著者

野沢 巌 大橋 正春

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

日本体育学会大会号

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, 1983

著者

川又 宏司

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

日本体育学会大会号 第24回(1973) (ISSN:24330183)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.469, 1973-09-01 (Released:2017-08-25)

著者

中垣 浩平 尾野藤 直樹

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.1, pp.283-295, 2014 (Released:2014-06-13)

参考文献数

16

被引用文献数

1

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of simplified quantification of training in for a Japanese national canoe sprint team using the modified session rating of perceived exertion method. We recorded the team's training using a method that integrates the original weighting factor (WF) and the duration (time) of the training session. Training load was quantified as the product of WF and time. Training monotony was calculated by as the mean daily load divided to the standard deviation of load. Training strain was calculated by multiplying the weekly training load by training monotony. A fitness-fatigue model was applied to the relationships between training load and performance. The model-predicted performance using the training load was significantly correlated with actual paddling performance. The training load and strain were significantly correlated with resting heart rate in the early morning. These results suggest that simplified quantification of training can be used to prescribe training for the improvement of performance and the prevention of overtraining syndrome.

著者

工藤 龍太 志々田 文明

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.2, pp.453-469, 2010 (Released:2010-12-28)

参考文献数

50

被引用文献数

2

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The main purpose of this study was to verify the process of formation and development of the concept of aiki used by Morihei Ueshiba, the founder of Aikido, and his disciples. The main points can be summarized as follows: 1. The term aiki has been used to refer to particular martial arts techniques and to a spiritual state that can be experienced by practicing Aikido. Morihei taught aiki as a technique, as shown in the memorandum of the Japanese Imperial Navy Admiral Isamu Takeshita around 1930. Kisshomaru Ueshiba, Morihei Ueshiba's son, also introduced these techniques in his book, “Techniques of Aikido” (1962), etc. However, neither Morehei Ueshiba nor his son explained about aiki in detail. Kenji Tomiki and Gozo Shioda used aiki as a term of technique, but they do not seem to have taught techniques under the name of aiki. 2. Onisaburo Deguchi, the head of Omoto-kyo, used the expressions “the union between a kami and a mortal” in 1921 and “the great love of the kami” in 1935, which Morihei later emphasized in relation to aiki. Omoto-kyo heavily influenced the building of Morihei's thoughts on aiki and Aikido. Aiki was likened to the great love of the Universe, Heaven and Earth, or the kami who nurtures all nature and mortals. In short, a) aiki is the union between the kami as love, and mortals, hence the practice of aiki is the purification of mind and body; b) the practice of Aikido creates a paradise for mortals on earth; c) because the kami does not oppose anyone, a practitioner does not oppose in Aikido. Morihei's thought influenced the policy of the succeeding organization of Aikido through Kisshomaru. 3. Morihei's four main pupils inherited his thoughts through several arrangements. Shioda explained aiki as “a technique for following the laws of nature”. Tohei insisted that aiki is “the union between the ki in heaven and earth and a mortal”. Sunadomari interpreted aiki as a combative technique and a divine work. Tomiki understood the term in two ways: one is a technique that falls into the category of kuzushi (balance-breaking), and the other is the unity of ki (energy) between nature and man. As to the way that Aikido should develop in the future, we need to study further Morihei's thoughts and their development under his pupils.

著者

玉井 朗 松本 光弘

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

日本体育学会大会号

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, 1981

著者

淵本 隆文

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

日本体育学会大会号

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, 1995

著者

髙山 史徳 森 寿仁 安藤 真由子 山本 正嘉

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.15032, (Released:2015-09-02)

参考文献数

33

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The main purpose of this study was to investigate anthropometry and body composition in 26 male ultramountain runners who participated in Trans Japan Alps Race 2014, a multi-stage ultramountain running race over 415 km to be covered within 5-8 days. The second purpose was to investigate the changes in skinfold thickness during the race. Before the race, all participants were examined in terms of body weight, BMI, skinfold thickness at 8 sites and estimated percentage body fat. In addition, the finishers (n=14) were re-examined in the post-race period. The main findings are summarized below.1. The participants had a mean (±SD) body weight of 62.3±5.1 kg, a BMI of 21.5±1.4 kg/m2, a sum of 8 skinfold thickness of 57.7±15.5 mm, and an estimated percentage body fat of 12.0±2.4%. There were no significant differences in any parameters between the finishers and the non-finishers.2. The sum of 8 skinfold thickness in the finishers was significantly reduced by 11.3% after the race (Pre : 55.0±13.6 mm, Post : 48.8±12.1 mm), representing a dramatic response in comparison with a previous study that investigated ultramarathon runners in a 100-km ultramarathon race (0.9%).

著者

町田 樹

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

日本体育学会大会予稿集

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, pp.38_2, 2017

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<p> フィギュアスケートは、氷上においてジャンプやスピン、ステップなどの卓越した「身体技術」に加え、思想や感情、物語を体現するための「表現技術」を競うスポーツである。基本的に「滑る」、「跳ぶ」、「回る」等の動作で構成されるフィギュアスケートだが、それらの動作を駆使して発揮される一連のパフォーマンスは、ときに「踊る」、「表現する」という動詞によって言い表される芸術的な動きの連続性として捉えられる。では、なぜ人はフィギュアスケーターの演技に美的な価値を見出すのであろうか。その理由の一つとしては、長い歴史の中で様式化されたフィギュアスケート特有の動作と音楽の間に、強力な相関関係が成立しているからであろう。本発表では、実際に発表者による自作振付の映像を用いながら、フィギュアスケーターの身体技術と音楽の密接な関係性を中心に、分析を試みていきたい。なお、発表者はフィギュアスケーターとしてのキャリアを23年間継続させており、現在プロフィギュアスケーターとしても活動を展開している。従って、本発表は研究者の観点と共に、フィギュアスケートの実演家および振付家の視点からも見解を提示するものである。</p>

著者

星川 佳広 飯田 朝美 古森 政作 中馬 健太郎 澁川 賢一 菊池 忍

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.1, pp.249-260, 2012 (Released:2012-06-02)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

2 1

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Previous studies have indicated that short-distance sprint ability is essential for achieving a high competitive level in soccer. However, there are no systematic data by which sprint ability in Japanese soccer players can be evaluated. The aim of this study was to develop an age-related evaluation chart for 20-meter sprinting time in male soccer players. The subjects were 807 high-level soccer players between 5th grade of elementary school and high school as well as 120 senior players including professionals. The sprinting time was measured on a grassed field using infrared photocell sensors with the subjects wearing soccer shoes. The sensors detected the release of the subject's rear foot at the start and the passing of the subject's trunk through the 20-meter position. The average time for field players decreased from 3.69(0.14) s for 5th graders to 2.98(0.08) s for seniors. The value for goalkeepers decreased from 3.79(0.12) to 3.07(0.11) s. Using the averages and standard deviations, an evaluation chart classifying the 20-meter sprinting time into 5 levels was presented for each age group. In addition, another chart taking birth date into account was also developed for 7th and 8th graders, since boys born earlier showed an advantage in the sprinting time. The time ranking for the fastest group in field players was less than 2.93 s for 9th graders and 2.86 s in seniors, resulting in a difference of only 0.07 s. In contrast, the value ranking for the slowest group exceeded 3.31 s for 9th graders and 3.11 s for seniors, resulting in a difference of 0.20 s. This implies that soccer players having lower sprint ability may drop out from the selection process as they get older. This evaluation chart can be useful for identifying the short-distance sprinting ability of soccer players in each age group.

著者

宮西 智久 森本 吉謙

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.4, pp.361-381, 2007 (Released:2007-08-08)

参考文献数

46

被引用文献数

3 3

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A three-dimensional (3D) videography study was performed to clarify the mechanical effects of a change of pitching motion from an overhand throw (OH style) to a three-quarter throw (TQ style). Two collegiate pitchers (subjects A and B) who normally used the OH style participated. They were requested to change their original OH style into the TQ style. To do this, they were subjected to a one-year skill training program based on biomechanical principles and on knowledge such as the stretch-shortening cycle theory, muscle force-velocity relationship, and the motions of skilled pitchers (e.g., shoulder positioning at 90 degrees of abduction-adduction during the acceleration phase). Four pitches for subject A (two in pre-training, one during training and one in post-training), and three for subject B (one each in pre-training, training and post-training) were videotaped with the 3D DLT procedure using two high-speed cameras, and then analyzed. We then examined the mechanical differences between pre- and post-training. The speed of the ball at release increased progressively with every successive pitch for both subjects (Subject A : 1st : 130.3km/h ; 2nd : 133.2km/h ; 3rd : 135.7km/h ; 4th : 142.2km/h. Subject B : 1st : 131.0km/h ; 2nd : 135.0km/h ; 3rd : 139.3km/h). The pitching styles of both subjects changed from their original OH style to the TQ style, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The time-dependent patterns and peak values of the angular velocities of shoulder internal-external rotation and elbow flexion-extension of the throwing arm did not change very much. However, the peak value of the angular velocity of shoulder internal rotation occurred immediately after ball release for the OH style, while for the TQ style it occurred at ball release. As a result, the angular velocity of elbow extension at ball release was larger in the OH style than in the TQ style. On the other hand, the angular velocity of shoulder internal rotation at ball release was larger in the TQ style than in the OH style. These findings suggest that the increase in the speed of the ball is dominated by elbow extension in the OH style, and by shoulder internal rotation in the TQ style.

著者

崎田 嘉寛

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.2, pp.729-742, 2016 (Released:2016-12-14)

参考文献数

56

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This study attempted to identify initiatives regarding content and implementation of school physical education policies during March-August 1945, using data from Ministry of Education circulars. Its findings were as follows:  1. The historical development of school physical education administrative functions during the Asia-Pacific War was clarified. These functions were enhanced by establishing the Physical Education Bureau (January 1941). After 1942, these functions gradually diminished, and the Physical Education Bureau was absorbed into another department by July 1945. However, its functions did not become obsolete, and the policy planning and implementation initiatives were not suspended.  2. Regarding physical education policies after March 1945, the study first examined “Special Measures and Guidelines for Students' Physical Training” and “Special Measures and Guidelines for Students' Military Education” implemented in April 1945, and found that differences in content between the 2 reflected the degree of military involvement. The Course for Communication of Content to Local Regions as part of the former was also examined. Its characteristic features included nationwide implementation and dispatch of instructional officers to local regions to provide coaching and implement policy.  The study also examined the “Ministry of War and Ministry of Education Discussion Memorandum Regarding Deployment of Active Military Officers in School and the Wartime Special Measures for Regulation of its Enforcement” issued in July. This was construed as an amendment of previously stipulated regulations in accordance with circumstances at the time. School training measures were being continuously negotiated between the Ministry of Education and the military until just before the defeat. The “Special Measures and Guidelines for the Implementation of Female Students' Naginata (Pole Swords) and Self-Defence Methods” implemented in August were also examined. This confirmed that these guidelines constituted the last school physical education policy during the Asia-Pacific War.  3. The study re-examined the “Guidelines for Training of People's Fighting Power” (Kokumin Toryoku Rensei Youkou) established in May 1945, which previous studies had deemed the last school physical education policy during the Asia-Pacific War. This was a private recommendation based on martial arts created by Muneo Shiotani, and not an official Ministry of Education policy.  4. The present study has revealed details about school physical education policies during March-August 1945, which have not been examined previously. The findings are significant because they reveal that school physical education policies developed continuously during this late period of the Asia-Pacific War.

著者

佐藤 康子

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

日本体育学会大会号

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, 1971

著者

松倉 啓太 浅井 武

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.1, pp.277-296, 2013 (Released:2013-06-08)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

2

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It is believed that the success of the goalkeeper (GK) in saving difficult shots by diving is a key factor in soccer because it can influence the outcome of the game to a large extent. However, the most appropriate way to exert force during the diving motion according to the course of the shot from either leg is still unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to clarify the fundamental mechanism of a GK's diving motion according to the height and distance of the shot. We performed an experiment in which 11 university GKs participated. They were asked to dive toward balls set at 3 different heights located a short or a long distance from the GK. By examining the GKs' diving motions, we calculated the ground reaction force (GRF), joint angular velocity, and joint torque. The results indicated that the magnitude of the GRF under both legs and the direction of the GRF under the ball-side (BS) leg differed with the ball height. We also found that a higher dive by the GKs corresponded to a larger counter-movement of the contralateral-side (CS) leg and a higher stopping power of the BS leg in order to increase the vertical velocity, and more exertion of extension torques at the hip and foot for takeoff compared to those in lower dives. Furthermore, a lower dive of the GKs corresponded to a larger angular impulse of the BS hip adduction after the BS leg touched the ground. These findings suggest that during the takeoff part of the diving motion of a GK, depending on the ball height, the CS leg controls the magnitude of power and the BS leg controls both the magnitude and the direction of power in order for the GK to dive directly towards the ball.

著者

五賀 友継 李 燦雨

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.17005, (Released:2018-01-19)

参考文献数

93

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The aim of this study was to clarify the establishment and development process of Dai Nippon Kyudo Kai (DNKK), which existed from the Meiji to the pre-war Showa era, and its organizational forms. The tasks of the study were to elucidate the establishment and developmental process of the DNKK based on the historical characteristics of the organization, which can be divided into 6 periods. The organizational forms were examined based on the articles of incorporation, and the trends of membership and branch distribution were also clarified. The results were as follows: 1)The DNKK was established as Seinen Kyujutsu Kai under the Toshizane Honda school in 1909, and shortly renamed the Dai Nippon Kyujutsu Kai. When it became an incorporated foundation in 1919, it was renamed the DNKK. The kyudo philosophy of Kako Neya was strongly reflected at the time of its foundation. 2)The DNKK increased its membership by developing its publishing arm, and promoted kyujutsu and kyudo as part of the regular curriculum in the school. 3)Division among DNKK members in 1915 and the death of Toshizane Honda in 1917 led to a schism of Toshizane Hondaʼs pupils, which resulted in diffusion of the Toshizane Honda method among kyudo players. 4)The DNKK was renamed kyudo from kyujutsu when it became an incorporated foundation in 1919. They considered kyujutsu to be a subject within kyudo. 5) The massive promotion of the DNKK was financially supported by kyudo shops. 6)Analysis of the articles of incorporation showed that the kyudo philosophy of Kako Neya was strongly reflected in the policy of the DNKK through a mechanism based on the opinions of the board of councilors. 7) The conflict with Dai Nippon Butoku Kai over kyudoyosoku resulted in further expansion of the DNKK because of the massive promotion program against them, and a medically negative interpretation to kyudoyosoku evident at the Tokyo Provisional First Army Hospital. 8)Kako Neya decided to step down in 1943, and the activity of the DNKK was substantially terminated in 1944 due to the influence of war. 9)The cumulative total DNKK membership was 22,769 between June 1912 and October 1943. The membership trend was affected by various external factors. 10)A total of 426 branches were established domestically and internationally. The trend of branch establishment was similar to that of membership, and 75% of branches were located in Eastern Japan. The DNKK aggressively promoted overseas expansion.

著者

布目 寛幸

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.2, pp.491-500, 2008-12-10 (Released:2009-02-25)

参考文献数

17

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Recently, “Nijiku” sports motion theory has been proposed and is being widely disseminated for many types of sports events including association football (soccer). It appears that this theory has some scientific basis for improving performance in sports. However, as the theory did not follow the necessary procedures, to date, its scientific validity has never been examined. This paper was designed to precisely examine the scientific validity of the “Nijiku” sports motion theory in relation to soccer from the viewpoint of science philosophy and biomechanics. Falsifiability is an important concept in science. However, only a few objective data—the ground reaction force of the supporting leg during soccer kicking and the peculiar motion referred to as “unfasten knee” motion—were demonstrated in the related literature with incorrect interpretation, and there were no falsifiable data to prove the existence of “Nijiku” during sports actions. Thus, it has been considered that the “Nijiku” sports motion theory runs contrary to the principle of science. Moreover, there are many misleading descriptions, particularly with regard to the effect of gravity. As a result, it can be considered that the “Nijiku” sports motion theory is classified as a “pseudoscience” labeled inaccurately or misleadingly portrayed as science. Scientific counterarguments to stimulate debate on these matters by the proponent and/or supporters are expected.

著者

森下 義隆 矢内 利政

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.1, pp.237-250, 2018-06-10 (Released:2018-06-20)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

2 1

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The purpose of this study was to examine within-subject differences in bat-swing trajectory between intentional hitting towards the same field and towards the opposite field. 19 industrial league baseball batters and 16 collegiate baseball batters performed same-field hitting (SH) and opposite-field hitting (OH). The movement of the bat during the swing was recorded with two high-speed cameras (1000 fps) for 3D analysis. At the instant of ball impact, the striking surface of the bat faced towards the same field in SH and towards the opposite field in OH. The bat-head trajectory immediately before impact was directed obliquely upward in SH, whereas it was directed obliquely downward in OH. Throughout the swing, the projection angle of the bat on the vertical plane was greater in OH than in SH, and the ratio of the translational component of the bat-head speed to the resultant bat-head speed was significantly greater in OH than in SH. These results suggest that the characteristics of the bat swing in OH provide a suitable impact condition to drive the ball towards the opposite field, as evidence has demonstrated that (1) a batted ball is likely to travel towards the opposite field when the lower half of the ball is hit by a vertically inclined bat, and (2) the striking surface of the bat is unlikely to turn to face towards the same field when the contribution to the resultant bat-head speed is generated more by the translational component of the bathead speed than by the rotational component.

著者

田邊 元

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.62, no.2, pp.631-646, 2017 (Released:2017-12-19)

参考文献数

54

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The purpose of this study was to clarify the handing down of a martial art in a Japanese village community, focusing as an example on the Shinto Katori-Ryu School.  The Shinto Katori-Ryu School was established in Kamigawara from the mid Edo period. Kamigawara was a farm village, and the members of the school were farmers. The Shinto Katori-ryu School was characterized by the following features.  1. There was no specific master exponent at the school, and the coaching was done by the village elders. Generally, at most Japanese martial art schools, a magnate or an authority acted as a master.  2. Only the eldest sons of the village were coached, and were referred to as sozokunin, meaning “heirs”. Learners at other schools are usually referred to as “pupils”, but this was not the case here. In order to become a sozokunin, a rite of passage known as kenjyutsu denjyu was necessary.  3. The school taught not only kenjutsu, but also methods of treating plague, and was dedicated to the god of a shrine. In addition, details of village regulation were also taught.  The Shinto Katori-ryu School was closely related to village affairs, and was aimed at educating people within the village. In this way it was recognized as a “folk movement” unique to Kamigawara. After the Meiji era, the school traditions were handed down until World War 2, while maintaining the relations close to local society. Therefore, after the modern era, it was not assimilated by budo and kobudo. Later, like many folk customs, the tradition was swept aside during the period of rapid economic growth.  The organization of a martial art has generally been understood as adhering to the iemoto system. However, the organization of the Shinto Katori-ryu School took a different form, and is one example of a martial art that was nurtured and handed down by farmers.

著者

菱田 慶文

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.2, pp.359-371, 2011 (Released:2011-12-28)

参考文献数

25

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The present study investigated the transformation that has occurred in Muay Thai, a traditional martial art in Thailand, as a result of gambling. Muay Thai is a sport that incorporates religious ceremony. In Thailand, gambling has been conventionally illegal. The rules of Muay Thai have not been changed since Rajadamunan stadium was established in 1945, and Muay Thai has since developed into a national amusement and become a modern sport. However, various gambling styles linked to Muay Thai still continue to exist. Such gambling comprises three types: 1. Gambling on matches, where all the prize money is placed in bets. 2. Gambling through bookmakers. 3. Gambling based on odds, with no restriction on who gambles and how much money is staked. Since the late 1970s, however, gambling based on odds has increased, and this has resulted in a change of Muay Thai game tactics. Currently, most of the audiences coming to Muay Thai stadiums are gamblers who use odds to bet. For this study, data were collected through fieldwork conducted at Muay Thai stadiums in Thailand. Data were also gathered from Muay Thai magazines. These data have been reconstructed in order to examine how Muay Thai has changed in response to gambling, and the results indicate that the game tactics of Muay Thai have changed due to odds gambling. As a consequence, Muay Thai has become not only just a martial art, but also a sport for gambling.

著者

谷口 勇一

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.2, pp.559-576, 2014 (Released:2014-12-20)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

3 3

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With the enforcement of various sport policies with a focus on strategic and comprehensive community sport clubs promotion, debate over the management form of extracurricular activities in Japan has been more focused on the trend of relationship-building both inside and outside of school. In this study, we discuss the validity of the club management form that is centered on activities inside the school, in an attempt to critically consider relationship-building trends. For this, we examine cases where a relationship has been initially formed, but then dissolved, by means of an interview survey with some teachers involved.   The relationships formed in comprehensive community sport clubs and extracurricular activities were achieved through the aggressive behavior of a single health and physical education teacher. Many school teachers in Japan feel responsible for the day-to-day club guidance. Therefore, cooperation with school sport activities outside the school is also open to other teachers. However, with regard to relationships with out-of-school activities, the consciousness of teachers began to change. In this study I confirmed the occupational culture of teachers, which involved “complicated efforts to build up relationships with local residents”, “a sense of extracurricular activities in school education,” and “indifference to out-of-school activities”. In fact, building relationships between comprehensive community sport clubs and extracurricular activities ended in failure.   Thus study has highlighted a drawback of current sports policy content in Japan. Current sport aims at the creation of a sports environment in all regions, including schools. However, no consideration seems to be given to the viewpoint of teachers who have supported sport in school. As long as there is no form of club management where teachers are indispensable, the situation in Japan would appear to be difficult.

著者

池本 淳一

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.13107, (Released:2014-10-23)

参考文献数

28

被引用文献数

1

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This paper focuses on the position of “Ju-ken” matches and their promoter, Kenji Kano, in Japanese boxing history. A “Ju-ken” match was a match between a judoist and a boxer, and such bouts were held from the middle of the Taisho era to the early Showa era in Kobe, Tokyo and Osaka. The main organizer of these matches was the “International Ju-ken club”, whose owner Kenji Kano was the nephew of Jigoro Kano. This study divides the history of Ju-ken into three periods, each with respective features.   The first period was from October 1919 to April 1920. Ju-ken at this time was intended to reform judo into a competitive sport through fighting with boxing. Although judo had been well established at that time, it was facing a challenge due to loss of its spirit and form as a martial art during the process of sportification. Jigoro Kano, the founder of Judo, was unhappy with this change. By studying boxing, karate, aikido, stick fighting and other martial arts, he aimed at creating a ‘Martial Art Judo’. His nephew Kenji Kano pursued martial art-oriented judo as well, but his approach to reconstructing judo as a martial art was through mixed martial arts games, the “Ju-Ken math”.   The middle period was from May 1920 to March 1925, when Ju-ken evolved into a spectator sport that encapsulated the struggle for superiority in terms of nationality and ethnicity. Because Kodokan prohibited their members from participating in any mixed-martial arts match from April 1921, Ju-ken became a spectator sport. In addition, after charity matches following the Great Kanto Earthquake, in order to bring more excitement to the game, Ju-ken heightened the opposition and rivalry based on the nationalities and ethnicities of the athletes.   The final period was from May 1925 to August 1931, when Ju-ken changed into a show that was intended to provoke nationalistic emotions among the audience. After the development of “normal” boxing, Ju-ken held normal boxing matches in their games and adopted new boxing-like rules. These new rules and the point systems put foreign boxers at a disadvantage when fighting against Japanese judoists, ensuring that Japanese would always defeat foreigners.   Finally, through assimilation of knowledge and focusing on boxing, this study argues that Ju-ken matches created a background for localization of modern boxing in Japan.