著者

梶川 祥世 針生 悦子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.1, pp.37-48, 2016-03-01 (Released:2016-09-01)

参考文献数

33

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Onomatopoeias are frequently used in daily Japanese conversations and are a part of children’s early vocabularies. Previous studies have revealed that the phonetic structure and rhythm of onomatopoeia promotes word memory and production, and that sound symbolism functions as a cue to infer word meaning. This study examined whether the acoustic feature of speech is another factor that facilitates onomatopoeic word learning in children. The focus of the study was on voiced/unvoiced consonant contrasts related to the size of the referred object (e.g., dondon-large / tonton-small). First we analyzed mothers’ speech while reading a picture book that included onomatopoeic pairs contrasted with word-initial voiced/unvoiced consonants. Mothers read onomatopoeias that referred to small objects with higher fundamental frequency (f0) and lower amplitude than those of large objects. Then three-year-old children’s understanding of the onomatopoeic pairs was examined. The conditions were 1) original (acoustic features are almost identical between the onomatopoeias of small and large objects), 2) high 50 (the f0 of the onomatopoeias of small objects was 50 Hz higher than that of large objects), 3) high 100 (similar to the high 50 condition, but the difference was 100 Hz). The results indicated that the f0 is a possible cue to infer the meaning of onomatopoeias related to object size, and that the acoustic feature of speech would facilitate children’s learning of onomatopoeias.

著者

池田 彩夏 小林 哲生 板倉 昭二

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.1, pp.8-21, 2016-03-01 (Released:2016-09-01)

参考文献数

41

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In the field of language development, one interesting issue is how Japanese-speaking children acquire the case markers that play a role in understanding a sentence’s struc-ture, because previous studies reported that caregivers often omit them when talking to their children (e.g., Rispoli, 1991). Although grasping the characteristics of parental input on case markers is crucial for understanding a child’s acquisition process of them,the studies so far have shown insufficient data to clarify the qualitative and develop-mental characteristics of case marker inputs because of small sample size or a limited target age. This study used a larger sample of mothers (N=52) with children who ranged from 1 to 3 to measure their tendency to talk to their children using a struc-tured production-elicited task. Our results revealed that Japanese-speaking mothers tended to omit case markers more frequently when speaking to children than to adults. The omission rate also differed depending on the child’s age, the type of case mark-ers, verb transitivity, and maternal views about speech to children. Additionally, the mothers tended to omit arguments more frequently when speaking to children, sug-gesting that Japanese-speaking children have fewer opportunities for listening to case markers because of sentence simplification. These findings have important implications for investigating the relationship between parental language input and child language development.

著者

志村 正道

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.1, pp.1_3-1_4, 1994-05-20 (Released:2008-10-03)

著者

張 寓杰 寺井 あすか 董 媛 王 月 中川 正宣

出版者

Japanese Cognitive Science Society

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.4, pp.439-469, 2013

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This study, at first, constructs a computational model of inductive reasoning based<br> on the probabilistic concept structure estimated by the statistical analysis of large scale<br> Chinese language data. In order to examine the efficiency of the model, which has al-<br>ready been certified about the Japanese language (Sakamoto & Nakagawa 2008, 2010),<br>the study verifies the validity of the model using the psychological experiment. The<br> new computational model of inductive reasoning is constructed based on the statistical<br> analysis of extended Japanese language data, including not only the news paper articles<br> but also literature. The validity of the model is then verified using the psychological<br> experiment.<br> Furthermore, from the comparison between simulation results of both models, the<br> study examines the hypothesis that the inductive reasoning process does not necessar-<br>ily depend on the individual language system. Finally, through the detailed comparison<br> between the results of both models, the commonality and difference between both cul-<br>tures and social systems hidden in the back of both languages is discussed.

著者

植田 一博

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.3, pp.303-304, 2015-09-01 (Released:2016-03-01)

著者

原田 悦子 今井 倫太 内海 彰 新垣 紀子 安村 通晃

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.4, pp.385-386, 2013-12-01 (Released:2014-12-24)

参考文献数

3

著者

千葉 元気 都築 誉史

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.4, pp.555-556, 2015-12-01 (Released:2016-06-01)

著者

安藤 花恵 子安 増生

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.1, pp.61-74, 2004 (Released:2007-04-13)

参考文献数

10

被引用文献数

3

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The present study examined facial expressions of actors and laypersons in three conditions. In the first condition, five taste stimuli (sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and astringent) were actually presented to 10 male actors and 10 male laypersons. In the second condition, they made facial expressions to pretend to feel each of five tastes (sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and astringent) without taste stimuli. In the third condition, they made facial expressions to pretend to feel delicious and unsavory without any taste stimuli. Their facial expressions in each condition were videotaped. Untrained undergraduate and graduate students were asked to identify or rate the facial expressions. Both actors and laypersons were not acting in the first condition, so there was no judged difference between them. In the second condition, when another group of judges viewed the facial expressions and tried to identify the taste, there was little difference between actors and laypersons. But, when the judges evaluated how strongly the facial expressions showed the taste, it was found that actors expressed tastes more strongly than laypersons. In the third condition, apparent difference was found. When they pretended to feel delicious, actors looked feeling more delicious than laypersons, and when pretended to feel unsavory, actors looked feeling worse than laypersons. We divided the processes of acting into planning of performances and actual performing. The relationship between the results in this study and planning of performances was discussed. The differences between five tastes were also analyzed.

著者

松原 仁

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.4, pp.4_1-4_2, 1996-11-30 (Released:2008-10-03)

著者

諏訪 正樹

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.1, pp.26-36, 2004 (Released:2007-04-13)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

8

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Arnheim (1977) claimed that the appearance of created things, for example, architecture and the work of art, has visual forces to let appreciators construct experiences of their own. What kind of cognitive processes of a creator enable appreciators to “experience” the created thing? The present paper proposes an answer to this question. This question has been treated as a kind of mystery so far, since the act of creation is not a transfer of what a creator wants to express from a creator to appreciators. The appreciators construct experiences of their own by being mediated by the created thing. We propose the following idea. The act of creation is a cognitive coupling of dynamic perception, actions of external representation and the construction of self, through which what a creator wants to express develops dynamically. What a creator should aim at is to focus on the practice of his or her own cognitive coupling and thereby keep augmenting subjective experiences. A creator's subjective experiences through cognitive coupling will leave in the created thing some seeds which encourage appreciators to construct experiences of their own. Our case study of a methodology of writing sentences supports this idea. Further, we propose an idea that a meta-cognitive practice of describing one's own cognitive coupling will improve the ability of dynamic perception and productive idea-generation, and hence enable persistence of the cognitive coupling. Our case study of a meta-cognitive practice of describing one's own act of singing a song supports the second idea. The ideas and findings in the present paper have pedagogical implications for all involved in the scene of creation.

著者

波多野 誼余夫

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2, no.1, pp.1_1-1_1, 1995-02-28 (Released:2008-10-03)

著者

三宅 芳雄

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.4, pp.495-496, 2006 (Released:2008-11-13)

著者

田中 章浩 積山 薫

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.3, pp.381-386, 2011 (Released:2012-03-09)

被引用文献数

1

著者

板倉 昭二

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.3, pp.238-239, 2000-09-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

4

著者

田柳 恵美子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.3, pp.459-473, 2010

被引用文献数

2

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This paper discusses musical activities as constructive process of cognition and presents a new approach to grasp whole phenomena crossing individual-organizational-social level of it. Musical performances can be understood as constructive process of cognition. In the creative process of music, musicians generate deviations which raise information quantity of musical communication to maximum level. Such deviations give non-referential musical meaning to musicians and audiences. During musical performance, especially in jazz improvisation, a generated deviation continually repeats cognitive negotiation with dominant schema, and renews the schema if the deviation can be recognized as a newly expanded variation. Modern jazz musicians construct their improvisations depending on the jazz musical theory of scale and chord progressions in analytical technique, on the other hand they construct deviations without any theoretical method and analytical technique. Such deviations are the essence of musical creation process, which can be generated only with constructive technique. Turning attention to upper structure, organizational and social level of musical activities also can be understood as constructive process of cognition. Leaders ingeniously coordinate heterogeneous talented members, strongly present future visions and concepts as well. Innovators strategically conduct cognitive negotiations between radicalism and contemporaneous to succeed in innovating style and mode of music and diffusing them all over the society. Therefore musical activities, not only individual or collective level but also organizational and social level, can be seen as constructive design process in which different levels are deeply intertwined.

著者

高橋 麻衣子 清河 幸子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.4, pp.470-480, 2013-12-01 (Released:2014-12-24)

参考文献数

23

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While reading silently, we process only the visual information of the text. Conversely,while reading texts orally, we process the visually presented text and produce the au-ditory information of the text through articulatory movement. These activities are assumed to facilitate the memory and comprehension of textual information. Although we cannot use such auditory nor motor information while reading silently, there is little difference between the degree of comprehension based on silent and oral reading for adult readers. The purpose of this study is to explain how we compensate the loss of multisensory process during silent reading by comparing the visual processing process during silent and oral reading. In Experiment 1, we measured the eye-movement dur-ing reading garden-path and normal sentences silently and orally. In Experiment 2,we compared the eye-movement during reading more common paragraph silently and orally. The results showed that silent reading took shorter time for comprehension than oral reading, and readers had more visual fixation points and read back frequently dur-ing reading silently than orally. These reading strategies during silent reading seemed to compensate the loss of multisensory process and support the text comprehension.

著者

新垣 紀子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.4, pp.4_108-4_121, 1998

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People often lose their way when they are trying to find a particular place. In Japan we call such a person &ldquo;houkou onchi&rdquo;. This is a common Japanese expression which means to have no sense of direction. Whether people are &ldquo;houkou onchi&rdquo; or not seems to be related to the quality of their cognitive maps, their ability to navigate and the navigation processes they employ. This research aims to reveal what &ldquo;houkou onchi&rdquo; is. To investigate this, I have focused on the difference between the navigation processes of people who are good and poor at navigating.<br>The subjects undertook a series of tasks which involved watching video films of routes (taken from a moving car). I have analyzed their learning processes and their navigation simulation performance to understand how they interact with the environment they are moving through, while they are acquiring and using information. I have observed a number of features of houkou onchi. Such people do not interact well with the environment during route learning and navigation. They do not always focus on the relevant information required for navigation when they learn the route. Moreover, they cannot form useful cognitive maps after they have learnt the route, and they cannot effectively use such cognitive maps to navigate in space they have already visited. I have observed various kinds of interaction with the environment, and I will discuss the importance of this interaction to navigation.

著者

細馬 宏通

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.1, pp.113-124, 2014-03-01 (Released:2015-02-02)

参考文献数

17

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Recent studies of interaction research have revealed that mind in the interaction is embodied in gesture in the material world as the interaction resource. In this study,we research interaction of turning pages each other when they decide the order of the restaurant. Using a virtual menu with 6 pages, 2 participants in the experiment decided to take one dish for each one for each page. Focusing on when and how the partici-pants turn each page, we found that both participants touch or follow the page when it was turned in 64/135 cases. The timing of the turning is organized not only by their utterance of announcing their order but also the body movement of page manipulation. They used the spatio-temporal pattern of page manipulation such as moving their hand from the center to the edge of the page or lifting the edge of the page slightly. These pre-sequences of turning pages, which were step by step process of sequential move-ments with pauses and were embodied with material world of the page structure, seem to project the next movement of page manipulation to prepare the simultaneous page turning by the participants.

著者

竹澤 正哲 亀田 達也

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.2, pp.191-205, 1999-06-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

3

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How does a reciprocal communal sharing system come into existence in a sustainable form in human societies? The anthropological literature has provided two explanations for the origin of communal sharing under uncertainty: risk reduction by social sharing (Kaplan & Hill, 1985) and tolerated theft (Blurton Jones, 1984, 1987; Winterhalder, 1986, 1996). In this paper, we aim to develop a third explanation focusing on the emergence of a communal sharing norm. A communal sharing norm here refers to a social norm designating uncertain resources as common properties. A series of computer simulations based on an evolutionary game framework suggests that such a communal sharing norm is indeed evolvable. We argue that the evolutionary game analysis can be a powerful tool in cognitive science to derive empirical hypotheses concerning various cognitive and behavioral mechanisms.

著者

新垣 紀子 野島 久雄

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.3, pp.239-251, 2004

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Pieces of information and cues left by other people's actions often help us in our daily problem solving activities. In this paper, we examined the roles and functions of HARIGAMI, or stickers, from the viewpoint of social navigation. We collected 1075 pieces of HARIGAMI from 1998 to 2004. We categorized them into cognitive and social categories, and described the situations in which these HARIGAMI were used.<br>The results indicate that HARIGAMI conveys such information as (1) traces of other people's activities, (2) most frequent uses of functions of the system on which HARIGAMI are added, and (3) environmental and system changes as time passes. By analyzing which cognitive level HARIGAMI worked on, we propose possible considerations on the refinement of the system design.<br>HARIGAMI also works as a medium of indirect communication between users of the system on which the HARIGAMI is attached. From analysis of HARIGAMI, we need a new communication channel between users of information distributed via HARIGAMI as it can be useful to prospective users of the system.