections was strongly influenced by outdoor advertisements. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the influence of outdoor street vision is stronger than those of wall advertisements and rooftop advertisement towers.<br><br>&nbsp;2) As a result of evaluating the landscape around the intersection in front of a station, it was confirmed that the feeling of bustle and sense of brightness increase in proportion to the size of the advertisements. Consequently, it was confirmed that the sense of cohesion and comfort decreased in inverse proportion to size of the advertisements. In addition, the bustle and brightness feelings increase when the installation ratio of the outdoor street vision is high, while the sense of cohesiveness and comfort are increased when the installation ratio of the outdoor street vision is low.<br><br>&nbsp;3) In the vicinity of the intersection in front of the station, the comfortable feeling is maximum with the installation ratio of the street vision of 2%. It would be better if there was no street vision than there was not. The installation ratio 5% to 5.5% is an equilibrium point that satisfies 4 scales. When this level is exceeded, the downside is conspicuous in terms of cohesiveness and comfort. It is the limit of the allowable range with the installation ratio of 8%.<br>&nbsp;Based on the above findings, a landscape formation index around the station crossing is described. The upper limit of the percentage of street vision to be installed should be 5% to 5.5%, which is the equilibrium point. It is reasonable to set the allowable range to 8% or less.

著者

李 威儀 鈴木 毅 高橋 鷹志

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.468, pp.133-141, 1995-02-28 (Released:2017-01-27)

参考文献数

9

被引用文献数

3 3

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By analysing the uses of Lonsan-temple's precinct in Taipei, this research attempts to discover the factors involved in generating an affordable urban public place for being. Through observation of the temple and survey of the users, we believe that the signifigance of this temple as an sffordable place for being is supported by the fact that there are many kinds of activity-types occurring throughout each day. Furthermore, the temple is serving as an important place for communication and assimilation of public information related to politics, markets and other related contents occuring in city-life. These features (proximity, flexibility and locus of information) are the basic reasons of which this open space serves as an affordable place for being to users. By means of the sequential uses of the other places located in Lonsantemple's district, it is still impressed us that Lonsan-temple serves as a referent head-quarter of the located district.

著者

清水 肇

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.790, pp.2587-2597, 2021

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<p> This paper presents an idea to explain the relationship between children's behavior and characteristics of places in after childcare facilities though observation researches. </p><p> Surveyed 2 facilities, W and M have outside open spaces and are considered to have various places inside and outside for diversity of acts. Observation survey to record all children's act of each scene was done. 1354 acts for 65 scenes in 12 days were recorded in facility W and 1148 acts for 56 scenes in 9 days were recorded in facility M. </p><p> Typology for investigation of children's act was proposed. Acts are categorized as "solo act", "play with form" or "spontaneous act" from a point of view of forms to be involved with others. And acts are categorized as "active", "sitting" or "with surroundings" from a point of view of way to use places. </p><p> Rates of acts were similar in W and M, about 15% for "solo act", about 43% for "play with form" and 43% for "spontaneous act" </p><p> Most of "play with a form, active" were found in open spaces in W and M. Most of "play with a form, sitting" were found in areas with desks in rooms </p><p> "Spontaneous play, sitting" and "contacting act, sitting" were found in the "area under trees" in W. "Spontaneous play, active" and "contacting act, active" were found in the "area under and around eaves" in M. "Spontaneous play with surroundings" are plays using situations given by features of places. They were mainly found in the "area under trees" in W and the "area under and around eaves" in M as plays with conditions of ground, animal, insects, plants or materials. </p><p> Many "solo acts" were found in rooms or corners for reading and rest of them were found in various places in or around group acts. </p><p> Moving acts are understood as "space using". Sitting acts are understood as "base using". These two and "surroundings using" are basic types of place using. </p><p> "Space using" is to act in a place with a void and a plain where moving acts are allowed. </p><p> "Base using" is to act in a place where it is allowed to remain at ease such as a place with furniture, wall surrounded place or a higher place. </p><p> "Surroundings using" is to act with specific feature of a place such as natural environment, natural material or unique equipment. </p><p> Open spaces for "space using" and indoor spaces for "base using" are secured in W and M. Places in particular state for "spontaneous act" were found in addition. These situations are considered to show a possibility that "spontaneous act" are done in condition where "space using", "base using" and "surroundings using" are related each other. Following study in detail is necessary about "spontaneous act". Difference of rates of acts of individuals were found according to individuals, activity analysis. Some children spend most of time with "play with a form" or with "spontaneous act" and a few children tend to spend more time with "solo act" than others. </p><p> In conclusion acquirement of places for "space using", "base using" and "surroundings using" were found to be important as a living facility for children with various ways of behaviors. </p>

著者

田中 智子 石飛 知華

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.537, pp.149-156, 2000

被引用文献数

2 1

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The purpose of this study is a proposal for the planning of the facilities for leisure for the elderly. We ask 153 privately managed housings for the elderly to send us the data about activity of them, from July to November 1997. The available answers number are 47. In Part 1, we clarify the real state of the activities of the residents and the usage of the facilities. As a result, there are 7.2 activity rooms on the average in those housings. The residents do many activities there. But activity rooms are not used so long hours in a week.

著者

前川 裕介 後藤 春彦

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.517, pp.185-192, 1999

被引用文献数

2 1

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The purpose of this study is to propose the basic factors of available information from "intermediate and mountainous areas", where local governments have broadcasted programs. The factors consist of four pieces of information ; community, environmental, industrial and governmental information. With the factors, which are blended correctly they can propagandize to "city areas". The principal contents to be made obvious are as follows. 1. The tendencies of communication with other areas using "CATV" and "CS" as infrastructures are increasing nationally. But the way of broadcasting and receiving the TV programs are so different. 2. The differences of the information from outside, the community relations in intermediate and mountainous areas and the investor relations to city areas are great ; especially environmental information, governmental information and industrial information as "basic factors of information".

著者

宮谷 慶一 松本 直之 熊谷 亮平 権藤 智之 松村 秀一

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.790, pp.2689-2698, 2021-12-01 (Released:2021-12-01)

参考文献数

16

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the cement suppliers for each construction site during the interwar period when cement consumption increased in Japan. Specifically, the authors picked up and analyzed the cement suppliers at each construction site from the contents of the "Completion Reports", which are the construction records made by Shimizu-gumi during this period. There are 3,186 completion reports in total, of which 1,729 have a description of the cement supplier. These 1,792 cases are summarized in tables and figures by use, structure type, prefectures, year of construction, and total floor space. (See Table1-Table3, Fig.2-Fig.3) The findings are as follows: 1. The Cement suppliers can be classified into four types: "Manufacturing Companies", "Shimizu-gumi itself”,"Merchant" and "Supplied by Client". (See Table4) 2. By region, the percentage of “Shimizu-gumi itself” was high in the Kanto, and the percentage of “ManufacturingCompanies” was high in the Hokuriku. On the other hand, the percentage of “Merchant” was high in Chukyo, Osaka, and Kyushu. 3.By period , the percentage of “Merchants” has increased since the Ⅳ period (1936-) .(See Fig.5-Fig.9) 4. The percentage of “Manufacturing Companies” in each region was almost the same as the shipment percentageset by the regulation. (See Table6 and Table7) However, in the Chukyo, the number of cases of Mikawa, which is closely related to the Shimizu-gumi, was the highest. 5. Since the section handling cement was established at the head office, the cases of “Shimizu-gumi itself” were concentrated in the area under the jurisdiction of the head office, especially in Tokyo. 6. Looking at the breakdown of “Merchants” by region, there are some “Merchants” who have a lot of trades, but since there are many cases of "Others", it is indicated that there were trades with various “Merchants”. (See Table8) 7. Looking at the breakdown of “Supplied by Client", there were almost the same number of governments works and private works, and there were many cases of civil works and industry (See Table9). And there were many cases before 1930, when cement sales control began. (See Table9)

著者

郡司 浩和 木下 光

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, no.755, pp.107-117, 2019 (Released:2019-01-30)

参考文献数

17

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Osaka city has been rapidly urbanized since the end of the Meiji period, and the population of the city was more than 1.5 million in 1916. However, this development has problems such as price hike and poor living environment. How to stabilize the expanding citizen's eating habits for Osaka city at that time was an important policy task. Therefore, Osaka City opened the temporary public markets at 4 locations in April 1918 in order to adjust the price and provide inexpensive and stable daily necessities. Thereafter, 60 public markets were planned because of citizen's popularity. At the time of the second city limit extension (1925.4), the arrangement of the public market in the new city area was discussed. This study aims to clarify the formation of retail commercial space focused on Public Market in pre-war Osaka city on following 3 aspects. 1. The public policies and roles of the Public Market were analyzed through Osaka's Council Minutes. 2. 35 locations of public market established since October 1921 were classified into 4 types “Old city area”, “Traditional town”, “Newly developed area” and “Rural area”. 3. Interview survey for 65 shop owners since pre-war indicated the relationship between the formation of shopping street and public market. The main results were summarized as follows. 1) The public markets that were opened after being referred to as "establish a public market for resident of the newly opened area" in the city council of October 1921 are located from residential-industrial coexistence area to residential area in the wake of the second city limit extension (1925.4). In addition, it became clear that they gradually increased its location to area with high open space rate. 2) The public markets in the old city area opened near the public facilities constructed in the Meiji period. The public markets in the traditional town has been established near the old roads and temples that have relations with the area from long ago. The public markets in the newly developed area opened near the public facilities planned at the same time. The public markets in rural area opened on the old roads and approaches of temple. In this way, it was clarified that Osaka city arranged the public markets of pre-war to be the core of the retail commercial space planned differently for each site. 3) The formation of retail commercial space was classified into 3 patterns. First, the public market opens in existing shopping streets. And shopping streets develop by gathering stores and private markets. (For example, Kujo, Nigiwaimachi and Abeno public market) Secondly, when the public market opens, stores will gather, and the shopping streets will form. Later, the shopping street develops in stores independent of the public / private market. (For example, Tsuruhashi, Hirano, Izuo, Kagaya, Kitatanabe, Ikuno and Anryuu public market)Third, the private market opens first and the public market opens. Shopping streets form by stores gathering each other. (For example, Tanabe public market)

著者

小林 純子 長澤 悟

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.78, no.694, pp.2481-2490, 2013-12-30 (Released:2014-07-10)

参考文献数

8

被引用文献数

1

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Deterioration by aging goes ahead through the restroom of school, but improvement has not advanced because of a large number. As a result, comfort is spoiled, and some students are reported not to have excretion at school. A purpose of this study is how to lead quick and effective restroom renewal through the project of Setagaya-ku having 94 schools, which was started in 1998, and inspecting an effect and evaluation for 14 years until 2011.After grasping problems and demands, design concept and common specifications document for model school was summarized. Expert performed a model design, and then standard common specifications document is made in consideration for term of works and the cost, performing a periodical revision based on the inspection.This paper summarizes the effect and subject and has proposed the possibility of future quick school restroom renewal.

著者

坪山 幸王 佐藤 信治

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.511, pp.107-114, 1998-09-30 (Released:2017-02-02)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

2 2

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A tour-tracing study of aquarium visitors was conducted to explore the relationship between the exhibition tanks (including the exhibits themselves) placed in the observation room of aquariums and the act of observing them. The objective was to obtain some basic information regarding aspects of observation room design such as arrangement and number of exhibition tanks. Specifically: ・We believe that in order to maximize the number of people who can stop to observe in the aquarium, the optimal number of tanks should be limited to is about 30. If the number of tanks exceeds 40, the number of visitors who can stop to observe a tank the individual tanks decreases. ・Although some visitors viewed a single tank for as long as 1 minute, the viewing time for one tank is most commonly 2 to 5 seconds. ・In alcove-type observation rooms, the flow of visitors becomes disorganized and they take shortcuts, particularly when total observation time is short or when the room becomes crowed. And so on.

著者

モハメド アハメド A. 黒澤 和隆

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.598, pp.11-19, 2005

参考文献数

5

被引用文献数

2

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1.研究の背景と目的・方法 本研究は,スーダンの首都ハルツーム(約700万人)に近年数多く建設されている都市型戸建住宅(Fig.1,2A)を調査対象として,その型変化著しく多様な住宅プランについて,パターン図式を用いた類型化とゾーニング(男女生活領域の分離)による分析評価を加えて,イスラームの住様式により見合う住宅型を見出すことを目的としている。スーダンの都市型戸建住宅はイスラム圏の典型的な中庭型のコートハウスと異なり,前庭・裏庭型のコートハウス(平屋)である。(このタイプの住宅はエジプト南部,サウジアラビア,クエート等にも見られる)。首都ハルツームにはスーダン全土からの移住者も増え続けて,大量の住宅建設による都市のスプロールが深刻な問題となり,また,イスラームをメジャー文化とする多民族混住,近代化,西洋文化の移入などで住宅型が短期間で著しく変化し多様性を増している。この多様な住宅型の分析ツールとして,住宅の動線と室配置の特徴を捉えられる住宅平面パターンを用いる(Fig2A,2E)。筆者の一人黒澤が日本(首都圏,北海道)の戸建住宅の1階プランをパターン図式化した方法を発展させて,スーダンの戸建住宅の図式化では,新たに戸外空間(前庭,裏庭)を単位空間に取り入れてパターン図式化する。パターン図式で住宅プランを括って分類し,室配置や動線の比較検討から住宅型の型展開方向等を分析する。さらに,イスラームの住様式に特有な男・女(家族・来客)領域の分離・混在をパターン図式上の単位空間のゾーニングから割り出して,住様式により見合う住宅型を見出すことを試みる。住宅プラン(150サンプル)のパターン分析と住み方調査分析(130件)をつき合わせて考察する。2.住宅型のパターン図式に用いる基本空間単位 スーダンの戸建住宅を構成する基本空間は次のようになる。(1)前庭(Y1)と裏庭(Y2):前庭(Y1)は男性家族の接客(男性客)と団欒にも使われ,夏期の夜には「寝室」として使われる。裏庭(Y2)は女性家族の接客(女性客)と団欒にも使われる。(2)リビング(LA):主に日中だけ使われる。家族は夕方から夜は前庭,裏庭に出る。食事室として使われる。女性客をもてなす部屋ともなる。屋上に昇る階段はリビングにつく。(3)接客室(GA):男性客用接客室。男性の第2のリビングともなる。女性客のある時に男性家族はこの接客室や寝室を使う。一部を仕切って客用,家族用,メイド用寝室にも使う。(4)台所(K):女性が炊事,家事など多用途に使う。(5)サニタリー(S):洗面,洗濯,浴室,トイレ。(6)寝室(B):寝室の1つは男性,もう1つは女性の第2のリビングとしても使われ,個人のプライバシーには制約が多い。専用サニタリーがつくものもある。3.住宅型のパターン図式化とパターン分析・パターン図式(Fig.2E) スーダンの戸建住宅の室配置型を把握できる「隣接パターン」図式は次のように図式化できる(Fig.2E)。円環の中心にリビング(LA)を固定し,円環の真上に裏庭(Y2)を固定する。円環の中段・下段の左・右の4ヶ所に前庭(Y1),接客室(GA),台所(K),サニタリー(S)を並べる。円環上のこの4室(Y1,GA,K,S)の並び方のうち左右対称の並び方は片方だけにして全ての並び方を円環上に置く(室配置が左右(東西)対称の住宅型は1つのパターン図式に対応させる)。円環に寝室(B)を並べる前のこの「基本パターン」図式(Fig.3の左欄)は12タイプできるが,スーダンの住宅サンプルでは上記の円環上の4室(Y1,GA,K,S)の並び方で,前庭(Y1)と接客室(GA)とが隣り合わない並び方は皆無だったので基本パターンは6タイプとなった。「基本パターン図式」の円環上の5室(Y1,Y2,GA,K,S)の間に寝室(B)を置いて「隣接パターン」図式を完成させる(Fig.2E,Fig.3)。・パターン分類(Fig.3.4) スーダンの住宅サンプルでは,隣接パターンは異なっていても基本パターンが同じサンプルは室配置が比較的共通している(Fig.3)。また,住宅型には建設時期(1975-2003年)で大きな変化がある(Fig.4)。[1975-1984年]型は「台所(K)を含めた女性領域を男性接客室(GA)から離した女性家族-男性客分離型」が多く,このタイプはこの時期以後に激減する。[1985-1994年]型は「家族領域を1まとまりにして接客室(GA)から離した欧米型の近代アパート型」と呼べる型で,この時期だけに多い。[1995-2003年]型は,「女性家族-男性客分離型で,且つ接客室(GA)に台所(K)を隣接させた接客サービス重視型」が急増した。男性客用トイレ(GS)をもちサニタリー(S)が接客室(GA)と離れる室配置型が多い。・ゾーニング(Fig.5〜9),(Fig.10,13) 互いに訪問しあうことが多いスーダンの住宅において,女性が他者の視線から保護され,来客時にもプライバシーと快適性を保つには,(1)男性来客時の男性客領域「接客室(GA)-前庭(Y1)」と女性家族領域「リビング(LA)-裏庭(Y2)-台所(K)-サニタリー(S)」が混在せず,(2)女性来客時の女性客領域「リビング(LA)-裏庭(Y2)-サニタリー(S)」と男性家族領域「接客室(GA)-寝室(B)-前庭(Y1)」が混在しないゾーニング(領域構成)が必要となる(Fig5〜9)。スーダンの戸建住宅型(Fig.3)の中で,上記の2条件を満たす型と満たさぬ型は,その隣接パターン図式に上記の2条件に挙げられた領域(ゾーン)をゾーニングしてみると見分け易い(Fig.9,10)。このゾーニングは接客室(GA)に客用トイレ(GS)がある場合のゾーニングである。隣接パターン図式を用いたゾーニングは住宅型の改良に役立てられる(Fig.9,13)。4.まとめ 住宅型のパターン分析と住み方調査分析を踏まえて,スーダンの都市型戸建住宅に満たされるべき主要な室配置・動線条件を挙げる。これらの条件を満たす住宅型はパターン図式のゾーニングから導かれる(Fig.9,13)。(1)女性家族と女性客が前庭(Y1)を通らず,裏庭(Y2)を通ってリビング(LA)にアクセスできる第2の出入口をもつこと(Fig.9,13:ENT2)。(2)男性家族の寝室(B)は,女性の来客があるリビング(LA)を通らずに前庭(Y1),接客室(GA)にアクセスできる動線をもつこと。(Fig.9,13:Bm-Y1-GA)(3)女性が来客しても男性家族がリビング(LA)を使うことができるように,女性接客スペースをもつことが望ましい。本論ではリビング(LA)に女性接客コーナーをもつコンパクトプランを扱った(Fig.9,13)。(4)男性の接客室(GA)はリビング(LA)を通らず,前庭(Y1)から直接アクセスできること。(Fig.9,13:Y1-GA)(5)接客室(GA)と男性家族の寝室(B)からリビング(LA)を通らずにアクセスできる客兼用トイレ(GS)をもつこと。(Fig.9,13:GS)スーダンの首都ハルツームの住宅型の顕著な型変化は上記の室配置・動線条件を満たす方向に展開していると見做せるが,今後は体系的なパターン分析から,多様な住様式にきめ細かに対応する住宅体系を求めることが課題である。

著者

青柳 憲昌

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.75, no.654, pp.2073-2080, 2010

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The design for the reconstruction of the primitive dwellings at the remains of Toro was entrusted to Masaru Sekino who had been got involved with this nationally monumental research project from the beginning when the site was discoverd in 1943. In the process of making an &ldquo;ideal&rdquo; form of the dwellings, Sekino focused on giving a reasonable structural system to the image of ancient dwellings shown in archaeological relics, which was based on his architectural thought relating to the concept of <i>design(style)</i> and <i>technology</i>. In order to recreate the original design, as a consequence, original building technique, such as construction process, details of joints of structural members, and especially its structural system, was deliberately and eagerly recreated grounded on inevitably scarce academic evidences that was to be completed with his &ldquo;imaginary restoration,&rdquo; although adding structural reinforcement in the back or anti-deterioriation devices due to the actual demands as a contemporary construction.

著者

満岡 誠治 竹下 輝和

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, no.567, pp.7-14, 2003

参考文献数

33

被引用文献数

3 1

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The Essex Design Guide is one of the best design guides in the UK. In 1973, the first edition of the guide was published. In 1997, the new edition was published. There are differences between the old guide and the new guide. The aim of this study is to clarify the reason why the differences occurred with analyzing the respective backgrounds. The old guide originated from a scheme for conservation areas defined by the Civic Amenities Act of 1967, and was influenced by the townscape theory. On the contrary, the new guide uses some new concepts of mixed uses, sustainability, permeability, legibility and so on, which were incubated under the aesthetic battle of architecture from the late of 1980's.

著者

速水 清孝

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.607, pp.171-177, 2006

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Purpose of this study is to examine contents about the Article 6 of the Bill of the Architect Law: regulation on Architect and its probable side jobs in the Imperial Diet before WW II. Conclusion of this study is as follows: 1. The Article 6 of the Bill had already been considered toward its amendment after the questionnaire to those mainly involved in the architectural business. 2. The amended Article 6 became rather ambiguous. Therefore, it was objected by the Members of the Imperial Diet. 3. Nevertheless, the legislators of the Bill did not make any farther major amendment to it before WWII. 4. The reason seems to be the existence of the Account Law, which had the similar law structure. 5. The Accountant Law was disputed due to lack of article to prohibit Registered Accountants from having probable side jobs. Therefore, a new bill was continued proposed to reform the Law only after two years of its enactment. 6. On the contrary, the Bill of the Architect Law had an article to prohibit Registered Architects from having probable side jobs, which seems why the legislators thought the Bill of the Architect Law as reasonable and did not feel necessity to amend it.

著者

加藤 浩司 渡辺 直 井澤 知旦 北原 理雄

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, no.530, pp.185-192, 2000

参考文献数

14

被引用文献数

9 4

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This paper attempts to survey and analyze the public use systems of the street space in six European and U.S. cities, through a study of the control on sidewalk cafes, and to suggest the way of making the most of the street space in Japan in order to enhance the attractiveness of the urban environment. To sum up, the conclusions of the study are the following : 1) European and U.S. cities positively promote the public use of the street space, while they prepare the explicit rules to control multiple use of the street space and prevent confusion. 2) European cities control the use of the street space by the strict ordinance, while U.S. coordinate it more flexibly by the guidelines. And the recent policy in European cities tend to control the cityscape more consciously as well as the physical use of the street space.