著者

小澤 哲也 金沢 翔一 長野 康平 浅川 孝太 中村 和彦

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, pp.533-549, 2021 (Released:2021-08-18)

参考文献数

47

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The first objective of this study was to develop a course unit plan for physical fitness in the lower grades of elementary school, in which traditional play as exemplified by exercises for physical fitness are used as teaching material to create various movements (Study I). The second objective was to conduct classes using traditional play as teaching material based on the course unit plan, in order to gain an understanding of the fundamental movements that appear and the amount of physical exercise during the class (Study II). Study I: A total of 163 traditional play physical activities were selected from prior studies and related publications. 22 elementary school third graders were examined for the fundamental movements included in 42 of the traditional play physical activities. The median number of such fundamental movements that appeared was 3 (minimum: 1, maximum: 8). From the survey results, traditional play physical activities were selected from among those that had no bias in their fundamental movements and had rules that could easily be changed and levels of difficulty that could easily be adjusted, and a course unit plan was developed taking into account the ease of class preparation by teachers. Study II: A total of 5 lessons based on the course unit plan were given to 23 elementary school second graders. The fundamental movements were measured using observational methods, and the number of steps was measured objectively using an accelerometer. The fundamental movements observed and the number of steps measured during the course unit were compared with the age-appropriate standards for motor skills. The results revealed the following: 1) Of the 28 fundamental movements that were set, 25 were observed during the course unit. 2) There was a high frequency of fundamental movements common to many of the traditional play physical activities. 3) The mean number of steps in the physical education classes with diverse movements using traditional play physical activities as teaching materials for lower grades of elementary school was 2343.6±586.1. 4) There were no differences in the number of steps in any of the classes between the higher-ranked and the lower-ranked children. These results suggest that from the perspective of fundamental movements and amount of physical exercise, creating various movements using traditional play physical activities as teaching materials may be satisfactory.

著者

中嶋 哲也

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.2, pp.721-744, 2014 (Released:2014-12-20)

参考文献数

71

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This study investigates the emergence of the concept of “sportification of judo” in Japan, focusing on the process of “student judo” in relation to the competition between the First Higher School (“Ichikoh”) and the Second Higher School (“Nikoh”) in 1918, up until formation of the Association of Judo by the Four Imperial Universities in 1928. Jigorō Kanō, the father of judo, was dissatisfied that Nikoh had overused ground techniques against Ichikoh in 1918, and in June 1924, Kodokan published a revised set of umpiring rules to control the use of ground techniques in student judo.   However, Tsunetane Oda, the manager of Nikoh judo club, criticized Kanō, and advocated that ground techniques were a valid combat method. Oda finally compromised, because Takeshi Sakuraba, one of Kanō's best pupils, refuted Oda's proposal. However, it was the first time that Kodokan had been publicly criticized by someone concerned with student judo, and this seems to have been a trigger for student judo to become independent from Kodokan.   In parallel with the emergence of the democracy movement after World War I, Judo came to be regarded as extremely outmoded, and judo practitioners began to place more emphasis on theory rather than actual competition. Kanō interceded with the Tokyo Gakusei Judo Rengōkai (Tokyo Student Judo Association, “TGJR”), and in 1924 persuaded the TGJR to let their umpire rules reflect the revised umpire rules. However, the Imperial University of Tokyo (IUT) rebelled against this movement, and left the TGJR. The IUT then appealed to each of the Imperial Universities, and held the Teidai Taikai (the Four Imperial Universities Competition, “FIUC”) to encourage nationwide spread of the Kosen Judo Taikai (National High School and Vocational School Judo Competition, which was hosted by Kyoto Imperial University, “KJT”). The Imperial University Judo Association, which hosted the FIUC, then abandoned the combat characteristics that were advocated by Kodokan, with the aim of representing judo as a “sport”.   One of the reasons why Kibisaburō Sasaki criticized Kodokan was that he had been treated coldly by Kanō and Kyūzō Mifune at the Shūki Kōhaku Shiai (a contest between two Kodokan groups) in November 1922, because he had used ground techniques frequently. Moreover, Sasaki as a member of the IUT judo club had experienced the withdrawal of the IUT from the TGJR, and the holding of the FIUC. Therefore, Sasaki criticized Kodokan while student judo was being organized. Sasaki claimed that “sportification” did not confer any new value on the principles of Kodokan judo. Kanō criticized the over-use of ground techniques by KJT and the FIUC, which lacked a combat system. However, Sasaki considered that Kanō's opinion was a long-established custom, and insisted that the FIUC was a sports competition. Thus, the claim made by Sasaki meant that the FIUC had become independent from Kodokan judo.

著者

大山 惣寿郎 佐藤 豊 平間 光雄 塔尾 武夫

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.5, pp.280, 1968-07-05 (Released:2016-12-31)

著者

田端 真弓 山田 理恵

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.1, pp.143-155, 2011 (Released:2011-07-08)

参考文献数

45

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the transformation that occurred in a school (ryuha) of swordsmanship in the domain of Ohmura, Nagasaki, at the end of the Tokugawa period in Japan, focusing particularly on the invitation extended to Saito Kannosuke, one of the leading instructors in the Shinto Munen-ryu (school of swordsmanship), in 1854. This paper was based on two historical materials: Shugyo-chu Shohan Houmei-roku (1849) and Kuyo Jitsuroku (1849-1855). Ohmura Sumihiro, the 12th domanial lord, and Egashira Kandayu, his chief retainer, were tacitly interested in the utility of swordsmanship in Ohmura, and actively proposed the transformation of a school of swordsmanship. In 1854, they invited Kannosuke to act as the swordsmanship instructor. Kannosuke was the third son of Saito Yakuro, a famous instructor of the Shinto Munen-ryu, who had established and managed the Rempeikan, a swordsmanship school (dojo) in Edo. Saito Yakuro's eldest son, Shintaro, had embarked on a journey throughout the domains of Japan in order to train and practice against other warriors there. These training and practice were known as kaikoku-shugyo. Shugyo-chu Shohan Houmei-roku indicates that Shintaro visited many feudal domains, including Ohmura. Ohmura Sumihiro and Egashira Kandayu then became interested in the technique of the Shinto Munen-ryu, which was taught at the Rempeikan, because they considered it to be useful for actual fighting. Afterwards, they succeeded in inviting Kannosuke in 1854, and he became the instructor employed by the domain of Ohmura. His duty was to promote the training of the Shinto Munen-ryu with warriors in Ohmura. In 1855, the Itto-ryu and Shinkage-ryu instructors of swordsmanship were dismissed and forced to stop their teaching. According to Kuyo Jitsuroku, this transformation from the Itto-ryu and the Shinkage-ryu to the Shinto Munen-ryu occurred over a period of six years (from 1849 to 1855). It was brought about to achieve the political ambitions of Ohmura Sumihiro and Egashira Kandayu.

著者

出村 慎一 佐藤 進

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.2, pp.103-115, 2006 (Released:2008-01-25)

参考文献数

58

被引用文献数

18 12

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The aims of this review are to (1) outline the course of quality of life (QOL) studies in Japan, (2) clarify the concept and scale of health-related QOL and subjective QOL, (3) clarify the problems in the Japanese version of subjective QOL scales and the characteristics of subjective QOL in Japanese elderly, and (4) propose a direction of QOL assessment for the aging society in Japan. Since the 1970s in Japan, QOL has been studied in several fields, such as medical science, social psychology and gerontology, but a unified concept or definition of QOL has not been established. Health-related QOL, developed in the field of medical science, evaluates the individual condition from multiple dimensions including physical, psychological, social, functional and spiritual aspects. Since the aging society in Japan is largely composed of healthy elderly, comprehensive health-related QOL scales, which can provide continuous assessment from the disabled to healthy elderly, have a high degree of availability. Subjective QOL scales measure individual subjective evaluations of all aspects of daily life. Subjective QOL has mainly been assessed from the viewpoint of life satisfaction or morale. However, it has been reported that the existing scales have certain problems, and that subjective QOL is influenced by culture and individual values. In the aging society of Japan, it will be important to evaluate QOL in the elderly from the aspects of both health-related and subjective QOL to clarify the criteria for “successful aging”. In addition, ikigai (“something to live for”), which is unique to Japan, will be an effective measure for evaluation of QOL.

著者

脇田 裕久 水谷 四郎 矢部 京之助

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.1, pp.49-56, 1987-06-01 (Released:2017-09-27)

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It has been observed that the premotion silent period appears just before a rapid voluntary movement. This phenomenon is believed to be caused by one of the inhibitory discharge from the central nervous system. On the other hand, the silent period is also observed when muscles are relaxed by counter movement. The present study was designed to compare some physical performances of both silent periods. Twenty healthy males aged 18-24 years were subjected to a series of experiment. They were asked to maintain the posture of standing with flexed knee joint at about 50 degrees on the force plate. In the first condition, they were requested to extend their knee joint responding to a flashing lamp as quickly as possible (Non-counter movement). In the second condition, they were asked to extend knee joint as quickly as possible with counter movement to a flashing lamp. The EMG activities of M. rectus femoris, M. vastus lateralis, M. vastus medialis and M. biceps femoris were recorded using bipolar surface electrodes. Force curve from a force plate and electrogoniogram were recorded simultaneously. The following results were obtained from this experiment. 1) The rate of appearance in complete silent period was higher on the counter movement (M. rectus femoris: 37.8%, M. vastus lateralis: 81.6%, M. vastus medialis: 59.7%) than on the non-counter movement (28.2%, 57.6%,46.5%, respectively). 2) The latency of silent period was significantly later on the counter movement (M. vastus lateralis:132.8 msec, M. vastus medialis: 135.5 msec) than on the non-counter movement (119.4 msec, 116.4 msec,respectively). 3) The duration of silent period was significantly longer on the counter movement (M. vastus lateralis: 100.0 msec, M. vastus medialis: 96.6 msec) than on the non-counter movement (40.9 msec, 41.9 msec, respectively). 4) No significant difference in the rate of tension rise was found between the counter movement (3.7kg/msec) and the non-counter movement (2.7 kg/msec). 5) The peak value of the force curve was significantly greater on the counter movement (173.0 kg)than on the non-counter movement (141.2 kg). It is suggested from these results that the silent period of the counter movement delayed the reaction time (latency and duration) and increased the muscular strength in comparison with the premotion silent period.

著者

下門 洋文 中田 由夫 富川 理充 高木 英樹 征矢 英昭

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.1, pp.181-194, 2013 (Released:2013-06-08)

参考文献数

34

被引用文献数

4 3

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The purpose of this study was to examine trends in the body mass index (BMI) and physical fitness of Japanese university students over a period of 26 years and the association between these parameters. We retrospectively collected data on 17,514 students aged 18-19 years attending a university in the years 1984, 1986, 1990, 1991, 1996, 1997, and 2004-2010. The subjects were classified into three body types on the basis of calculated BMI: underweight (BMI<18.5), normal (18.5≤BMI<25), and overweight (BMI≥25). We also calculated the physical fitness score on the basis of 4 fitness-test results (hand-grip power, handball throwing distance, 50-m running time, and 20-m shuttle run count). The time of assessment was categorized into three periods: 1980s (1984 and 1986), 1990s (1990, 1991, 1996, and 1997), and 2000s (2004-2010). The association of physical fitness with body type and period was analyzed using 2-factorial analysis of variance. Descriptive statistics showed that over the 26-year period, moderately increases in the prevalence of underweight and overweight individuals were observed, and the fitness score decreased for both sexes and all body types. A significant interaction between body type and period on physical fitness was observed in boys (P<0.05); underweight and overweight boys showed a greater decrease in physical fitness than normal-weight boys from the 1990s to the 2000s. These long-term data suggest that over 26 years, an increase in the prevalence of underweight and overweight individuals among university students resulted in a decrease in fitness levels to a greater extent in boys.

著者

高松 祥平 青山 将己 久保 雄一郎 伹尾 哲哉

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.2, pp.825-839, 2019-12-16 (Released:2019-12-20)

参考文献数

46

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We examined the process of development of the first professional female volleyball club in Japan, Victorina Himeji, in relation to its stakeholders. For the purposes of this study, a professional sports club was defined as an organization composed of professional athletes who receive compensations through engagement in sports. We collected qualitative data from websites, papers, books, and archive material. In addition, we conducted a semi-structured interview with Mr. Akira Hashimoto, chief executive of Himeji Victorina. This revealed the involvement of 13 primary stakeholders and 11 secondary stakeholders in Victorina Himeji’s development from its conceptual stage up to the present. Analysis of Victorina Himeji’s organizational development over time revealed 3 phases. Phase 1 was the period from the launch of the club-founding preparatory committee until the establishment of the joint-stock company: Himeji Victorina. During this period, Mr. Masayoshi Manabe, who has been the head Japan women’s volleyball coach until 2016, and interested locals joined together with the idea of creating a professional volleyball team in Himeji city, a period during which Mr. Hashimoto later joined and strengthened the management. Phase 2 was the period following the establishment of Himeji Victorina until its official admission to the V. League. This was the period during which the organization conducted tryouts, scouted and collected players with prospects of strengthening the team, and strengthened the main office staff at the club’s headquarters. In addition, Phase 2 saw the beginning of sponsor recruitment, in addition to strengthening of the top team, along with activities to popularize volleyball and train players through the establishment of the general incorporated association: Victorina Elite Academy. Finally, Phase 3 was the period following the official admission to the V. League until the present. Overall, this study clarified the relationships with stakeholders and engagements as a club, which were both crucial elements in the process of founding this professional sports club and ensuring its growth as an organization.

著者

和田 正信 坂本 誠 杉山 美奈子 松永 智

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.4, pp.399-408, 2006 (Released:2008-01-25)

参考文献数

51

被引用文献数

6 4

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Skeletal muscles induced to contract repeatedly respond with a progressive loss in their ability to generate a target force or power. This decline in function, referred to as muscle fatigue, has a complex etiology that can involve various metabolic and ionic factors. Of these, intracellular acidosis due to lactic acid accumulation has been regarded as one of the important causes of muscle fatigue that occurs with intense exercise. Recent surveys, however, have demonstrated little direct effect of acidosis on muscle function at physiological temperatures, and in fact several putative mechanisms by which intracellular changes can attenuate contractile function have been proposed. The most likely mechanisms to explain muscle fatigue include elevated inorganic phosphate concentrations that result from phosphocreatine breakdown, compartmentalized depletion of endogenous muscle glycogen and/or modification by reactive oxygen species that are produced extensively in contracting muscle fibers. This brief review seeks to examine how these three alterations contribute to muscular fatigue processes.

著者

松竹 貴大 夏原 隆之

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.22084, (Released:2023-02-09)

著者

牛来 千穂子 水落 文夫 内山 治樹

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, pp.961-981, 2022 (Released:2022-11-18)

参考文献数

43

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This study aimed to develop a “Scale for Teamwork in Sport” (STS) and examine its reliability and validity. We conducted a questionnaire survey of 432 athletes from 45 university sports teams across Japan. Based on exploratory factor analysis, 4 upper factors, 10 lower factors, and 40 items were extracted. The 4 upper factors, “team orientation”, “team leadership”, “team process”, and “communication” corresponded to Dickinson and McIntyre's (1997) conceptual model. The following results were obtained regarding the reliability and validity of the STS: 1) Its reliability was confirmed via sufficient internal consistency and temporal stability of Cronbach's alpha and retest reliability coefficients. 2) A significant correlation was found between the STS and factors of an existing scale. The average score for each STS factor of the team with high competition level was significantly high. Therefore, the criterion-related validity of the scale was supported. 3) As a result of confirmatory factor analysis, the goodness-of-fit of the model found in all 4 scales corresponded to the upper factors. In addition, covariance structure analysis was conducted on the validation model, and its goodness-of-fit was acceptable. Furthermore, significant path coefficients were confirmed among the elements, which excluded the path from “monitoring” to “coordination”. These results support the construct validity of the STS. These findings indicate that the STS has high reliability and validity and can evaluate teamwork in sports from a comprehensive and process perspective. Hence, a new simplified scale was developed that conformed to Dickinson and McIntyre's (1997) teamwork model and could be used in sports. These results provide new insight on team building.

著者

高松 祥平 青山 将己 久保 雄一郎 伹尾 哲哉

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.19021, (Released:2019-08-30)

参考文献数

46

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We examined the process of development of the first professional female volleyball club in Japan, Victorina Himeji, in relation to its stakeholders. For the purposes of this study, a professional sports club was defined as an organization composed of professional athletes who receive compensations through engagement in sports. We collected qualitative data from websites, papers, books, and archive material. In addition, we conducted a semi-structured interview with Mr. Akira Hashimoto, chief executive of Himeji Victorina. This revealed the involvement of 13 primary stakeholders and 11 secondary stakeholders in Victorina Himeji’s development from its conceptual stage up to the present. Analysis of Victorina Himeji’s organizational development over time revealed 3 phases. Phase 1 was the period from the launch of the club-founding preparatory committee until the establishment of the joint-stock company: Himeji Victorina. During this period, Mr. Masayoshi Manabe, who has been the head Japan women’s volleyball coach until 2016, and interested locals joined together with the idea of creating a professional volleyball team in Himeji city, a period during which Mr. Hashimoto later joined and strengthened the management. Phase 2 was the period following the establishment of Himeji Victorina until its official admission to the V. League. This was the period during which the organization conducted tryouts, scouted and collected players with prospects of strengthening the team, and strengthened the main office staff at the club’s headquarters. In addition, Phase 2 saw the beginning of sponsor recruitment, in addition to strengthening of the top team, along with activities to popularize volleyball and train players through the establishment of the general incorporated association: Victorina Elite Academy. Finally, Phase 3 was the period following the official admission to the V. League until the present. Overall, this study clarified the relationships with stakeholders and engagements as a club, which were both crucial elements in the process of founding this professional sports club and ensuring its growth as an organization.

著者

沼津 直樹 藤井 範久 小井土 正亮

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, pp.519-536, 2022 (Released:2022-07-08)

参考文献数

31

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This study aimed to clarify the biomechanical characteristics of preparatory motions required for defensive diving by soccer goalkeepers (GKs). Seventeen collegiate male GKs and 14 collegiate male outfield players (strikers) participated. The experimental setup was based on a previous study (Numazu et al., 2019), and the experiment was conducted using simulated shooting situations in the penalty area. Three-dimensional coordinate data for the GKs and strikers were captured using 2 motion capture systems with 24 cameras (250 Hz, 16 cameras for the GKs and 8 cameras for the strikers). The 2 systems were synchronized by an analog signal (1000 Hz). We analyzed 430 trials where the GKs dived toward the shot (NU: 75 trials, NM: 94 trials, NL: 37 trials, FU: 58 trials, FM: 83 trials, and FL: 83 trials). The participating GKs performed a small jumping motion vertically upward, similar to a split-step, as a preparatory motion. The primary variables computed were as follows: elapsed time of preparatory motion, velocity of the center of gravity at takeoff in the frontal plane, stance width divided by leg length, height of preparatory motion, segment angle of the trunk in the sagittal plane, and angles of the lower limb joints. The major findings were as follows: 1) To respond quickly to the shot, the GKs leaned the trunk forward and flexed the lower leg joints, externally rotated the hip joints of both legs, abducted the hip joints, and opened the feet to 70% of the leg length. 2) GKs performed the take-off of the preparatory motion simultaneously when the striker made contact between the support leg and the ground. 3) It was considered that GKs changed their movement to match the flight trajectory of the ball later than CSon.

著者

夏原 隆之 中山 雅雄 川北 準人 荒木 香織 市村 操一

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, pp.379-396, 2022 (Released:2022-05-26)

参考文献数

72

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The successful development of Transformational Leadership (TFL) theory has influenced research in organizational psychology since the 1980s. Research shows that TFL has been effective not only in the domain of business but also in the military, education, parenting, and public sectors. Sport psychology researchers became interested in TFL in the early 2000s. The TFL behaviors in sport include individualized consideration, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, fostering teamwork, high performance expectation, and appropriate role modeling. The focus of the current review paper is to examine and organize research on TFL in the sport coaching literature. More specifically, the effects of coaches’ TFL behavior on the psychological and behavioral aspects of athletes are reviewed. The previous literature was organized into 7 themes: performance, training attitude, motivation, self-efficacy, cohesion, satisfaction, and psychological development. It is recommended that future research should examine the effect of TFL on desired psychological and behavioral outcomes of athletes and include it in sport coaching education.

著者

竹﨑 一真

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.2, pp.687-704, 2019-12-16 (Released:2019-12-20)

参考文献数

50

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In postwar Japan, the United States (US) could be viewed as Japan’s “significant other.” The US had a considerable cultural impact on Japan and was responsible for alterations in postwar Japanese identity. Of particular importance was the influence of the US on the popular view of body form. The postwar restructuring of Japan’s national identity included the adoption of new views of the body as a result of US influence. This study investigated the culture of male beauty/body (bodybuilding) that emerged in Japan during the postwar period of occupation, and revealed how “male beauty” consciousness was generated in relation to nationalism by focusing on (1) the social context in which “male beauty/body culture” emerged and (2) the changes in conceptions of masculinity and body consciousness. This analysis yielded the following results: (1) Bodybuilding emerged in the social context of the occupation/reconstruction period and from a masculine crisis of male feminization in Japan. It was developed by the Japan Bodybuilding Association (JBA) as part of a movement to create “new Japanese men”. (2) However, bodybuilding was criticized as being feminine, linked to homosexuality, and leading to a useless “Hercules-type” body. (3) In response to this criticism, the JBA shifted its aim from the acquisition of a burly, Herculean build to one of a healthy and functional (“Hermes-type”) body that represented harmony between the body and the spirit. The aim of this shift was to gain legitimacy for bodybuilding as a masculine act. In addition to these aims in trying to help create “new Japanese men”, the JBA also intended to legitimize male bodybuilding culture within a national context, seeking to popularize and expand its activity by criticizing the American “Hercules-type” body while promoting the “Hermes-type” body preferred in Japan. In this way, discourse concerning the legitimacy of male beauty/body (bodybuilding) culture developed in conjunction with nationalism, and created an important forum for consideration of the ideal Japanese male body form.

著者

中嶋 哲也

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.13097, (Released:2014-10-15)

参考文献数

70

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This study investigates the emergence of the concept of “sportification of judo” in Japan, focusing on the process of “student judo” in relation to the competition between the First Higher School (“Ichikoh”) and the Second Higher School (“Nikoh”) in 1918, up until formation of the Association of Judo by the Four Imperial Universities in 1928. Jigorō Kanō, the father of judo, was dissatisfied that Nikoh had overused ground techniques against Ichikoh in 1918, and in June 1924, Kodokan published a revised set of umpiring rules to control the use of ground techniques in student judo.   However, Tsunetane Oda, the manager of Nikoh judo club, criticized Kanō, and advocated that ground techniques were a valid combat method. Oda finally compromised, because Takeshi Sakuraba, one of Kanō's best pupils, refuted Oda's proposal. However, it was the first time that Kodokan had been publicly criticized by someone concerned with student judo, and this seems to have been a trigger for student judo to become independent from Kodokan.   In parallel with the emergence of the democracy movement after World War I, Judo came to be regarded as extremely outmoded, and judo practitioners began to place more emphasis on theory rather than actual competition. Kanō interceded with the Tokyo Gakusei Judo Rengōkai (Tokyo Student Judo Association, “TGJR”), and in 1924 persuaded the TGJR to let their umpire rules reflect the revised umpire rules. However, the Imperial University of Tokyo (IUT) rebelled against this movement, and left the TGJR. The IUT then appealed to each of the Imperial Universities, and held the Teidai Taikai (the Four Imperial Universities Competition, “FIUC”) to encourage nationwide spread of the Kosen Judo Taikai (National High School and Vocational School Judo Competition, which was hosted by Kyoto Imperial University, “KJT”). The Imperial University Judo Association, which hosted the FIUC, then abandoned the combat characteristics that were advocated by Kodokan, with the aim of representing judo as a “sport”.   One of the reasons why Kibisaburō Sasaki criticized Kodokan was that he had been treated coldly by Kanō and Kyūzō Mifune at the Shūki Kōhaku Shiai (a contest between two Kodokan groups) in November 1922, because he had used ground techniques frequently. Moreover, Sasaki as a member of the IUT judo club had experienced the withdrawal of the IUT from the TGJR, and the holding of the FIUC. Therefore, Sasaki criticized Kodokan while student judo was being organized. Sasaki claimed that “sportification” did not confer any new value on the principles of Kodokan judo. Kanō criticized the over-use of ground techniques by KJT and the FIUC, which lacked a combat system. However, Sasaki considered that Kanō's opinion was a long-established custom, and insisted that the FIUC was a sports competition. Thus, the claim made by Sasaki meant that the FIUC had become independent from Kodokan judo.

著者

水島 淳 広瀬 健一

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, pp.297-302, 2022 (Released:2022-05-11)

参考文献数

17

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Communities of practice have been applied in coach development programs around the world. The purpose of the current study was to explore the concept of community of practice, the theoretical background, the literature on community of practice for sport coaches, and the value creation process in community of practice. The findings of this study should offer some insight into how we can implement community of practice for coach learning and development.

著者

水島 淳 広瀬 健一

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.21158, (Released:2022-03-25)

著者

小野 雄大 友添 秀則 根本 想

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.17015, (Released:2017-09-27)

参考文献数

94

被引用文献数

2 5

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In recent years, the way university sports are conducted has been under discussion. In particular, there is some concern about the balance between studies and competitive activities, which is important when considering the future of university sports in Japan. As no previous research has focused on sports recommendation admissions to universities in Japan, the present study first attempted to clarify the way in which this system has developed.  The following findings were obtained:  1. In Japan, even before the recommendation admission system was officially approved, athletes had been given preferential treatment in entrance examinations, which was not disclosed to the public or stipulated in application guides.  2. Soon after the recommendation admission system was officially approved, campus disputes worsened, which caused the preferential admission treatment of athletes to be severely criticized, making it difficult to continue with the conventional system any longer. Accordingly, during the period from the late 1960s to the early 1970s, universities abolished the preferential treatment given to athletes in entrance examinations.  3. Since the recommendation admission system was officially approved in 1967, the faculties of physical education at private universities, among others, started to actively admit athletes based on recommendation. These physical education faculties selected students based on physical skill tests to secure competent athletes. Thus, by matching the admission policy of the faculty with the sporting abilities of athletes, universities were able to secure competent athletes without having to impose a special admission quota for athletes.  4. In the 1980s, private universities played a leading role in conducting entrance examinations with a special admission quota for athletes. Waseda University launched the Special Selection System for Physical Education Major, which introduced a special admission quota for athletes, specified the athletic events and performances, and made the selection process widely known to the public. In conducting this selection, however, the university faced a dilemma of whether or not to employ it as the system for strengthening their sports teams.  5. In 1987, the Ad Hoc Council on Education, an advisory body of the Japanese Government on education, recommended that assessment of sports activities be taken into consideration in entrance examinations. The 1989, the Guidelines for University Entrance Examination, revised in accordance with the Council's recommendation, listed “adequate assessment of activities in sports, culture, etc.” as a selection method for university admission for the first time.

著者

坂口 将太 図子 浩二

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.2, pp.599-615, 2013 (Released:2013-12-07)

参考文献数

27

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This study investigated the development of rebound jumping ability in preschool children. The subjects included 100 boys (2 years: 8, 3 years: 19, 4 years: 33, 5 years: 30, and 6 years: 10) and 80 girls (2 years: 11, 3 years: 22, 4 years: 21, 5 years: 18, and 6 years: 8). The measurements used were jumping height in counter movement jumping (CMJ), index (jumping height/ground contact time) of consecutive rebound jumping (RJ), foot length, shank length, Achilles tendon length, relative Achilles tendon length (Achilles tendon length/shank length), relative foot length (foot length/shank length) and calf girth as morphological characteristics. The main results obtained were as a follows.   1)  CMJ jumping height and RJ-index increased with age. Development of RJ-index depended on the increase in jumping height because ground contact time did not change even though jumping height increased with age.   2)  CMJ and RJ ability development types were classified into 3 groups according to ±1 SD of the residual of regression line with age in months (good, equal, and poor groups). For RJ ability, the number of equal groups decreased significantly after 50 months in boy and girls. In addition, for boys, the number of individuals in the good group increased significantly after 50 months, whereas for girls, the number of individuals in the poor group increased significantly after 50 months. No such changes were found in CMJ ability.   3)  RJ jumping height and ground contact time were compared among the 3 groups. The good group showed a significantly higher jumping height and shorter ground contact time than the other 2 groups. In addition, morphological characteristics showed no significant differences among the 3 groups.   These results suggest that the development of RJ ability differs from that of CMJ ability, and that the development difference in RJ ability begins to become evident in infants over 50 months. In addition, it is suggested that this difference is influenced by factors other than morphological characteristics.