著者

藤井 翔太

出版者

スポーツ史学会

雑誌

スポーツ史研究 (ISSN:09151273)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, pp.13-26, 2010-03-31 (Released:2017-03-18)

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There seem to be little doubt that referees are indispensable to control games in contemporary football world. On the other hand, with a general survey of the history of football, functions of referees have not necessarily been firm, having been revised repeatedly. The meaning of these reforms, however, has not been given enough consideration by researchers. This article, thus, explores the historical transition of football officials, especially focusing on the pattern of decision-making, and the concept of fairness reflected in change to the system. Before the codification of football rules, the existence of officials had rarely been confirmed, especially in historical documents. In addition, evidence also indicates that officials were rather indifferent observers than decision-makers. This principle did not vary markedly after the formation of football laws at modern public schools, which means that players could take initiative on decision-makings as interested parties. Meanwhile, a main role of officials had been the arbitration of players' discussion even in the 1860s, when the Football Association advanced a unification of local rules. This custom, however, was gradually altered in the 1880s. An increase in spectators and the development of players' skills, following the professionalisation of football, required the reform of the existing umpire system. As a result the Football Association revised the regulations and established the referee system in 1891, which has been the basis of present system ever since. From that time, referees could become adjudicators on pitches. The reinforcement of referees' power, nevertheless, might not definitely demonstrate that the norm of fairness had progressed. The absence of officials or the limited power of referees may not automatically signify lack of discipline. For, particularly at public schools, negotiations and judgments of players (students) were regarded as crucially significant forming the basis of the ideal of self-discipline, which led to the umpire system. In the mean-time, referees' strict control could be a subject of severe criticism. Although the emergence of vast audiences encouraged the introduction of objective decisions of neutral referees, amateur had expressed fierce opposition to reformation of the system. Accordingly, the Football Association had to confront a wide range of difficulties in relation to the new referee regime and these have continued even to present. It can be generally concluded that the history of football officials is the transition of the referee's role from arbitrator to adjudicator. This alteration, however, does not simply designate the straight progress of fairness in the football world. Even after the establishment of the referee system, traditional concepts of self-discipline have had considerable influence and prevented further reforms. In brief, it can be claimed that such a conflict between 'negotiation/arbitration' and 'adjudication' is of critical importance in history of football officials.

著者

古田 善文

出版者

獨協大学外国語学部ドイツ語学科

雑誌

獨協大学ドイツ学研究 = Dokkyo Universität Germanistische Forschungsbeiträge (ISSN:03899799)

巻号頁・発行日

no.77, pp.71-105, 2020-03

著者

寺阪 昭信 テラサカ アキノブ

雑誌

流通經濟大學論集

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, no.4, pp.21-38, 2004-03

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前回の論文(スポーツと都市2 38巻号3号)では,主として1998年フランス大会のキャンプ地のあり方と開催都市における競技場の立地を見たが,それに引き続いて今回はドイツ(1974,2006年),イタリア,スペインの諸都市について考察し,2004年のヨーロッパ選手権,およびここ10年間のヨーロッパチャンピオンズリーグが行われた都市を検討することによって,ヨーロッパにおけるサッカー都市とはどこかについて考察することにした。前回の論文と対応させるために,やや小さいが都市についての地図は全て,10万分の1に統一してある。

著者

鍵谷 寛佑 Kansuke Kagitani

雑誌

人文論究 (ISSN:02866773)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.64, no.2, pp.93-118, 2014-09-20

著者

山本 雅男

出版者

静岡県立大学英米文化研究室

雑誌

ことばと文化 (ISSN:13451685)

巻号頁・発行日

no.1, pp.71-81, 1997-02-01

著者

花房秀光 小寺晋 木内俊介 山崎勇輔 福間慎治 森眞一郎

雑誌

先進的計算基盤システムシンポジウム論文集

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2012, pp.79-80, 2012-05-09

著者

新井 朝雄

出版者

一般社団法人 日本数学会

雑誌

数学 (ISSN:0039470X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.3, pp.255-279, 2017-07-25 (Released:2019-07-26)

参考文献数

107

著者

晏 妮

出版者

明治学院大学言語文化研究所

雑誌

言語文化 (ISSN:02881195)

巻号頁・発行日

no.31, pp.66-75, 2014-03-31

著者

端唄[作詞]

出版者

コロムビア(戦前)

巻号頁・発行日

1929-03

著者

Masashige SUZUKI Tatsuya DOI Sang Jik LEE Koji OKAMURA Seiichi SHIMIZU Goro OKANO Yuji SATO Yoshiharu SHIMOMURA Tohru FUSHIKI

出版者

Center for Academic Publications Japan

雑誌

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology (ISSN:03014800)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.4, pp.401-409, 1999 (Released:2009-04-28)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

13 17

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To study the effect of meal timing after exercise on body composition, 20 male rats were assigned to either a group fed a meal right after exercise (R) or a group fed a meal 4 h after exercise (L). Resistance exercise (squatting) was conducted from 6:00 to 7:00, 3 d/wk for 10 wk. Meals were consumed from 7:00 to 8:00 and from 19:00 to 20:00 for R, and from 11:00 to 12:00 and from 19:00 to 20:00 for L. The room was lighted from 7:00 to 19:00. After 10 wk, the body weight was comparable between the groups. The hindlimb muscle weight was higher in R than in L by 6% (p<0.05), whereas the sum of the weight of perirenal, epididymal, and mesenteric adipose tissues was lower in R than in L by 24% (p<0.01). The soleus lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity was higher in R than in L by 70% (p<0.01), and the activity negatively correlated with the adipose tissue weight (r=-0.49, p<0.05). These results suggest the possibility that ingesting a meal right after resistance exercise may contribute to an increase in the muscle mass and to a decrease in the adipose tissue compared to ingesting a meal several hours later.

著者

大蔵省印刷局 [編]

出版者

日本マイクロ写真

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1928年09月27日, 1928-09-27

著者

太田 英伶奈

出版者

早稲田大学総合人文科学研究センター

雑誌

早稲田大学総合人文科学研究センター研究誌 = WASEDA RILAS JOURNAL (ISSN:21878307)

巻号頁・発行日

no.7, pp.53-64, 2019-10-20

著者

佐藤 直行

雑誌

人工知能

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, 2017-11-01

著者

西村 正男

出版者

勉誠出版

雑誌

アジア遊学

巻号頁・発行日

no.247, pp.167-183, 2020-03

著者

Yusuke TANAKA Michio OOIKE Kenichi WATANABE Noriyuki HORIUCHI Yoshiyasu KOBAYASHI

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

雑誌

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (ISSN:09167250)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.20-0391, (Released:2020-09-01)

被引用文献数

1

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A 97-day-old male Japanese domestic cat was diagnosed as congenital hypothyroidism. During the treatment, continuous hypercalcemia was detected. Although fluid therapy was performed, the cat died at the age of 1,785 days. At autopsy, both parathyroid glands were enlarged, and elastic arterial walls were increased in thickness and hardness. Histopathological examination revealed hyperplasia of both parathyroid glands and interstitial fibrosis of bilateral kidneys. Severe calcification of the tunica media and tunica externa in systemic elastic and muscular arteries were also observed. These calcifications were considered to be due to renal secondary hyperparathyroidism. In the present case, hypothyroidism might have caused hyperparathyroidism through renal failure. In veterinary medicine, this is the first reported case of hypothyroidism accompanied with hyperparathyroidism.

著者

西村 正男

出版者

勉誠出版

雑誌

アジア遊学

巻号頁・発行日

no.183, pp.194-203, 2015-04

著者

平岡 聡

出版者

大谷大学佛教学会

雑誌

佛教学セミナー (ISSN:02871556)

巻号頁・発行日

no.87, pp.1-28, 2008-06

著者

橋本 みどり 高橋 守 長谷川 喜弘 本田 泰人

出版者

特定非営利活動法人 日本呼吸器内視鏡学会

雑誌

気管支学 (ISSN:02872137)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.1, pp.66-70, 2013-01-25 (Released:2016-10-29)

参考文献数

14

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背景.気管支鏡検査中の急性肺水腫は重篤な合併症の一つである.症例. 40歳女性.抗菌薬にて肺炎が軽快しないため当科に転院.気管支鏡検査を施行したが,気管支内腔を観察し終えた頃から,多量の血性泡沫状痰の喀出と著明な低酸素血症を認めた.胸部単純X線写真で肺水腫と診断し,呼気終末陽圧換気(positive endexpiratory pressure ventilation : PEEP)を伴う人工呼吸管理を開始,ステロイドパルス療法,利尿剤投与にて翌日には抜管した.入院時のマイコプラズマ抗体価は80倍で, 2週間後に640倍に上昇しており,マイコプラズマ肺炎と診断した.結論.急性肺水腫は,頻度は多くないが致死的な気管支鏡検査時の合併症であり,気管支鏡検査施行時には緊急時を想定した十分な準備が必要である.

著者

秋山 裕一

出版者

公益財団法人 日本醸造協会

雑誌

日本釀造協會雜誌 (ISSN:0369416X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.70, no.6, pp.381-386, 1975-06-15 (Released:2011-11-04)

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生翫系酒母育成には極めて巧妙な自然淘汰の原理が潜んでいる。その原理をふまえて速醸酒母その他の酒母が生まれ, 遂には酵母仕込みにまで及んでいる。その何れを採るかはさておいて, 生翫の抱えている神秘性は未だ十分にべールがはがれていない。科学的に十分なメスを入れることなく幻の酒母としてしまうわけにはいかないであろう。

著者

北村 順

出版者

日本医事新報社

雑誌

日本医事新報 (ISSN:03859215)

巻号頁・発行日

no.4875, pp.40-45, 2017-09-30