著者

堤 正信

出版者

地理科学学会

雑誌

地理科学 (ISSN:02864886)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, pp.28-37, 1972-08-01 (Released:2017-04-14)

著者

松田 松男

出版者

地理科学学会

雑誌

地理科学 (ISSN:02864886)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.2, pp.1-10, 1986 (Released:2017-04-20)

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The part-time senior high school is gradually changing its nature. Night schools for working youths are becoming what is called a "saucer" to absorb spillover students from day schools. At the same time they are also places which absorbs not only students of low scholastic abmty, but also students who refuse to attend school, have lost their parents, are unstable in mind and body, or have become handicapped. In this paper the author would like to report on his practices in geography lessons in which he has tried to arouse interest, and expectations in students, and in which he wants his students to become aware of changes of circumstances in their own region. Four "pillars" for classroom practice are described; that is, working study using "handmade" print, the confirmation and building up of elementary skills, excursions, and the learning of place names. There have been few studies on elementary skius in geography. So-called elementary skius are not just mental faculty and knowledge, but skius which can get over what is psychologically called "the wall of age ume" caused by a delay m the practical experiences of life for the child. The sumrnary of this paper is as follows: 1. In the working study, "handmade" prints are distributed in every class hour in parallel with the text book. A sheet of printed material is given to each student and also a hint is given to students so that they can guess an answer and write them in parentheses. Answer sheets are presented to the teacher. In commentary on the correct answers, the teacher fumishes date which is interesting to the students. 2. Conceming elementary skills, the teacher tries to make students understand the difference between various life styles in the Odawara districts, to make students draw a road map of companies, offices and school; to make students write geographical descriptions of the Ashigara district in Kanagawa Prefecture; to make students prepare for a test on the place narnes of cities, towns, and villages, urban and rural districts, current topics, and the geographical description of special products in Japan. It is important for us to understand that elementary skills cannot be built up simply by the repetition of the lessons of primary school. 3. The theme of the excursion is the flooding of the Sakawa River and the utilization of underground water. The purpose of the excursion is to give students a living and practicai geographical lesson. 4. It is important that the learning of place names not be carried out by memory work only, but be of practical use, giving the place names of cities, towns, villages, and Prefectures, and the origin of the place names. The basic principles of gergraphy lessons in the part-time high school are not the preparation of students for entrance to university. Emphasis must be on the unit leaming of practicai matters. The above example of the practice in iessons will be useful for part-time high schools in the process of rapid change.

著者

張 峻屹 瀬谷 創 兼重 仁 力石 真

出版者

地理科学学会

雑誌

地理科学 (ISSN:02864886)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.3, pp.118-132, 2016-09-28 (Released:2018-03-28)

参考文献数

15

著者

森川 洋

出版者

地理科学学会

雑誌

地理科学 (ISSN:02864886)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.1, pp.1-18, 2016

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<p>The massive population concentration in Tokyo is continuing to grow under the weight of outmigration from Japanese prefectural capitals and provincial centers, while those capitals and centers, in turn, increase their populations by absorbing outmigration from small and medium-sized cities of 30,000–200,000 residents. Most such cities have tended to continually decline due to this outmigration, with the exception of satellite cities neighboring metropolitan areas. As the central functions of small and medium-sized cities are stagnating, the rural areas belonging to their tributary areas are not so active and also are depopulating.</p><p>Revitalization of Japan's small and medium-sized cities is therefore of keen importance for controlling the increasingly massive concentration of population in Tokyo. This, however, is a difficult problem, because these smaller cities have normally tended to decline because of their lack of competitive force against larger cities; a phenomenon persisting under the economic development since the country's modernization. Additionally, amid advancing globalization, many plants in small and medium-sized cities have shifted production overseas, also leaving the cities' shopping streets vacant and decaying as large retail stores from metropolitan capitals have invaded.</p><p>I am searching for regional policies to serve as guidance in preventing the decline of small and medium-sized cities. It is noticeable that in Germany most medium-sized cities (20,000–100,000 residents by the German standard) saw increasing populations in the periods of 1980–2010 and 2005–2010. I investigated the vitality of medium-sized German cities in hopes of finding regional policies that can be useful references for revitalizing Japan's small and medium-sized cities. But I concluded that such German cities face different conditions than Japan's small and medium-sized cities. Some of the German cities even house universities and headquarters of large firms. This is because of the low number of large cities and the lesser urban population in Germany; thus, the medium-sized cities do not face a conspicuous lack of competitive force against large and/or metropolitan cities. In this comparison, it is also difficult to dissipate the massive concentration already formed in metropolitan Tokyo.</p><p>However, we can take special note of two policies for controlling Tokyo's imbalance. The first is to implement the regional policy of moving head offices of large firms from the Tokyo metropolitan area to nonmetropolitan cities. However, it is difficult to spearhead movement into small and medium-sized cities other than prefectural capitals and provincial centers. The second policy is to introduce German <i>Raumordnungspolitik</i> (regional development policy) based on <i>punktachsiales Entwicklungskonzept</i> (development policy using central places and networks). This approach proposes regional planning by the central government-called <i>teiju-jiritsuken-koso</i> (promotion plan for settlement and independence) and <i>renkei-chusutoshiken-koso </i> (cooperative center urban plan) in Japanese-aimed at development of central cities that should be integrated and improved to serve as more active regional centers. Designated as medium-order centers (<i>Mittelzentren</i>) and high-order centers (<i>Oberzentren</i>) by German classification, these will to some extent be effective at revitalizing small and medium-sized cities, as well as their surrounding rural areas. Alternative regional policies must be adopted in Japan's isolated islands and mountainous areas.</p>

著者

中田 高

出版者

地理科学学会

雑誌

地理科学 (ISSN:02864886)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.3, pp.133-135, 2005-07-28 (Released:2017-04-15)

著者

日下 雅義

出版者

地理科学学会

雑誌

地理科学 (ISSN:02864886)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.3, pp.137-142, 1992-07-28 (Released:2017-04-27)

参考文献数

3

著者

内田 和子

出版者

地理科学学会

雑誌

地理科学 (ISSN:02864886)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.1, pp.1-16, 1989

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筆者は治水費用賦課の観点から,水害常習地域における水害予防組合の解体する過程を明らかにしようとした。事例として鶴見川水害予防組合において,治水費用の分析・考察を行った。その結果,次の諸点が明らかになった。(1)主として流域内の水害危険度の差異による多種類の賦課金が河川改修の進展によって,一律の賦課となった。(2)流域内の都市化に伴い,住民の防災意識が変化して,特に1965(昭和40)年以降組合費の納入状況が悪化した。そのため歳入面では地方公共団体からの補助金への依存率が高まった。(3)歳出面では,都市化に伴う水害の増加により,管理費が減少し,警備費と積立金が増加した。したがって鶴見川水書予防組合は,都市化,河川改修,住民の防災意識の変化を要因として解散し,地方公共団体の費用で運営される水害予防協会に変化した。

著者

高井 寿文

出版者

地理科学学会

雑誌

地理科学 (ISSN:02864886)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.2, pp.112-132, 2003-04-28 (Released:2017-04-15)

参考文献数

42

著者

内山 庄一郎 井上 公 後藤 秀昭 中田 高 井田 康之 梅田 篤

出版者

地理科学学会

雑誌

地理科学 (ISSN:02864886)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.4, 2015-01-28

著者

與倉 豊

出版者

地理科学学会

雑誌

地理科学 (ISSN:02864886)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.71, no.1, pp.19-32, 2016-04-28 (Released:2017-02-10)

参考文献数

49

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This study examines the centrality and connectivity of major cities in Japanese urban system through relationships of corporate offices. After analysis of data concerning listed companies of five industrial sectors (textile products, chemicals, iron and steel, electric appliances, and transportation equipment) in 1985 and 2009, the following findings were obtained. Japanese inter-city network indicated that Tokyo, Osaka, and Nagoya had a significantly high degree of centrality. The degree of centralities of major core cities such as Sapporo, Sendai, Hiroshima, and Fukuoka were also high, but the disparity in their centralities was seen. Allocation patterns of branch offices ware different by sector, but branch arrangement patterns of company were quite similar within a same sector. Therefore, the inter-city relationships differ by sector.

著者

テイラー ピーター・J 山田 晴通

出版者

地理科学学会

雑誌

地理科学 (ISSN:02864886)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.4, pp.197-220, 1992-10-28

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The Scottish Geographical Magazine is an internationally circulating journal published three tirnes a year. The annual subscription is £27.00 and those intending to submit items for publication in English should send these to the Editor, Dr A S Mather, Department of Geography, University of Aberdeen, St Mary's, Old Aberdeen AB9 2UF, Scotland U. K.

著者

スクワイア シーラ・J 山田 晴

出版者

地理科学学会

雑誌

地理科学 (ISSN:02864886)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.4, pp.269-275, 1993

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本稿は,湖水地方(Lake District)におけるビアトリクス・ポターゆかりの観光旅行について考察する。主として定性的な調査の結果に依拠しながら,田舎や,イングランドの農村生活についての諸価値が広まる過程で,ポターがどのように利用されるのかを論じる。こうした諸価値は,イングランドらしさをめぐる諸概念や,田舎と都会の対立関係と結びついている。ビアトリクス・ポター(1866〜1943)は,最大級の評価を受けているイングランドの児童文学作家である。国際的にも成功した彼女の絶大な人気は,今日では彼女の著書(その大半が今日も版を重ねている)の売り上げだけでなく,様々な商品や観光旅行,宣伝活動などにも反映されている。こうしたビアトリクス・ポター関連産業の存在は,彼女の作品が評価され続ける理由をめぐって,いろいろと問題を提起する。ヴィクトリア朝末期の人であったポターは,ピーターラビット(1902),ティギーおばさん(1905),あひるのジマイマ(1908),といったキャラクターを生み出し,第一次世界大戦以前に名声を確立した。しかし,今日,彼女の作品は,それが生み出された文脈とは異なる多様な文脈で読まれている。そのため,作品は異なった意味をもつようになっている。文化研究(Cultural studies)の業績は,テキストと読者,生産者と消費者の関係を論じてきた(Jackson, 1989; Gregory and Walford, 1989; Burgess, 1990)。とりわけバージェス(Burgess, 1990)は,ジョンソン(Johnson, 1986)に依拠しながら,意味の変成に焦点を当て,メディアのテキストは多様な読み方が可能な象徴体系の一部であると論じている。同様の議論は,地理学者がこれまでほとんど無視してきた児童文学の解釈や,観光旅行の解釈についても展開できる。本稿は,観光客となった読者が,ビアトリクス・ポターのテキストや彼女にインスピレーションを与えた湖水地方の舞台だてから,どんな意味を汲み上げているのかを論じる。文学観光旅行,つまり著作や作家との関連で有名な場所への旅は,様々な文脈から注目されてきた(Lowenthal and Prince, 1965; Newby, 1981; Butler, 1985, 1986; Curtis, 1985; Pocock, 1982, 1987; Squire 1988, 1990; Ousby, 1990)。しかし,アーリ(Urry, 1990)やヒューズ(Hughes, 1991)が指摘するように,観光旅行については解釈論的分析がほとんど無視されていることもあって,文学観光旅行の研究はまだまだ遅れている。観光旅行の展開とともに,経済的な利益を求めて,風景は新たに意味づけられる。こうした意味を,訪問する観光客がどう解釈するかについて,定性的な研究はほとんどない。湖水地方におけるビアトリクス・ポターゆかりの観光旅行は,こうした観光的意味の生産と消費の研究に,格好の舞台を提供してくれるのである。

著者

フィリップ ペルティエ

出版者

地理科学学会

雑誌

地理科学 (ISSN:02864886)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.2, 1986-05

著者

作野 広和

出版者

地理科学学会

雑誌

地理科学 (ISSN:02864886)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.4, pp.313-315, 1995

著者

山下 博樹

出版者

地理科学学会

雑誌

地理科学 (ISSN:02864886)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.1, pp.1-19, 1993

被引用文献数

1

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近年,多くの研究者によって指摘されている大都市圏の構造変化に関して,東京大都市圏周辺部への都市諸機能の集積,さらにそれらが顕著にみられる周辺中核都市の成長に着目し,1975年〜1985年の変化について考察をおこなった。個々の周辺中核都市の特性を解明するに際して,通勤・通学流動,物品販売機能の集積状況,および業務管理機能の集積状況を明らかにした。その結果は次の通りである。(1)東京への通勤・通学人口率をみると,周辺部への高等教育機関移転の結果,とりわけ通学人口率の相対的低下が進んだ。(2)通勤・通学人口率から周辺中核都市は,その人口吸引の特性によって4つの類型に分類できる。また人口吸引力に優れた機能の集積が,大都市圏周辺部において周辺中核都市を成長させている。さらにかかる都市の成長にともない人口流動現象が複雑化してきた。(3)小売商業力指数から判断して,都心部での水準維持に対して,周辺部では全体的に平準化が進み,地域格差が縮小した。また東京への通勤・通学率がおおむね30%以下と高い周辺部内帯では,東京の近郊都市としての性格を強めた結果,上記の指数の低下傾向が認められた。(4)上場企業の支所オフィスは,東京区部へ一極集中すると同時に県域統括レベル支所オフィスの周辺中核都市への著しい集積がみられた。さらに下位の都市でもその立地増加が確認された業種もある。かかる状況から,大都市圏における周辺中核都市のもつ機能は重要性を増大しつつあると言える。したがって,そうした動向は大都市圏における構造変化の一断面であると規定できる。

著者

田渕 崇裕

出版者

地理科学学会

雑誌

地理科学 (ISSN:02864886)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.1, pp.9-32, 1991-01-28

被引用文献数

1

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People in rural community had lived according with traditional spintual ties, because they had been cornbined with community of production and life. But fatming has been given up and part-time farming has become predorninant due to the change of industrial structure since the post-war high economic growih period. Further, non-farmers have come into rural communities from urban centers during 1970's. Such srtuations are represented in Japanese as "KonJu-ka". Origmally, the term of "KonJu-ka" has been explamed as a phenomenon "that farmers and non farmers live together " As for the inhabitant s category, all inhabitants in rural community could be simply divided into 2 types: newcomers and established residents. However, it is necessary to categorize them to a more detailed types in the "Konju-ka" community today. And now, new kinds of social problems have been arising: confiicts of interests and relative lack of solidarity between newcomers and established residents in "Konju-ka" cornmunity. The aim of this paper is to make clear some of the characteristics of the inhabitants' behavior patterns in relation to the community, and to find the ways to harmonize the widely different inhabitants. The present author selected Okubo settlement, Iocated in the north-eastern part of Okayama city. This settlement is an agricultural community which has had excellent skius in producing greenhouse grapes and peaches. However, Tenjin housing complex was built in this district approximately 20 years ago and, as a result, this settlement became a housmg development type of "KonJu ka" community. In this situation, the community policy of Okayama city has been enforced since 1973 with mutual cooperation among the inhabitants, and the community house was established in 1975. He conducted a questionnake, and analyzed the inhabitants' behavior patterns in the rural community. The results are gained as folbws: 1. Newcomers and established residents can be classified by 20 years' residential history. The former breaks down to "rural non farrners" who have expenence of farmmg and "urban non-farmers" who have no experience of faiTning. The latter breaks down to "rural farrners" most of whom are full-tirne farmers, "urban farrners" who have regular work besides occasional faiming, and "rural non-farmers" who have experience of f arrning. 2. Newcomers have been fitting into the community through urban local contact and children's ties. Established residents, through a traditional local, blood, and occupational relations. Particulaiy, child-related ties play an important part in creating the harmony between newcomers and established residents. 3. While the agricultural community based on the traditional relations has been kept, the intercourse between newcomers and established residents has been promoted by the cornrnunity policy. If mutual understanding and toleration between traditional agricultural values and new urban values widely penetrale into the comrnunity, they will contribute to a desirable coexistence between newcomers and established residents.

著者

筒井 一伸 佐藤 里美

出版者

地理科学学会

雑誌

地理科学 (ISSN:02864886)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.2, pp.90-104, 2002-04-28

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Since the end of the Second World War, rural Japan has experienced continuing depopulation. To revitalize rural areas, local governments have attempted to promote interregional exchanges. One important policy measure for such exchanges is to hold rural products fairs in urban areas. In general, the major purpose of these fairs is to introduce and sell products to new markets. The purpose of our study is to examine whether these fairs can play an effective and practical role in promoting interregional exchanges by focusing on the actors who plan and participate in these fairs. As a case for this study, we chose to examine some rural products fairs of Yamagata Prefecture which were held in several department stores in Osaka City. The results of our study are as follows. First, for every department store, the fairs serve as an important means for sales promotion. Therefore such the fair tends to lack the element of entertainment. The local governments put an importance not on entertaining the visitors but on selling rural products because they cannot ignore the intention of department stores. Second, the companies that participate in the fairs not only pursue the sale of rural products for the purpose of market expansion, but also intend to enlarge interregional exchanges by displaying rural products. Our analysis of visitors' preferences shows that visitors expect to experience a rural atmosphere as well as to purchase rural products. They also tend to become interested in Yamagata Prefecture after they visit the fairs. Our study concludes that rural products fairs seem to contribute to the promotion of interregional exchanges.

著者

後藤 拓也

出版者

地理科学学会

雑誌

地理科学 (ISSN:02864886)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.3, pp.183-186, 2014-09-28

著者

荒木 一視

出版者

地理科学学会

雑誌

地理科学 (ISSN:02864886)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.1, pp.27-46, 2000-01-28

被引用文献数

2 5

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本研究は地方都市に位置するスーパーマーケットの青果物調達戦略の検討から,青果物流動の全国体系に言及するものである。その際,愛媛県松山市のスーパーマーケットA社を中心とした検討を行った。同社の調達戦略では,通年での安定供給を目指した品目に関しては地場の卸売市場から多くが入荷した。その一方,高付加価値戦略品目の調達にあたっては,地場の卸売市場に依存しない独自の調達ルートが重要な役割を果たした。独自のルートとは,小規模の契約栽培,大都市や産地市場からの仲卸業者を使った調達などである。その背景には産地の出荷戦略とともに,現代の青果物流動の全国体系のもつ構造的な問題が存在する。すなわち,大口で高値のつく大都市市場へと農産物が集まり,他方,地方都市では潤沢な供給を確保する上で,取引量の少なさに起因する障害がある。こうした状況下,特に地方都市ゆえに小規模な需要しか見込めないという限界の中で,地方都市の卸売市場とスーパーによって,地方都市の安定して多様な青果物供給が維持されていることは評価できる。そこでは大都市の大規模需要を背景にした青果物の調達戦略とは異なる解釈が必要である。

著者

若林 芳樹

出版者

地理科学学会

雑誌

地理科学 (ISSN:02864886)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.2, pp.53-75, 1994

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本研究は,行動地理学の領域とその構成を明らかにするために,欧米で刊行された3つの教科書をとりあげ,それぞれで採用された用語と文献を手がかりとしながら,内容分析を行なったものである。まず,採用された用語と文献の教科書間での重複状況を分析した結果,29の用語と52の文献が共通項として摘出された。その内訳は,行動科学に由来するものが多く,行動地理学の学際性を表わしていた。一方,データ収集法や数理モデルに関する記述量,時間地理学や人文主義的研究の位置づけなどの点では,教科書による差異がみられた。次に,共通項として摘出された用語と文献について,それらが引用された箇所を章単位に集計したデータに因子分析を適用し,行動地理学の構成を検討した。その結果,行動地理学の共通項は,環境知覚や意思決定モデルを土台とした基本的概念と,居住地移動,消費者行動,都市問題・都市計画,メンタルマップ,災害知覚などの応用事例から構成されることが明らかになった。また,人文主義的研究も共通項を構成する一成分として摘出されたが,その取り上げ方には教科書による違いが認められた。