著者

岸下 昇平

出版者

筑波大学 (University of Tsukuba)

巻号頁・発行日

2015

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2015

著者

橋爪 力

巻号頁・発行日

no.286, 1984

著者

鈴木 忠敏

出版者

酪農学園大学

巻号頁・発行日

pp.1-98, 2014-03-25

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1. Purpose of Study Since the mid 1970s, the market showed tones of oversupply in milk and dairy products. Production adjustment, consumption rise, qualitative changeover and enhancement of competitiveness have become a critical issue. Conditions of operation in dairy farming are especially severe and managerial response is needed in a various way. One of such responses is a milk plant business. In this paper, firstly the nation-wide viable structure of milk plant and milk plants owned by farmers will be highlighted. Secondly, the importance of milk plants owned by farmers will be clarified using empirical analysis from a viewpoint of management economics as a managerial strategy of future milk plants. 2. Research Approach To clarify the critical issue of this research, three approaches were taken: the results of previous studies on milk plant were validated using statistical analysis at first. In the second place, nationwide existence of milk plants especially those owned by farmers were identified and analyzed through a quantitative study using questionnaire survey. In the third place, the milk plants owned by farmers were studied on managerial strategy by qualitative analysis or empirical analysis. 3. Research Results This research showed the following new findings: Firstly, based on the statistics and questionnaire survey, products of milk plants are drinking milk, milk beverage, fermented milk, butter, cheese, and ice cream including gelato. Concerning the structure of existence of milk plant owned by farmers, those in Hokkaido investigated by this research are in operation, while many other plants in Honshu suspended or closed their business. Secondly, from a detailed survey of actual conditions, it became clear that two types of management strategy: One is the milk plants owned by farmers producing raw milk in-house (a type to assist farmers) and the other is the milk plants owned by farmers purchasing raw milk from the outside (a type to contribute to the local industries). One example of the type to assist farmers is Ikeda Bokujo, a private limited company in Shiga Prefecture. Ikeda Bokujo is a diversified company running the following four businesses: a raw milk production, a gelatos shop “Kousou” at a municipal camping ground called “Aikyo-no-mori”, a farmer’s restaurant called “Kousouan”, and a camping ground. In view of their development stage, they started their business from feeding two cows for milking. The first stage of development was a scale expansion of feeding cows in 1970s. The second stage was an opening of Italian gelato shop processing and selling gelato in 1997 after they experienced excess production in 1980s. The third stage was after openings of the gelato shop and the farmer’s restaurant in 2003. In this process, diversifying business required business management skills and marketing ability, without which they cannot become what they are today. They have been expanding their business from the primary industry to the secondary, and the tertiary based on their safe products and local production for local consumption with credibility from consumers including property management service. In particular, (1) reasonable and flexible use of family labor, (2) private financing using their own funds and low-interest financing, and unsecured loan, (3) a year-round processing cycle using their in-house raw milk and locally-produced fruits to produce various Italian gelato, (4) a multi-channel distribution route with the farmer’s restaurant and mail order business, and (5) management of camping ground. A basic factor in sustaining their business is that they implemented high-value added business by diversifying their in-house raw milk. Among their activities, the farmer’s restaurant business was highly acclaimed and won the Minister’s Prize from the Minitry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries at the Contest of “Shoku (food) and Amenity” in 2012. The other example of the type to contribute to the local industries is Itoshima Milk Plant, a private limited company in Fukuoka Prefecture. This company is a milk and dairy products sales company jointly established by farmers and a dairy cooperative. The excess supply of raw milk brought by an increase of milking cows led them to tackle with the issue by expanding consumption by their independent activity to process milk by themselves and by dealing with consumers directly. Characteristics of their management are (1) a product concept and branding of their milk “Ito Monogatari”, (2) a system of one-day collecting, processing, and selling milk, (3) setting market price high by farmers, (4) promotional activities such as farmers’ receiving pre-orders, distribution of leaflets in papers, tasting events, hand milking experience for children held by major supermarkets, (6) response in case of food poisoning at outsourcing milk plants, (7) construction of milk plant by the dairy cooperative and an implementation of business to process yogurt using the plant under a lease, (8) vending machine sales of milk, (9) strengthening sales network for gift like fruit jams produced locally around Itoshima with mass merchandise outlets by crossing prefectural borders, farm stands, and roadside stations, (10) Internet shopping, (11) challenge in sales network for Asian market as export of yogurt to Hong Kong, (12) promotion of aggressive linkage of farming, industry, and trade initiatives locally to produce raw milk soaps and shochu (distilled spirit). Because of import liberalization for beef in April, 1991 and Uruguay Round commitments in 1995, dairy management became severer. It is on the discussion table how to handle milk and dairy products in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiation recently. In the future, farmers owning milk plants should share time for conversation on “shoku (food)” and agriculture with consumers communicating their aspiration and philosophy. However, it is not so easy to become a successful milk plant by utilizing the two types of management strategy written in this paper. For successful dairy management, it is important to distribute products produced by themselves directly to consumers and farmers need to continue to be creative to sell their products at first. Second, even with their new initiatives farmers should keep in mind that they are dairy farmers. Third, producing good things is not enough. Farmers should communicate good points directly to consumers and make them regular customers. Forth, it is significant for farmers to change in the way of thinking on milk plant management such as new business and product development.

著者

桜井 茂男

出版者

奈良教育大学

雑誌

奈良教育大学紀要. 人文・社会科学 (ISSN:05472393)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.149-154, 1988-11-25

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The purpose of this study was to construct a Japanese edition of the multidimensional scale of empathy developed by Davis (1983) and to investigate the relationship between empathy and helping behavior. The multidimensional scale of empathy consisting of four subscales, i.e. perspective-taking, fantasy, empathic concern, and personal distress, was translated into Japanese and it was adminstrated to 87 college students. The validity of this scale was ensured by the relation to the emotional empathy scale developed by Kato and Takagi (1980). Helping behavior was measured by taking part in psychological experiment. No relations between them were significant and is was discussed mainly from the point of "diffusion of responsibility.

著者

杉原 桂太 SUGIHARA Keita

出版者

名古屋大学情報科学研究科情報創造論講座

雑誌

Nagoya journal of philosophy

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, pp.1-15, 2018-05-02

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This paper examines ways to discuss various issues related to autonomous driving technology. These problems include the trolley problem, promotion or regulation of autonomous cars, and social receptivity to driverless cars. The author focuses on Constructive Technology Assessment (CTA) as a forum to discuss these issues. The paper investigates concrete ways to host a CTA workshop for discussing these problems. Furthermore, the author draws attention to how philosophers can contribute to discussions on the issues surrounding autonomous driving technology.

著者

Matsushita Takashi Fujimoto Manabu Hasegawa Minoru Komura Kazuhiro Takehara Kazuhiko Tedder Thomas F. Sato Shinichi

出版者

Elsevier

雑誌

American Journal of Pathology (ISSN:00029440)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.168, no.3, pp.812-821, 2006-03-01

被引用文献数

90

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Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nerve system that is considered a T helper type 1 (Th1)-mediated autoimmune disease. EAE currently serves as an experimental animal model for multiple sclerosis in human. Cytokines, such as interferon-γ and interleukin-10, play a key role in the development and remission of EAE. Recent studies have also shown a role for B cells in the pathogenesis of EAE. Therefore, we examined the role of CD19, a B cell-specific surface molecule that defines signaling thresholds critical for B-cell responses and autoimmunity, on the development of EAE. Following immunization with myeiin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide, CD19-deficient (CD19-/-) mice exhibited higher clinical and pathological severity scores of EAE than wild-type mice. The increased severity of EAE in CD19-/- mice was associated with polarized Th1 cytokines in the inflamed central nerve system but not with anti-MOG antibodies in the serum. MOG-primed CD19-/- B cells produced high levels of interferon-γ, and transfer of MOG-primed CD19-/- B cells to wild-type mice worsened the disease. Thus, CD19 modulates the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance in B cells and plays a critical role as a suppressive molecule in the development of EAE. Copyright © American Society for Investigative Pathology.

著者

齋藤 暖生

出版者

京都大学

巻号頁・発行日

2006-03-23

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新制・課程博士

著者

吉永 登

出版者

関西大学国文学会

雑誌

國文學 (ISSN:03898628)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, pp.1-8, 1965-12-20

著者

加藤 哲弘 Tetsuhiro Kato

雑誌

人文論究 (ISSN:02866773)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, no.1, pp.13-24, 1998-05-20

著者

縣 由衣子

出版者

筑波大学文化交流研究会

雑誌

文化交流研究 (ISSN:18807100)

巻号頁・発行日

no.8, pp.17-32, 2013-03-30

著者

山田 隆司 Ryuji Yamada

出版者

創価大学法学会

雑誌

創価法学

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.2, pp.285-320, 2013-12-20

著者

小清水 貴子 藤原 恵里 山下 美乃里

出版者

静岡大学教育学部附属教育実践総合センター

雑誌

静岡大学教育実践総合センター紀要 (ISSN:13480707)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, pp.91-98, 2018-01-17

著者

穴田 小夜子

雑誌

学習院史学 (ISSN:02861658)

巻号頁・発行日

no.8, pp.47-70, 1971-11-30

著者

CHAUHAN Anubhuti

出版者

筑波大学 (University of Tsukuba)

巻号頁・発行日

2017

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2017

著者

石田 雄樹

出版者

東北大学フランス語フランス文学会

雑誌

フランス文学研究 (ISSN:0388256X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, pp.27-37, 2017-03-15

著者

阿部 包

出版者

日本基督教学会北海道支部/北海道基督学会 = The Hokkaido Society of Christian Studies

雑誌

基督教学 (ISSN:02871580)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, pp.1-18, 1981-07-10

著者

頼 鈺菁

出版者

名古屋大学大学院国際言語文化研究科日本言語文化専攻

雑誌

言葉と文化 (ISSN:13455508)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, pp.147-165, 2008-03-31

著者

前田 徹

出版者

早稲田大学大学院文学研究科

雑誌

早稲田大学大学院文学研究科紀要 : 第4分冊 日本史学・東洋史学・西洋史学・考古学・文化人類学・アジア地域文化学 (ISSN:13417541)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.4, pp.39-54, 2009-02-28

著者

岡本 佳子

出版者

Institute for Cultural Interaction Studies, Kansai University

雑誌

近代世界の「言説」と「意象」 : 越境的文化交渉学の視点から

巻号頁・発行日

pp.181-211, 2012-01-31

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Okakura Kakuzō (1863-1913) is a Japanese art critic famous for his phrase "Asia is One." This paper argues that Okakura "discovered Asia" when he visited India for the first time in 1901-02. At the turn of the twentieth century, non-Western intellectuals began to cross borders in order to pursue national goals, including anti-colonial struggles and cultural "revival" movements. The benefits of a Western education allowed some to engage in writing and speaking activities in Western languages, mostly English. Following the lead of Indian scholars, Okakura and other Japanese thinkers entered the international intellectual arena. He and others like him sought to portray the "East" as a civilization with universal values, placing it on equal terms with the West. In India, Okakura associated with Bengali elites such as Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902) and members of the Tagore family. Vivekananda was a man of strong national consciousness and universal views who asserted that being "Hindu" or being "Indian" also meant being "universal." The confidence and national consciousness of the Bengali elite had a strong infl uence on Okakura's creation of the idea of "Asia." During his stay in India, Okakura completed his first book in English, The Ideals of the East with Special Reference to the Art of Japan (1903) which began with the symbolic manifesto "Asia is one." In this book, he presented his idea of "Asia" not as a mere geographical concept but as a civilization with China and India as the two major sources of culture and with vast areas nonetheless united in "the Ultimate" of beauty and religion. One motivation to reveal the heights of "Asian" civilization was Okakura's belief that non-Western peoples needed a reliable standard for self-recognition independent from the Western standard. He wrote this book not only for a Western audience, but for Indians who were conversant with English. Okakura felt political sympathy for colonial India under the historical situation of Bengal where the mental and social preparation for the Swadeshi Movement from 1905 was gradually beginning. However, Okakura could not help realizing that he and Bengalis could communicate with each other only in English, the suzerain language. And he became sensitive to how the Western point of view influenced non-Western people and their interactions with each other. In this historical context, Okakura's idea of "Asia" was meant to be effective as a suggestion of reforming the cultural identity of non-West. But The Ideals of the East had another purpose with regard to Okakura's special field of Japanese art. He put Japan in the position of "a museum of Asiatic civilisation" which preserved the essence of the artistic legacies of "Asia." And thus Japanese art acquired an aesthetic value that matched its Western counterpart. On the contrary, Okakura had to prove that Japanese art was not a mere epigone of China and India but had its own unique significance and originality. This book shows while Okakura located Japanese art within the stream of beauty of "Asia," his nationalism made him seek for a Japanese "spirit" that had continued throughout history from ancient times to modify "continental" styles and produce a "national" element in art. In Bengal, Okakura set himself this complicated task to create a monolithic cultural identity known as "Asia" and to universalize Japanese art while, at the same time, he sought to particularize it as a unique national culture.

著者

臼井 陽一郎 Yoichiro Usui

雑誌

産研論集 (ISSN:02881667)

巻号頁・発行日

no.45, pp.117-120, 2018-03-23