著者
神山 かおる
出版者
Japanese Society for Mastication Science and Health Promotion
雑誌
日本咀嚼学会雑誌 (ISSN:09178090)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.13, no.2, pp.49-57, 2003-11-30 (Released:2010-07-21)
参考文献数
31
被引用文献数
4

This paper reviews mastication studies from the viewpoint of food and nutrition scientists. Food texture is an important factor for food quality and primarily determines whether the food is easy or difficult to eat. Texture studies have been conducted by sensory evaluation (subjective methods) or mechanical measurements using instruments (objective methods). Recently, safe and easily edible foods have been increasingly required for elderly people as the elderly population has hugely increased in Japan. Many such foods lack palatability because they all havea similar texture, even though they are highly nutritious and contain various raw food materials. Classical methods for evaluating food texture may not be suitable for clarifying the textural properties of food for the elderly. The sensibility of textural properties for the elderly people differs from that for young subjects, who most often participate in subjective sensory evaluation. Furthermore, instruments for mechanical tests cannot completely mimic complex human mastication in objective methods. Therefore, direct measurement of human mastication is introduced as a third method for food texture studies. Electromyography of jaw-closing muscles is the most popular of mastication recording techniques used by food scientists. The elderly have fewer teeth and greater muscle fatigue, which cause low masticatory efficiency. Therefore, food for the elderly must be objectively evaluated with evidence based on masticatory science. Collaboration between food and dental sciences is needed to optimize the textural and nutritional properties of foods.
著者
田村 均 TAMURA Hitoshi
出版者
名古屋大学文学部
雑誌
名古屋大学文学部研究論集 (ISSN:04694716)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.58, pp.1-29, 2012-03-31 (Released:2012-09-06)

John Searle argues in his seminal paper of fictional discourse that the author of a work of fiction pretends to perform a series of illocutionary acts. He does not make it very clear, however, how one could make a pretended performance of an illocutionary act, e.g. an assertion: he does not tell us what else should be done in order to make a pretended assertion in addition to uttering an assertive sentence. The analysis of truth in fiction put forward by David Lewis may seem to give a plausible account of the meaning of fictional discourse; but his theory also contains the concept of pretence as a primitive notion of its explanatory components. Gregory Currie criticizes the Searlean pretence theory of fiction and advocates a communicative approach to the problem of fictional utterance. He introduces the idea of make-believe instead: the author of a fiction intends that the audience make believe her story. In his communicative approach it seems to be taken for granted that we know what it is to induce someone to make believe something and how it can be carried out by a speaker. Pretence or its equivalent, makebelieve, appears in these theories as a fundamental but unexplained frame of mind that constitutes the essence of fictional discourse. It is suggested that pretence or make-believe may be a primitive equipment of human mind like belief or truth inasmuch as storytelling and playacting can be seen everywhere in human life.
著者
壽圓 晋吾
出版者
The Association of Japanese Geographers
雑誌
地理学評論 (ISSN:00167444)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.25, no.4, pp.143-151, 1952-04-01 (Released:2008-12-24)
参考文献数
13
被引用文献数
2 1

In the upper region of -River Kanda found in the eastern part of the Musashino Upland which is overlaid with the Kwanto Volcanic Ash, the ground water-table slants toward the valley on both sides. (cf. Fig. 1) The discharge of this river in this area increases, though very gradually, as the river flows down. From these facts, we presume River Kanda is being nourished by the ground water. At present, the slopes of the precipices forming the valley are different on both sides-the form of the valley is assymmetrical. Where the slope of the precipice is steeper on the north side than on the south, the ground water- table slants toward the north. Where the slope is, steeper on the south side than on the north, the ground-water-table slants toward the south. (cf. Fig. 6) Gathering up these facts, the author believes that the assymmetrical valley wall is related to the declivity of the water table. The ground heaves up gradually in the vicinity of the valley. This seems to be due to the dampness of the ground and to the abundance of the vegetation in the valley region; that is, the darn press of the ground and vegetation protect the ground from the strong Musasllino winds seen elsewhere which blow away the dried mud and causes wind-erosions. If the valley were to be filled up, we would, obtain a convex ground feature.
著者
谷泰編
出版者
新曜社
巻号頁・発行日
1997
著者
吟谷 泰裕
出版者
関東学院大学経済研究所
雑誌
経済系 (ISSN:02870924)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.247, pp.18-27, 2011-04

有効需要の不足が原因で失業が生じている体系において、名目賃金を合理的かつ有意な水準に決定することを試みる。このとき、資本と労働が非代替である生産関数を設定し、賃金に関する任意の方程式を追加することなく名目賃金を決定する。そして名目賃金を歴史的に所与にすると有効需要は内生的に決まるが、その下方硬直性が失業の原因になるという点で、体系がニューケインジアン理論の体系に転化することを示す。
著者
井上 治子
出版者
学校法人滝川学園 名古屋文理大学
雑誌
名古屋文理大学紀要 (ISSN:13461982)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.13, pp.43-49, 2013

本稿は,神奈川県逗子市池子米軍住宅建設反対運動,いわゆる「池子の森を守る運動」に関し,1986年から1991年にかけて実施された調査研究結果に基づき,1991年に執筆された未刊報告書に修正を加えたものの第一部分である.調査結果をアーカイブとして公開するとともに,日本社会における「新しい社会運動」の発生を現時点から再考することが本稿の目的である.調査全体は,成員間の連帯と参加動機の関係に焦点を当てることにより,運動の発生を明らかにすることを目指し実施された.収集されたデータは,1986年から1990年にかけて実施された参与観察および対面調査により得られた知見,1990年に実施された質問紙調査により得られたデータ,全調査期間中に得られた運動団体の会報・ビラ,成員と筆者との間の私信等である.考察は,当運動に関する先行研究と,資源動員論,および,「新しい社会運動」論の内から成員間の連帯や価値観をめぐる論点を中心として参照しつつ進められ,最終的に考察は運動におけるアイデンティティ志向のもたらす問題点へと導かれた.それらを検討し直し,当誌に順次投稿していく予定である。一連の調査の冒頭部分に当たる本稿では,紛争の経緯と運動の発生が,参与観察・対面調査と文献から得られた知見とによって再構成され,1980年代の日本における新しいタイプの運動の発生と発展,分裂と衰退の過程が明らかにされる.

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著者
妹尾薇谷 著
出版者
岡田文祥堂[ほか]
巻号頁・発行日
vol.室町時代, 1913
著者
籠瀬 良明
出版者
日本地図学会
雑誌
地図 (ISSN:00094897)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.16, no.1, pp.30-31, 1978-03-31 (Released:2011-07-19)