著者

武田 晴人

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.2, pp.30-56,ii, 1980-08-30 (Released:2009-11-06)

被引用文献数

1

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In 1917, the Furukawa family established a family-dominated Konzern, consisting of Furukawa Gomei as the group's holding company, Furukawa Mining, Tokyo-Furukawa Bank and Furukawa Shoji in foreign trade. In the first two years of its operation, the Konzern expanded itself remarkably relying on bank loans. But in the spring of 1920, Furukawa Shoji went to bankruptcy, because it lost heavily in bean speculation in Dairen. In order to make up the loss of 26 million yen, Furukawa Gomei had to dispose of its assets, mainly stocks of its subsidiary companies. Moreover, Furukawa reduced its business and gave up foreign trade activities in 1922 and banking activities in 1931. Thus, the main business of Furukawa became nothing more than mining. As a result, the development of Furukawa-Zaibatsu was retarded and it lagged far behind the other major Konzerns such as Mitsui and Mitsubishi.

著者

鷹津 久登

出版者

一般社団法人 日本農村医学会

雑誌

日本農村医学会学術総会抄録集 (ISSN:18801749)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, pp.16, 2011

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<B>〈背景〉</B>脳血管障害や虚血性心疾患などの心血管疾患(cardiovascular disease ; CVD)の発症には,生活習慣に関連する様々な危険因子が強く関連することが知られている。高血圧,糖尿病,高脂血症,喫煙が4大危険因子とされ,これらの治療が重要視され,また昨今は腹部肥満を特徴とするメタボリック症候群への介入が強く叫ばれている。一方,我が国のCVD 特に虚血性心疾患の発症は欧米より数段低く,その理由の1つとして我が国では魚食をふんだんにするため,これらに由来する不飽和脂肪酸の摂取が良い影響をもたらしているのではないかとされている。加えて,魚食を好むわれわれ日本人の中でも魚食の特に多い住民群ではそうでない群に比較して動脈硬化性疾患の発症が有意に低いことが近年の疫学調査で明らかにされつつある。<BR><B>〈目的〉</B>さて,われわれの診療フィールドの一部である岐阜県の農山村に目を移したとき,はたしてその食習慣や,血液中の不飽和脂肪酸濃度の実情がどのようであるかを明らかにすれば,食の面から農山村住民にアプローチする端緒になると考え以下の検討を行った。<BR><B>〈方法〉</B>対象として岐阜県関市上之保地区の住民の協力を得ることとした。この地域は濃尾平野の北端に存在する関市に最近編入された山間部にあり,住民人口は2,100人程度,農業,林業が中心であり,高齢化率も36%を超えている地域である(調査を行った2008年の統計)。また,「海なし県」の岐阜県の中でも歴史的に海からの食料の流通が少ないため,魚食習慣もあまり多くないことが予想された。そこで毎年行われる住民検診の際に,住民の協力を得て食習慣に関する簡単なアンケートと一般血液検査の際に血清中の脂肪酸分画の測定をさせていただくこととした。文書と口頭にて検査内容を説明し文書にて検査の同意を得られた男性118名,女性189名の計307名が対象で,年齢は平均64.3±13.2歳であった。食習慣のアンケートについては対面式の聞き取り調査を行ない,脂肪酸分画の測定は株式会社BML に依頼した。魚食に関連する不飽和脂肪酸の目安としてEPA/AA 比(エイコサペンタエン酸/アラキドン酸比)を求め,これらをJELIS 研究(Japan EPA lipid intervention study)で求められた全国平均値,および岐阜市平均値と比較検討した。<BR><B>〈結果と考案〉</B>週のうち魚食をする頻度を尋ねたところ2日と答えた人が最も多く,平均2.0日,肉食は平均2.3日であった。また,魚食による不飽和脂肪酸を反映するとされるEPA/AA 比は平均で0.42±0.23と全国平均0.61±0.20,岐阜市平均0.48±0.30に比べて低値であった。また,年齢別のEPA/AA 比は男性では70歳代,女性では80歳代が高く50歳代の方が低い傾向にあった。岐阜県内での脳血管疾患標準化死亡比をみると当地での男性の比が高く魚食の少なさが関与している可能性も否定できない結果であった。<BR><B>〈結論〉</B>海から遠く位置する農山村では魚食の頻度が低いと考えられ,これは血清中の不飽和脂肪酸の分析からも裏付けられた。いくつかの疫学からEPA は動脈硬化性疾患の予防効果が示されており,特にこのような集団ではその効用が期待できる。今後は特に若い世代への魚食の促進とともに必要に応じたサプリメントなどの摂取が推奨されると考えられた。

著者

田中 俊宏

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.2, pp.31-53, 1979-10-10 (Released:2009-11-06)

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French railway industry had the first boom years in the Monarchie de Juillet. But it is worthy to mention that in this period english capitalists also were interested in french railway construction and its exploitation. Their capital invested in french railway companies amounted to one-third of the total stock capital. Sometimes the french co-operated with the english and sometimes the french intended to exclude the english from the management of railway company. The object of this paper is to analize this english impact-french response relation. Firstly, the author extracts five main 'groups' which existed among french interests and english interests; the Laffitte & Blount group, the London Merchant Bankers group, the Haute banquiers group, the Talabot group and the Paris-Orléans group. Secondly, the author intends to clear the characteristics and behavior-pattern of each group. Thirdly, the author analizes which group acquired the predominant position in the board of directors. In the beginning, the board of directors ordinarily was composed of members of many different groups. But later, among directors, the comté de direction was formed, which include just a few members who belonged to the same group. And actually it took charge of management. Other director consequently were resigned to the feeble position. In this process, the english directors were often eliminated from the center of management.

著者

渡辺 尚

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.2, pp.54-66, 1979-10-10 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

渡辺 尚

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.3, pp.1-33,i, 1980-02-29 (Released:2010-11-18)

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Although the origin and development of the chambers of industry and commerce in Germany is regionally different and chronologically complicated, they could be grouped into several types. One of them, Rhine-type, is characterized by closely cooperative relations under the chambers which reflect an interregional interdependence in one of the most industrialized parts of Germany.The chambers came here into existence at the beginning of the 19th century as auxiliary institutions of the Napoleonic central government in Aachen/Burtscheid, Crefeld, Stolberg, Trier, Eupen and Malmedy. Only Cologne made an exception because there had been in this city an organization of merchants already in the 18th century which was reorganized later as chamber of commerce.After Rhineland was annexed to Prussia as a result of the Vienna Congress the government in Berlin did not allow at first the foundation of new chambers. But in the 1820's it approved another form of merchant organization, “Kaufmännische Korporation”, in the eastern part of Prussia i.e. in Berlin, Stettin, Danzig, Memel, Konigsberg, Tilsit, Elbing and Magdeburg. The chambers which were founded at length in the 1830's in Rhineland i.e. in Elberfeld, Düsseldorf, Duisburg, Koblenz, M.-Gladbach, Wesel, Lennep, Mülheim a.d. Ruhr, Essen and Solingen, had to be now organized after the principle of the eastern institution, compulsory membership related to the minimum of the business tax.The new principle was applied also to the older Napoleonic chambers, which caused a serious confusion especially in the chamber of Cologne. Big merchants were opposed to a reorganization. Moreover this affair fell on the beginning of the steamship navigation on the Rhine since 1827 by Preussisch-Rheinische Dampfschiff-fahrts-Gesellschaft and the conclusion of the Rhine Navigation Act in 1831 which gave a fatal blow to the class of small sailboat owners. The both antagonistic parties struggled now for the membership and leadership of the chamber. Therefore the chamber could hardly function through the 1830's as an institution for local interests of different classes and sectors.In this process, however, the transition from the Napoleonic to the Rhine type of the chambers was performed and the leadership of the liberal big merchant class was in Cologne established which enabled the chamber now to represent the interest not only of the city but also of Rhineland as a whole because the merchants were most clearly aware of consequence of interregional relations with Holland and Belgium which were indispensable to build up the industrial structure of Rhineland in the era of traffic revolution.The both companies of Preußisch-Rheinische Dampfschiffahrtsgesellschaft and Rheinische Eisenbahn Gesellschaft were creations of the chamber of Cologne as entrepreneur on the initiative of leading merchants by this time as Merkens, Boisserée and Camphausen.

著者

川辺 信雄

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.3, pp.116-124, 1980-02-29 (Released:2010-11-18)

著者

鈴木 俊夫

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.3, pp.34-69,iii, 1980-02-29 (Released:2010-11-18)

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This paper presents a business history of the Western Bank of Scotland (hereafter, cited as the WBS) during the period 1832 to 1857. The paper also attempts to compare the management of the WBS with that of other Scottish banks.A.W. Kerr attributed the cause of the failure to the WBS's manager's mismanagement leaving the bank with a shortage of reserves, in his “History of Banking in Scotland.” On the contrary, R.H. Campbell favoured the directors and manager and ascribed the failure to the hostile behaviour of the Edinburgh banks.Five Edinburgh Chartered banks (The Bank of Scotland, The Royal Bank of Scotland, The British Linen Co., The National Bank of Scotland, The Commercial Bank of Scotland) played a great part in Scotland. These banks still had a large amount of Government Securities (Consol or Exchequer Bill) which accounted for 1/4 to 1/3 of the total assets of the bank. In consequence, the Edinburgh banks had a very stable constitution making them apt to hesitate to advance money into the industry field.However in Glasgow, one of the centre of Anglo-american trade, many merchants and manufactures desired to establish a bank, financed trades. Under such a circumstances, the WBS was set up in 1832.It is obvious that the comparatively high demand for money in Glasgow accelerated the promotion of the WBS. However the WBS made the mistake of adopting a lending policy which was too financed a considerable amount of the railway investment in U.S.A. by means of letters of credit through an agency in New York, James Lee & Co.

著者

浅野 俊光

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.3, pp.87-115, 1980-02-29 (Released:2010-11-18)

著者

内田 星美

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.2, pp.1-30, 1979-10-10 (Released:2009-11-06)

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Increasing employment of engineers who had graduated universities or technical colleges founded since 1880's meant for the private firms in the early phase of industrialization organizational growth, from relying upon a single all-round engineer through diversification of jobs to the hierarchy of engineers. Examining the statistical data concerning the distribution of engineers among industries as well as companies for the year 1900 and 1910, those three stages of organization are discernible in the firms which belonged to such industries as railroad, mining, cotton and electricity supply.

著者

川田 秀雄

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.3, pp.1-20, 1979-06-25 (Released:2010-11-18)

著者

坂本 悼志

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.3, pp.21-40,ii, 1979-06-25 (Released:2010-11-18)

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The electical industry of Britain before world War I was relatively backward, stagnant and immature, in comparison with that of the United States or Germany. We can point out these features of the British electrical industry in several aspects : (1) the inactive trust movements, (2) the small sizes of business and the small scale of the industry as a whole, (3) the weakness in the international competition, (4) the industrial domination by foreign subsidiary enterprises and (5) the technological retardation.In these industrial circumstances, the General Electric Co. (GEC) had grown very rapidly to be one of the leading electrical manufactures by World War I, The direct ancestor of the company was the General Electric Apparatus Co. (GEA) which had been manly engages in selling electical goods. The basic strategy of GEC was the “generalization” that had been settles in the age of GEA. After is was organized and began to produce electical goods in 1889, GEC kept on developing rapidly and sometimes steadily by adopting a policy of “diversification” which formed a part of the “generalization”.From the viewpoint of the policy of “diversification”, the process of the development of GEC might be divided into two stages : (A) 1889-1900 and (B) 1900-1913. At the former stage, GEC produced many kinds of electrical goods which were, however, limited to those with less sophisticated technology. Among them, one of the key products was the incandescent electric lamp. At the later stage, GEC began to produce not only heavy electrical machinery but also other new electrical goods, responding to the changing structure of the market. Thus GEC developed to be a “general” electrical manufacturer by the outbreak of World War I.

著者

葭原 達之

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.3, pp.41-60, 1979-06-25 (Released:2010-11-18)

著者

下川 浩一

出版者

Business History Society of Japan

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.3, pp.61-73, 1979-06-25 (Released:2010-11-18)

著者

由井 常彦

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.1, pp.1-27,i, 1979-09-25 (Released:2009-11-06)

被引用文献数

1 1

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The study of organizational structures from the historical perspective has fallen out of favor in the academic world. In Japan, historical studies of organizations seem to be neglected, except with regard to control of management. This is because historians so far have been inclined to describe industrialization or economic modernization exclusively in terms of capitalist development. However, in view of the importance of the organizational structure in any discussion of economic development, we should address ourselves here to the same problem and ask why Japanese businesses evolved the characteristic and elaborate organization for which they are well known.In my opinion, Japanese top management has had unique organizational traits, summarized in the following three aspects: combination or fusion of managing and control positions, hierachical rank order, and restriction of membership to those with middle-level managerial experience.In this paper I will analyze in detail how this kind of organization had been devised and developed on a trial and error basis in the Meiji Era.

著者

長沢 康昭

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.1, pp.28-45,ii, 1979-09-25 (Released:2009-11-06)

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Zaibatsu firms had several characteristic features; diversified business, close ownership by family (Ie) and so on. Corresponding to these features, their top management organization was, differently from other non-Zaibatsu firms in Japan, functionally similar to those of divisional type of organization in United States which had a general head office with automonous divisions.It is, however, after 1910s that each Zaibatsu firms had formed such a common decentralized type of organization, and they differed from each other during Meiji era. This article traces on the formation process of the top management organization of Mitsubishi during Meiji era as a case study of the Zaibatsu firms.

著者

北 政巳

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.1, pp.46-73,iii, 1979-09-25 (Released:2009-11-06)

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Banking in England and Scotland developed along quite different lines from 1694 and 1695 when the Banks of England and Scotland were established. The Union of the Parliaments in 1707 left Scotland bereft of its own Parliament and the removal of the law-giving body to London had important repercussions on many aspects of life including Scottish Banking. During the 18th century while banking in England was constrained by laws designed to protect and aggrandize the Bank of England, Scottish Banking was free to develop along lines best suited to an emerging industrializing society.The Scots claimed that their banking system was far more stable than the English, when they had the government interferes under the English bankers pressure with their banking performance.In the 1870's the matter flared up again. With the improvement of communications during mid-19th century the regional money markets (Glasgow, Edinburgh, Liverpool, Manchester) gradually lost their standing to London as it became the money center of the World. It became increasingly frustrating to Scottish Banks to deal through agents in the premier money market over the boundary.The Clydesdale Banking Company opened its three north of England branches at Carlisle, Whitehaven and Workington in Cumberland in January 1874. And then They had discussed over the bank's invasion into England from both interests of Bankers in England and Scotland. They also had a series of disputes on this problem at the Parliament for some years.I wish to consider and compare the Scottish bankings at that time with that of England along with the Clydesdale Banking Company's behaviour.

著者

小林 袈裟治 森川 英正

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.1, pp.74-85, 1979-09-25 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

古賀 和文

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.2, pp.1-22,i, 1979-03-25 (Released:2010-11-18)

参考文献数

52

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L'Alsace a connu une industrialisation précoce et rapide. On a pu dire qu'elle fut une région pilote de l'essor du capitalisme français, mais également une région où un patronat éclairé fut dès avant 1870 créateur d'oeuvres sociales. Le calme social de cette région très industrialisée était maintenu jusqu'à la grande grève de 1870, ce qui est dû à l'importance de l'effort social du patronat calvinien. Cet article ont pour objet d'indiquer quelque direction de recherches pour l'étude des rapports sociaux dans un pays en voie d'industrialisation, l'Alsace du XIXe siècle. L'accent est mis sur certains des relations entre patrons et ouvriers.

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.1, pp.105-122, 1978-10-25 (Released:2009-11-06)

著者

正木 久司

出版者

経営史学会

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.1, pp.103-104, 1978-10-25 (Released:2009-11-06)