著者

内田 樹

出版者

神戸女学院大学

雑誌

神戸女学院大学論集 (ISSN:03891658)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.3, pp.p1-20, 1995-03

著者

望月 智代

出版者

神戸女学院大学

雑誌

女性学評論 (ISSN:09136630)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, pp.113-114, 2009-03

著者

難波江 和英

出版者

神戸女学院大学

雑誌

女性学評論 (ISSN:09136630)

巻号頁・発行日

no.26, pp.113-143, 2012-03

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This paper is an attempt to present a new interpretation of The Suspect X's Dedication by Keigo Higashino through an analysis concerning the discourse of sexuality in the text. The initial key to critical approach to The Suspect X's Dedication has been set in the "controversy over the authenticity of mystery fiction"led by several writers such as Reito Nikaido,Ken Hatano,and Shigeki Omori. Major topics in the controversy vary from the definition of "authentic mystery fiction" to thevalidity of clues to reasoning and the technical probability of tricks. Thesecritiques,however,fail to read The Suspect X's Dedication primarily as a pieceof literary work. Furthermore,major critics concerned discuss man-womanrelationships in the text with general heterosexual terms, and fail to differentiate their critical language from their daily language. The most "critical" point in this paper lies, as shown herein,in the unconscious liaison between the formation of human beings as sexual existence and the discourse of sexuality they use in daily life. Seen in this light,The Suspect X's Dedication stands out among the other works of the Galileo Series. It is that this work not only portrays people as sexual existence but also reveals the process through which they undergo theirself-formation as such and live it as social reality. Worthy of note is the factthat the scholar-detective,Manabu Yukawa,who is usually treated as genius,refers to himself as an "ordinary person"only in this case. From this fact derives a couple of points that have escaped critics' attention so far. One is the unreality of the case that has made even Yukawa am an of mediocrity,while the other is a new vision of human existence that is made available by the suspect X,Tetsuya Ishigami, as he commits an "extraordinary" crime in theguise of an "ordinary" person. The key to these points is placed in where it can hardly be detected,viz. in the term "dedication." It is impossible, however,for the reader to account forthe prominence of the work by defining the term,for it has never been used inthe work except for the title. How can it be then that Ishigami has managed tolive the "meaning" of"dedication" so as to exploit the possibility of human existence beyond the understanding of ordinary people? The most efficient approach to the question is to investigate the formation of heterosexual love which the other characters promote with reference to the discourse of sexuality, and to define the term "dedication"as something that cannot be found in there. This paper thus identifies the secular mode of heterosexual love as a circle and aims to capture Ishigami's sense of "dedication"as its void.-143-

著者

川島 智生

出版者

神戸女学院大学

雑誌

論集 (ISSN:03891658)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.2, pp.59-89, 2008-01

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I ascertained the following unsolved facts: formation, architectural character and architects of public architecture built in modern Okinawa prefecture. The history of its formation can divide into western-style design and reinforced-concrete design. If so, reinforced-concrete buildings were built in almost same time as those in the mainland, although western-style architectures were formed 20 years later after western-style architectures were built in the mainland. In the early of Meiji period, Japanese-style architecture was introduced in Okinawa prefecture and in the late of the era architecture that was influenced by European-historical style was introduced there. In Taisho period, architecture that was focused on Ryukyu climate was introduced in the prefecture. The reason of this fact is that red roof tiles were used for the architecture. They are traditional in Okinawa prefecture. Architects were Goichi Takeda, William Merrell Vories, who had based their projects in Kansai area.

著者

高村 峰生

出版者

神戸女学院大学

雑誌

女性学評論 (ISSN:09136630)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, pp.51-69, 2015-03

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本論はスウェーデンの映画監督であるイングマール・ベルイマンの『秋のソナタ』(1978)において顔がどのように表現され、映画の時間性と結びついているかを、特に母娘の口論の場面に注目して分析している。序論ではベルイマンのクローズアップの典型例として『不良少女モニカ』(1953)における主人公モニカの顔を捉えたシーンに触れ、この場面が表情の微細な変化に観客の関心を向けさせ、ステレオタイプ化された表情と対立するような顔を持続的な時間のうちに表現していると論じた。このモニカのショットは現在時間の持続を捉えているが、『秋のソナタ』においては過去が重要な意味を持っている。夫を失ったばかりのシャルロッテは娘のエヴァの家を訪問するが、そこでいままで目を背けていた過去と対面させられる。たとえば、シャルロッテは重度の障害者であるエヴァの妹ヘレーナが家にいるとは知らず、対面することに苦痛を感じる。ヘレーナはしかし母との再会を喜び、うめくような声で「顔を持って、よく見て」と頼む。このことは「顔」こそが真実を明らかにするものであることを示唆している。シャルロッテはしばしば表情を作ってその場を取り繕うとするが、その試みは過去の記憶の充満したこの屋敷という空間においては挫折する。母と娘の口論のシーンは、家庭を顧みることなくコンサートピアニストとして世界を飛び回っていた母親シャルロッテへのエヴァの非難と、それに対するシャルロッテの自己弁護から成り立っている。二人の間の緊張が最も高まった瞬間において、両者は互いに向き合うのではなくカメラの方を向いており、自我を喪失したように宙を見つめるだけの顔面が我々に向けられることになる。エヴァは4歳を直前にして死んだエーリックの記憶に寄り添いながら生きており、彼女のシャルロッテへの言葉は死の世界からのメッセージでもある。二人がカメラを向くシーンにおいて観客に伝えられるのは過去の重みであり、死の気配である。ベルイマンは顔のクローズアップによって過去が顔面のうちに身体化する様子を捉えたのである。The essay analyzes the embodiment of past memories in human faces in Ingmar Bergman's Autumn Sonata (1978), with a particular focus on close-up shots in the scene of a ferocious argument between a mother and a daughter.For the sake of critical comparison, the essay begins by introducing a famous close-up shot of the heroine's face in Bergman's earlier work Summer with Monika (1953). While Monika emphasizes the present time through a shot of the title character's intense gaze at the audience, Autumn Sonata demonstrates the tenacity of the past experiences by showing the ways in which the characters' remembrances bring changes to their facial expressions.Set in an enclosed space of a house, Autumn Sonata depicts how the mother Charlotte, who has recently lost her husband, is forced to encounter the unfavorable family history which the daughter Eva incessantly attempts to evoke. Shortly after the mother's arrival at the daughter's home, for example, Eva tells Charlotte that her handicapped sister Helena is living in the same house. This news is unsettling enough for Charlotte to break her habitual artificial smile. Eva has believed that no boundary exists between life and death since her son's premature death, and she herself has been living as if she was half alive, half dead.The intense argument between the mother and the daughter mostly consists of Eva's denunciation of the self-centered mother who traveled around the world as a concert pianist without much concern for her family. At the most intense moment in their argument, their faces are directed in the direction of the camera, exposing their total absence of self through their facial expressions. What are communicated to the audience in the scene are the gravity of the past and the invisible existence of death. Through the close-up shots of the two women's faces, Autumn Sonata captures the mysterious moments in which the past memories and others' deaths seize human faces.

著者

藤代 優子 武知 優子

出版者

神戸女学院大学

巻号頁・発行日

2012

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博士論文

著者

船原 まどか

出版者

神戸女学院大学

雑誌

女性学評論 (ISSN:09136630)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, pp.179-180, 2006-03-31

著者

程 亮

出版者

神戸女学院大学

雑誌

論集 (ISSN:03891658)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.2, pp.23-34, 2012-12

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Since ancient times, Japanese people have believed that people could be overtaken by strong emotions such as Kitsunetsuki (possessed by a fox spirit). Through the investigation of the heritage of this folk belief in Kitsunetsuki, Japanese traditional values and intellectualities can thus be grasped Based on the oral traditions in modern times. which have been obtained from the Kaii-Yokai Densho Database mede public in the International Research Center for Japanese Studies, this essay taking statistical folklore methodology is an attempt to conduct a statistical study of Kitsunetsuki records in early modern periods and modern times, conduct a comparative analysis by correlating the types of Kitsunetsuki with other factors such as regional destribution temporal distribution and the cult of Inari, and consequently elucidate the different types of this fox belief in early modern periods and modern times. In early modern periods, this fox belief, in combination with Inari,circulated in the form of the cult of Inari; in modern times during periods of great social and economic reform and hightened public apprehension, the cult of Inari faded away, and this fox belief,in its combination with the belief in spitits possessing human beings,took on the form of belief in Kitsunetsuki。In this way, the fox belief varies with Japanese people's aspirations and social demands, as do its images and modalities accordingly.

著者

吉田 純子

出版者

神戸女学院大学

雑誌

論集 (ISSN:03891658)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.2, pp.147-157, 2013-12

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宮崎駿のアニメ・フィルムは、『千と千尋の神隠し』(2002)で金熊賞(2002)やアカデミー賞(2003)を受賞して以来、グローバルに観客の心を捉えてきた。批評家大塚英二は、『もののけ姫』(1997)をジョセフ・キャンベルの標準化された英雄の旅(原質神話)の枠内で論じて、この作品がウォルト・ディズニー・カンパニーとの提携によって、メディア・グローバリゼーションの波に乗ったと主張する。それは宮崎が「スターウォーズ / キャンベル」タイプの英雄の神話的冒険の基本パターン(離別・イニシエーション・帰還)に従って物語構造を変えてしまったからであると言う。しかし、『もののけ姫』には、物語構造にいくつかの変型があり、母性的要素が充満していることはその一つである。文化人類学者メアリー・ダグラスは、身体を社会の象徴と見ながら、「社会構造に内在すると信じられている能力や危険が凝縮して人間の肉体に再現されている」と述べている。本稿は、宮崎の『もののけ姫』『千と千尋の神隠し』『崖の上のポニョ』(2008)での豊かな身体的表象に注目し、多様な身体とそれらを養い、再生させる母胎のような容れものが、いかに社会的関係を象徴的に表しているかを検証する。注目すべきは、宮崎作品が様々な既存テクストーフランスの文芸おとぎ話「美女と野獣」、アーシュラ・K・ル=グィンの「ゲド戦記」、クリスチャン・アンデルセンの「人魚姫」「雪の女王」、そして日本の民話「安珍と清姫」などーと間テクスト性をもつことである。また、宮崎の作品は、日本の観衆にノスタルジーを喚起する馴染み深い日本的な場所に設定されている。ディズニー配給による宮崎作品のグローバル的流通は、商品売り上げの増大だけが目的なのだろうか。本稿は、ポストコロニアル視点からこの疑問を取り上げ、宮崎による彼自身の「文化の場所」の創出について検証する。

著者

手嶋 昭子

出版者

神戸女学院大学

雑誌

神戸女学院大学論集 (ISSN:03891658)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.1, pp.77-88, 2008-06

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The purpose of this paper is, through showing an overview of the Sexual Assault Services (SAS) conducted in BC Women's Hospital & Health Centre in Canada, to present some implications that will make an effective program for victims of sexual assault in Japan. This paper's author participated in the training program against sexual violence held in Vancouver, Canada, in August 2007. The paper is mainly based on the findings obtained in that program. We Japanese gradually began to recognize the prevalence of sexual assault for these days, but regrettably we don't have any sufficient programs for providing services and social support to victims of sexual assault. I suspect that services providing for the victims have been varied according to the personnel of health care professionals and law enforcement agencies, and such difference may lead to inconsistent response toward the sexual assault cases and victims' emotional trauma. On the contrary, the SAS provides patient-centered, comprehensive health care and support services for sexual assault survivors, and with patients' consent, obtains standardized forensic evidence for legal purposes. The SAS constructs a specially trained team of female nurses, nurse examiners, doctors, and counselors. The team members collaborate with other health care facilities, community support services, and police and prosecutors. Their approach is, so to speak, the women's-centered. They are struggling to maintain their feminist perspective within the social system which is tolerant of sexual violence against women. The feminist approach, in other words, the survivors' centered approach is very suggestive because it has not been paid much attention in Japan before. Professionals that face sexual assault cases such as doctors, nurses, lawyers, counselors, and researchers, should be careful not to be paternalistic and should take survivors' needs first. In this context it is desirable that our society think seriously to introduce a pilot program like the SAS as soon as possible.

著者

國吉 知子

出版者

神戸女学院大学

雑誌

女性学評論 (ISSN:09136630)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, pp.23-49, 2015-03

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母と娘の関係性は身近なテーマであるが、心理学的な複雑さを内包している。近年では少子化の影響を受け、一卵性母娘など母娘の問題が家族の問題としてクローズアップされているが、実は童話や神話の中にも母娘のテーマは表現されている。本稿は、まず娘の母親への生涯にわたる依存性の高さと、62%の女性が母親に依存的であるという質問紙を用いた実証研究を概観した。次に深層心理学的観点から、母と娘に特有の親密性の高さと娘の自立の困難さについて、神話やディズニー素材(「白雪姫」「ラプンツェル」「リトルマーメイド2」「メリダとおそろしの森」「アナと雪の女王」)を取り上げ、それぞれの物語における母娘関係を分析し、これらに共通する興味深いパターンと、母娘の絆がいかに強く分離しにくいかを示した。さらに、母娘関係を深く理解するために、母親が娘をコントロールする無意識的メカニズム、すなわち、抑圧、同一化という自我の防衛機制や「母」役割が持つ献身の問題(斉藤 2008)を紹介した。特に、献身の問題については、マゾヒスティック・コントロール(高石 1997)の観点から論じ、その対処について述べた。その結果、女性の自立を考えるには、従来の男性の自立モデルとは異なる、女性特有の自立スタイルを考えることが重要であることが示唆された。The theme of mother and daughter relationships are familiar,however, these relationships contain many complex psychological factors. Recently, the increasing phenomenon of an overly intimate mother and daughter relationship, which is influenced by the declining number of children, has come into focus as a common family problem. However, we can find the same kind of relationship in many old tales and ancient myths. In this article, I first reviewed two survey-based psychological studies, which suggested that some daughters have a life-long dependency on their mothers,and that 62% of daughters have a tendency to depend on their mothers. Secondly, I assessed the strength of the bonds shared between mothers and daughters from the perspective of Depth Psychology. I also pointed out the difficulty of a daughter's separation and independence in a typical mother/daughter relationship, as can be seen in myths and Disney animations such as Snow White,Tangled,Little Mermaid 2,Brave, and Frozen. Lastly,to understand these phenomena, I introduced the theory of Saito(2008),who explained that mothers use ego-defense mechanisms, such as suppression and identification, to control their daughters.I also discussed the role of a mother's devotion from the theory of the "masochistic-control mechanism", which was developed by Takaishi(1997). I then described a way of coping with this unconscious control from mothers. In conclusion, I emphasized that there is a necessity for a new and more suitable model for a woman's original process of gaining independence, which is rather different from that of most men.

著者

古田 明子

出版者

神戸女学院大学

雑誌

女性学評論 (ISSN:09136630)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, pp.201-224, 2000-03-31

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The TV animation Sailor Moon,broadcast from 1992 to 1997,won an unusual popularity among the young female audience in Japan at that time. This study is an attempt to clarify an implicit message theanimation conveys to the audience under the disguise of a childish story of love, peace and justice by examining the underlying structure each episode of the animation has. A TV animation which repeats practically the same story every week is a very effective cultural apparatus but hasbeen seldom studied in detail. Each episode generally follows the pattern of a typical initiation story: the heroine undergoes a process of maturity through the experienceof symbolic death and rebirth. But the story at the same time cleverly escapes from such an interpretation. What is characteristic with the story is that the initiation process is definitely related to consumer behavior: endless pursuit of commercial goods. And in this sense the heroine never accomplishes the initiation and this incompleteness or failure in initiation indeed places Sailor Moon in a unique position in the lineage of popularlegends. We see many other examples of such incompleteness. The heroine's metamorphosis itself betrays this. For what she puts on after taking off her girlish clothes is, unlike a traditional heroine, a "sailor suit", the symbol of eternal girlishness which accompanies an implication of commercialized sexuality. In the last episode,the heroine discloses her naked body of a matured woman before she becomes the savior of the world. Seemingly she finally attains motherhood and succeeds in showing a role model to the young audience but only to turn out to be a false one. Forher final purpose remains to be to reproduce her duplicates: ideal consumersof the consumption society. It is at that moment that a "Girl" throws off the mask of "Lovely One" and exposes her true face of"Woman".

著者

神戸女学院大学

出版者

神戸女学院大学

巻号頁・発行日

1953

著者

淵上 愛子

出版者

神戸女学院大学

雑誌

女性学評論 (ISSN:09136630)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, pp.167-188, 2007-03-31

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本論文は、小学生を対象にしている学年別学習雑誌にみられる、女の子が好む傾向の内容、男の子が好む傾向の内容がどのようなものであるかを比較する。また、女の子と男の子がどのように描かれているのかということを考察する。これらを10歳前後の女の子に焦点を当てて進めていく。考察の結果、「女の子」と「男の子」にはさまざまな違いがみられ、それぞれの性別で興味があることや、好まれる内容には特徴があるということが言えた。また、友人関係の築き方の違いなど、人間関係における性別ごとの特徴などもみることができた。そしてこれらの違いの中には、しばしば女の子はかわいらしく、守られる存在、男の子は強くてたくましいというジェンダー・ステレオタイプがみられるものもあり、それをもとにして描かれた内容のものがこの学年別学習雑誌には多くみられる。また、女の子向け、男の子向けの両方の内容を盛り込んでいることで、女の子も男の子も読むことができ、性別による極端な読者の偏りがなくなると言えるだろう。

著者

中川 徹夫

出版者

神戸女学院大学

雑誌

論集 (ISSN:03891658)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.2, pp.93-102, 2012-12

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When the binary solution, whichi is composed of a solute and a solvent, is diluted with its solvent, volume is not conserved; the total volume of an original solution and an added solvent is not equal to that of its diluted solution. This phenomenon is well known, however, it has been never quantitatively discussed from the viewpoint of science education. In this paper, the method of estimating the volume of a diluted binary solution is first derived. The volume of a diluted solution is obtained from volumes and densities of an original solution and an added solvent and from the density of the diluted solution. Densities of the original and diluted solutions are calculated using an empirical equation, which is a power function of the mass fraction of a solute. Successively, our method is applied to D-glucose and sucrose aqueous solutions in order to examine volume changes in diluting these solutions with water at 20℃, The concentration ranges of original D-glucose and sucrose aqueous solutions are 0-0.6000 and 0-0.8000 mass fractions of solutes respectively. The volume ratios of the original solution to the added solvent are 1.000 mL: 5.000mL, 2.000mL:4.000mL, 3.000mL:3.000mL, 4.000mL:2.000mL, and 5.000mL:1.000mL, For both aqueous solutions, volumes decrease over the 0.2500 solute mass fraction range, and they reach minimum values (5.983mL for D-glucose and 5.963mL for sucrose aqueous solution) at the ratio 3.000mL: 3.000mL. Although these volume changes are too small to be detected using our microscale experiments, the obvious volume decreases are recognized after diluting original solutions Estimating volumes of diluted aqueous solutions is very simple and easy, and it is concluded that our method is useful as teaching material for high school science.

著者

石谷 真一

出版者

神戸女学院大学

雑誌

論集 (ISSN:03891658)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.52, no.2, pp.103-123, 2005-12-20

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This report tried to study on imaginary companions from the viewpoint of the Depth psychology. Imaginary companions are invisible imaginary object, which children sometimes play with or talk with. In this report first, the author surveyed post studies on imaginary companions. Second, the author compared imaginary companions with stuffed objects which were found and played by children, on which he has investigated toward female university students by inquiring their favorite objects in childhood. In consequence, imaginary companions were found out to have analogy with stuffed toys, and thought to be a part of general imaginative activity in childhood. In the latter half of this paper, the author discussed about imaginary companions in the viewpoint of the Depth psychology, especially the psychoanalytic theories and the theory of analytical psychology. Imaginary companions were considered to be symbolic expressions of children's unconscious phantasy, especially to be projection of their internal object in Kleinian psychoanalytic theory. Imaginary companions were also considered to be transitional objects in Winnicottian theory, or to be a selfobject in Kohutian theory. Furthermore, in Jungian perspective, the relation with imaginary companions were sometimes analogous with active imagination, so that it was thought to be an interaction with unconscious psyche. In consequence of the comparative study and the theoretical study on imaginary companions, imaginary companions are thought not to be mere fantasy but an imaginative activity accompanied with unconscious. Imaginary companions are adaptive and healthy, but are often used to dissolve inner confliction, to relieve inner pain, or to facilitate ego development of children.

著者

内田 樹

出版者

神戸女学院大学

雑誌

女性学評論 (ISSN:09136630)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, pp.3-26, 1996-03

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Selon Harold Schechter, les legendes urbaines se composent de deux facteurs: l'archetype imaginaire commun a tous et l'inquietude propre du temps. La ou un archetype ahistorique se trouve relie avec une inquietude historiquement conditionnee, se produit une legende urbaine "dramatique". A partir de cette hypothese, nous analysons, dans la presente etude, trois films qui forment la saga "Alien":"Alien"de Ridley Scott(1979), "Aliens"de James Cameron(1986),"Alien 3"de David Fincher(1992). Ce qui nous interesse n'est pas l'archetype qui reste inchange a travers ces films, mais la transformation grotesque du statut de l'heroine. Ripley, heroine de la saga, presente, au debut,le reve feministe: astronaute experte, independante, courageuse, et seule survivante de la bataille sanglante avec un "Alien". Mais, dans 13 ans, elle doit mourir completement depouillee: sans famille, sans camarades, sans armes,sans futur, sans gloire, et enceinte d'un "Alien". D'ou vient cette chute? Nous en cherchons l'explication dans la tendance misogyne chez les hommes americains face au feminisme menac__.ant des annees 80.

著者

高岡 素子

出版者

神戸女学院大学

雑誌

神戸女学院大学論集 (ISSN:03891658)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.2, pp.157-165, 2014-12

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京都にある精進料理店で提供しているメニューについて、日本人の食事摂取基準を参考に栄養解析を行い、精進料理の栄養学的な特徴を明らかにした。ビタミンでは、ビタミンB12およびビタミンDが不足していたが、ミネラル類、食物繊維などに関しては基準値を満たしており、栄養学的評価が高いことが認められた。しかしながら塩分については基準値を超え、過剰であった。また、エネルギー比率では、タンパク質および炭水化物は適正範囲内であったが、脂質エネルギーの比率が高い傾向が認められた。これらの結果から、精進料理店で一般の人に提供されている精進料理は、多くの栄養素の不足が報告されている修行僧の日常食とは異なっていることが明らかとなった。精進料理が我が国において、修行僧だけでなく一般人を対象として発達していく過程において、定められたきまりを守りつつ、よりおいしく、より満足感の得られる形に自然に変化していったと考えられる。

著者

豊福 裕子

出版者

神戸女学院大学

雑誌

女性学評論 (ISSN:09136630)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, pp.175-184, 1996-03

著者

辰巳 桂子 出口 弘 長尾 ひろみ 杉浦 元亮 ジョン ヒョンジョン 生田 奈穂 橋爪 寛 松縄 順子 川島 隆太

出版者

神戸女学院大学

雑誌

論集 (ISSN:03891658)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.1, pp.89-104, 2008-06

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One of human-being specific activities, interpreting (oral translation), has been adopted as a popular method to enhance second language acquisition lately. The question, however, how interpreting is executed in human brains, remains largely unknown. In this paper, we present our fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) experimental results to investigate how cerebral cortices are activated when subjects are engaged in interpreting exercises. Twenty-one healthy, right-handed university student subjects participated in this study. We directly compared English to Japanese consecutive interpreting (EJ) to Japanese to English consecutive interpreting (JE) using subtraction method, as well as with sentence reconstruction tasks in Japanese (JJ) and English (EE), and with resting condition (Rest, or baseline). The direct subtraction analysis between EJ and JE left only a limited area: left superior temporal gyrus remained. In JE minus EJ (masked by EJ-Rest: P<0.05image), right and left precentral gyri, left thalamus, left and right superior temporal gyri, and left middle temporal gyrus are left, suggesting that JE recruited more extensive regions in comparison with EJ, despite that all sources of sentence recorded and used as stimuli were constructed to be at the same level of difficulty, either directly taken from MEXT (Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) -authorized popular textbooks used in Japanese public junior high schools, or translation of such sources. The conditions EJ, EE, and JJ showed very similar patterns of cortical activation, indicating that the conditions recruited similar brain regions: left and right superior temporal gyri, mainly left middle temporal gyrus,, left inferior frontal gyrus (opercular part and triangular part), left temporal lobe's lateral surface, and mainly left supplementary motor areas. EJ and JE commonly activated Inferior frontal gyri (opercular part and triangular part) and supplementary motor areas in both hemispheres. Kawashima (2004) reports that even a different-activity-related cortical activation serves as a preparatory activity for the individuals' following activity and enhances learning or delays development of dementia in older subjects. From the results, we infer that EE and JJ sentence reconstruction exercises that activated similar regions to those activated in consecutive interpreting might fit the purpose of consecutive interpreting training preparation.