著者

中原 啓貴 知識 陽平 岩井 一正 中西 裕之

出版者

一般社団法人電子情報通信学会

雑誌

電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. RECONF, リコンフィギャラブルシステム (ISSN:09135685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.113, no.325, pp.1-6, 2013-11-20

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電波望遠鏡は天体から放射される電波を受信し,解析を行う装置である.分光器は受信した電波に対してFFTを行い,周波数スペクトルを出力する,太陽電波バーストは極めて短時間に変化する現象であるため,時間分解能に優れた高速なFFTが必要である.本論文では,Six-Step FFTアルゴリズムに基づく並列FFT回路の実現法について述べる.提案FFTはN点FFTを6ステージのパイプライン処理で実行する.第1,3,6ステージは転置回路で実現する.第2,5ステージはP並列√<N>点FFTで実現する.第4ステージはP点ひねり係数回路で実現する.提案回路は転置回路を必要とするが,N点FFTを√<N>点FFTに分解するため,FFT回路の面積を押さえることができ,並列化実現に向く.提案並列FFTをXilinx社Virtex 7 VC707評価ボードに実装して既存手法と比較を行い,提案並列FFTは4.52〜22.64倍高速であった.

著者

大和田 守 武田 正倫

出版者

国立科学博物館

雑誌

国立科学博物館専報 (ISSN:00824755)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, pp.1-4, 2006

著者

繁田 真由美 繁田 祐輔 遠藤 秀紀

出版者

国立科学博物館

雑誌

国立科学博物館専報 (ISSN:00824755)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, pp.21-29, 2006

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The day roosts and foraging areas of the common Japanese pipistrelle bat, P. abramus, were investigated in the Imperial Palace, Tokyo, Japan. Since the six roosts are observed at Kikyo-mon Gate and Sakashita-mon Gate, we demonstrate that the pipistrelles often use the roost also within the Imperial Palace. The openings of the Japanese traditional roof tile may be suitable for the roost of bat in the Palace. The results of the line census point out that the pipistrelles do not use the whole area of the Imperial Palace, however, prefer the areas along the moats such as the regions near Kikyo and Ote Gates. From the track data of an individual with chemiluminescent tag, we conclude that the pipistrelle use the roots along the paved road and Hamaguri-bori Moat in the foraging areas. The findings indicate the nocturnal foraging activity in the Imperial Palace, and provide us with the fundamental data on the behavior of the common Japanese pipistrelle within the large city.

著者

杉島 一広

出版者

国立科学博物館

雑誌

国立科学博物館専報 (ISSN:00824755)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, pp.31-35, 2006

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国立科学博物館による皇居動物相調査の過程で得られたキバガ上科標本を検討したところ,Batrachedra属の未記載種1♂2♀が見出されたので,新種記載を行った.なお,記載は他の地域から得られていた多数の同種標本にも基づいている.Batrachedra flavilineata Sugisima, sp. nov.キスジホソキバガ前翅長♂4.4-5.4mm,♀4.0-6.4mm.頭部と胸部は淡黄褐色で,暗褐色部を持たない.前翅は黄色で,翅の長軸に沿った領域を除いて灰色の鱗片が混ざる;そのせいで,翅には長軸沿いに黄色い縞が走っているように見える.♀交尾器:ductus bursaeは中央部でもっとも細く,両端に向けて徐々に太くなる;ductus bursaeの後方半分は僅かに硬化し,細かい棘に裏打ちされる;ductus bursaeの前方半分は膜質で,粗大な棘群に裏打ちされた部分の長さはductus bursae全長の1/6-1/5; corpus bursaeは楕円体で,長さは幅の2倍近い;signumは極端に細長い硬化板で,そこには薄い三角形の歯群が大型歯の列と小型歯の列に不明瞭に分かれて並ぶ.♂交尾器:phallusの長さはvalvaの長さの2倍近い.本州と九州に分布.年に複数世代のようである.幼生期は不明.近似種Batrachedra parvulipunctella Chretieからは,♀ならばductus bursae全長に占める粗大な棘群領域の割合が小さいことによって,♂ならばvalvaに対するphallusの相対長が長いことによって,それぞれ識別される.

著者

大和田 守 有田 豊 神保 宇嗣 岸田 泰則 中島 秀雄 池田 真澄 平野 長男

出版者

国立科学博物館

雑誌

国立科学博物館専報 (ISSN:00824755)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, pp.37-136, 2006

被引用文献数

5

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Six hundred and thirty-three moths in 46 families were collected in the Imperial Palace, Tokyo, ca. 115 ha. The survey was carried out from June 2000 to December 2005 by using a light, sugar bait and by ordinary day-time survey of adults and larvae. All the collecting data are given in the list, in which some noteworthy moths are commented in comparison with the records of such green tracts in the urban Tokyo as the Imperial Palace, Tokyo, 1996-2000 (Owada et al., 2000), the garden of the Institute for Nature Study, ca. 20 ha, 1998-2000 (Owada et al., 2001), the Akasaka Imperial Gardens, ca. 51 ha, 2002-2004 (Owada et al., 2005a) and the Tokiwamatsu Imperial Villa, ca. 2 ha, 2002-2004 (Owada et al., 2005b). The comparison of each result is shown in Tables 1 and 2. During a decade of survey period from 1996 to 2005, we observed the establishment and outbreak of a tortricid moth Cerace xanthocosma in the Imperial Palace, Tokyo, and the Akasaka Imperial Gardens (Owada et al., 2000, 2001, 2005a), and the details were summarized in the report of moths of the Tokiwamatsu Imperial Villa, Tokyo (Owada et al., 2005b). We became aware of the remarkable outbreak in the early spring of 2003, i. e., many nests made by the larvae of this tortricid moth were found on leaves of evergreen trees everywhere in the Imperial Palace and the Akasaka Imperial Gardens, Tokyo. This moth is bivoltine in Tokyo urban forests, adults fly in June-July and September. The outbreak of adult moths was observed in 2003 and 2004, but ended rapidly in the winter of 2004, when hibernating larval nests were mostly disappeared in the Imperial Palace. In 2005, the density level of adult moths backed to that in 2001-2001, a few or no moths were observed in each investigation of its flight periods. We had found and bread larvae of this polyphagous moth on the following 17 evergreen broadleaved trees in 11 families. Araliaceae: Fatsia japonica; Aquifoliaceae: Ilex pedunculosa; Caprifoliaceae: Viburnum odoratissimum var. awabuki; Eericaceae: Pieris japonica; Euphorbiaceae: Daphniphyllum himalaense; Fagaceae: Castanopsis sieboldii, Lithocarpus edulis; Lardizabalaceae: Extauntonia hexaphylla; Lauraceae: Cinnamomum camphora, Cinnamomum japonicum, Machilus thunbergii; Myricaceae: Myrica rubra; Oleaceae: Lingustrum japonicum; Theaceae: Camellia japonica, Camellia sasanqua, Camellia sinensis, Cleyera japonica. Most of lithosiine moths, Arctiidae, are lichen and algae feeders, and usually very common in any forests and grasslands. In the 1970-1980's, air pollution was very serious in Japan, and lithosiine moths, except for marshy moths of Pelosia spp., might have become once extinct in the Tokyo urban areas. From the 1990's onwards, air pollution was eased to some extent, and the flora of lichens and bryophytes began to restore in forests of city areas of Tokyo (Kashiwadani & Thor, 2000; Kashiwadani et al., 2001; Higuchi, 2001). In fact, some lithosiine moths were collected in the Institute for Nature Study, the Akasaka Imperial Gardens and the Tokiwamatsu Imperial Villa in 1998-2004, and they may already settle down in these forests. At the Imperial Palace, Tokyo, we were able to collect a female of Miltochrista abberans on 3 June, 2004, but we have collected none in 2005. It is quite likely that lithosiine moths will not settle down in the Imperial Palace grounds, which are the largest and richest the fauna and flora among large green tracts in urban Tokyo. This phenomenon may be one of the evidences of extinction of lithosiine moths in the urban Tokyo. There is a possible barrier, which obstructs the invasion of lithosiine moths to the Imperial Palace, that is, large moats completely surround the Palace. In larger moats, the longest width of water is ca. 100m, and is ca. 50m in smaller ones.

著者

野村 周平 丸山 宗利 新井 志保

出版者

国立科学博物館

雑誌

国立科学博物館専報 (ISSN:00824755)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, pp.161-186, 2006

被引用文献数

1

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In 2000 to 2003, the terrestrial staphylinoid fauna was quantitatively surveyed at nine stations (TK01-TK09) six times a year for each in the garden of the Imperial Palace, Tokyo, Japan. Each staphylinoid sample was extracted by Tullgren funnel from leaf litter and humus of five quadrats each sized 1m×1m. Sixty-two species of four families were recognized, 13 species of them being recorded for the first time from the Imperial Palace. Species diversity and similarity of six communities were analyzed by three diversity indices (Shanon-Weaner function H', Pielou's index of equitability J' and total diversity H'N) and three similarity indices (Jaccard's coefficient of community CC, Nomura-Simpson's coefficient NSC and Pianka's overlap index α). In the comparison of species diversity, TK03 was significantly low in H' and H'N and the other five were not different. In TK01 to TK03 surveyed in 2000-2001, the diversity was high in January to May, in a low level in July, and recovered in September; on the other hand, it decreased more or less in June to October in TK07 to TK09 (2002-2003). As to the similarity of species component, TK07 harbored many species completely covering the faunas of TK01, TK02 and TK03. A significant difference of TK09 in overlap similarity was indicated in an analysis by Pianka's α.

著者

南部 敏明

出版者

国立科学博物館

雑誌

国立科学博物館専報 (ISSN:00824755)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, pp.241-254, 2006

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Monitoring investigations of the aculeate Hymenoptera, excluding ants, were made at the Imperial Palace, Tokyo, from 2001 to 2005. During this period, surveys were carried out almost every month except winter, December to February. A total of 116 species in 18 families were recorded. Similar research was made at the same place from 1997 to 1999, and 146 species of 20 families were recorded (Nambu & Shimizu, 2000; Terayama, 2000a). Twenty-three species were newly added in this survey, and a total of 170 species in 20 families were collected at the largest green tract in urban Tokyo during this decade. Bamboo shoot traps were set for tube renter wasps and bees, and 5 species made their nests: Anterhynchium flavomarginatum micado, Pararrhynchium ornatum, Trypoxylon malaisei, Trypoxylon errans and Megachile spissula.

著者

篠永 哲

出版者

国立科学博物館

雑誌

国立科学博物館専報 (ISSN:00824755)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, pp.255-267, 2006

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Thirteen families, Culicidae (6 species), Bibionidae (3), Bombiliidae (3), Stratiomyidae (5), Asilidae (5), Phoridae (1), Schiomyzidae (1), Nerriidae (1), Cryptochaetidae (1), Scathophagidae (2), Fanniidae (6), Muscidae (37), Calliphoridae (16), Sarcophagidae (17), totailling 104 species of dipterous insects are recorded. Among them, Culex pipiens pattens, Biboi adjunctus, Plecia adiastola, Microchrysa flaviventris, Sargus niphonensis, Allognosta flavimaculata, Phaonia subnigra, Helina annosa, Helina latiscissa, Pygophora maculipennis, Onesia nartshukae, Phormia regina, Metopia argylocephala are newly recorded from Imperial palace, however, most of them have recorded from Akasaka Imperial ground (Shinonaga, 2005a-c).

著者

諏訪 正明

出版者

国立科学博物館

雑誌

国立科学博物館専報 (ISSN:00824755)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, pp.269-278, 2006

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皇居,赤坂御用地および常盤松御用邸で採集されたハナバエ科の標本を検し,それぞれ11種,20種,7種を認め,合計23種を報告した.皇居からはすでに13種のハナバエが記録されているが,これらはすべて今回も上記3ヶ所のいずれかから確認された.これら23種の多くは本州の平野部から低山帯に普通の種であるが,いくつかの特筆すべき種の存在も明らかとなった.ジャガイモモグリハナバエPegomya dulcamaraeはこれまで日本では北海道のみから知られていた.Botanophila kitayamaeは模式標本産地の京都北山以外には栃木県那須御用邸の記録があるのみで,雌についても未発見であった.今回は雌雄を確認することができ,雌についてはじめて記載した.雄1個体に基づいて新種Chirosia asymmetricaを記載した.本種は左右非対称の生殖器節を有することによって北米産C. gleniensisおよびチベット産C. laticercaに近縁と考えられるが,いくつかの形態的差異によって後2者とは識別しうることを示した.

著者

嶌 洪

出版者

国立科学博物館

雑誌

国立科学博物館専報 (ISSN:00824755)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, pp.279-289, 2006

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Ninety-five tachinid species are recorded from the Imperial Palace, Tokyo, 31 of which are newly added to the previous record (Shima, 2000) and marked with an asterisk "*". Seventeen species are newly known from Central Tokyo and they are marked with double asteriks "**". As a result of the researches in this project, 119 tachinid species are recorded from the Imperial palace, Tokyo. It is interesting that an unidentified species of Setalunula was found there. It is most possible that this is the second species of this genus. Senometopia polyvalens was erroneously identified by Shima (2000). It is in reality an undescribed species of Senometopia. Phyllomya humilis reported by Shima (l.c.) should also be an undescribed species of the genus (P. sp.). Fausta inusta (Mesnil) was misidentified as Ernestia sp. Euvespivora sp. in Shima (l.c.) was comfirmed as E. decipiens (Walker).

著者

岡留 恒丸

出版者

国立科学博物館

雑誌

国立科学博物館専報 (ISSN:00824755)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, pp.291-293, 2006

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Six species, Tephrochlamys japonica, Aecothea fenestalis, Suillia brunneipennis, S. gorodkovi, S. nartschukella and S. sp. of heleomyzid and one species, Diastata ussurica of diastatid flies are recorded from the Imperial Palace, Akasaka Imperial Gardens and Tokiwamatsu Imperial Villa, Tokyo. Aecothea fenestralis (Fallen, 1820), a widely distributed in Plearctic, Nearctic and Australasian regions, is recorded as new to the fauna of Japan.

著者

別府 桂

出版者

国立科学博物館

雑誌

国立科学博物館専報 (ISSN:00824755)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, pp.295-334, 2006

被引用文献数

3

著者

笹川 満廣

出版者

国立科学博物館

雑誌

国立科学博物館専報 (ISSN:00824755)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, pp.335-339, 2006

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前報につづいて,皇居に発生するシマバエ科(篠永 哲博士・上宮健吉博士ほか採集)について分類学的調査を行ったところ,計22種(1997-2005)の分布を確認した.また,種ごとの経年的・季節的発生状況について論及した.

著者

上宮 健吉 園部 力雄

出版者

国立科学博物館

雑誌

国立科学博物館専報 (ISSN:00824755)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, pp.355-368, 2006

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A total of 32 species out of 72 Japanese whiteflies (Aleyrodidae) have been recorded from the Tokyo Metropolis. In this occasion, we were allowed to survey and examine the white fly fauna of the Imperial Palace, the Akasaka Imperial Gardens, and the Tokiwamatsu Imperial Villa, Tokyo on the 21-22th of July, and the 3-4th of October in 2005. As a result, a total of 23 species were recorded, of which 19 species were derived from the Imperial Palace, 4 species from the Akasaka Imperial Gardens, and 7 species from the Tokiwamatsu Imperial Villa. For the fauna of Tokyo, 5 species (Bemisia giffardi, Parabemisia maculata, Parabemisia myricae, Aleurocanthus spiniferus, and Aleurotrachelus taiwanus) were newly added, of which the species mentioned last was also the record new to Japan. These 23 species were divided into five groups of distribution pattern, the Japanese endemic (10 species), the Japan-China-Far East (2 spp.), the Japan-Taiwan (3 spp.), the Japan-Asia (2 spp.), and the World-wide (6 spp.). The species occupation rate of the Japanese endemic in these three Imperial districts is seemed to explain that the fauna of these districts represents the fauna of Tokyo, as well as that of Japan.

著者

松本 嘉幸

出版者

国立科学博物館

雑誌

国立科学博物館専報 (ISSN:00824755)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, pp.369-382, 2006

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Through a monitoring survey from 2001 to 2005 at the Imperial Palace, Tokyo, 71 species of aphids were found form 81 host-plants. In the former investigation from 1996 to 2000 at the same area, 96 aphid species were found from 95 host-plants (Matsumoto, 2000). In this monitoring survey, 20 species were added to the fauna, and a total of 115 species were recorded from the Imperial Palace, Tokyo.

著者

斉藤 洋一 大和田 守 加藤 俊一 井上 繁一

出版者

国立科学博物館

雑誌

国立科学博物館専報 (ISSN:00824755)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, pp.383-406, 2006

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Monitoring investigations on the fauna of Odonata were made at the gardens of the Imperial Palace, Tokyo, ca. 115 ha, central Tokyo, from 2001 to 2005. A total of 33 species belonging to 8 families were recorded. Similar research were carried out at the same place from 1996 to 2000, and 27 species in 8 families were recorded (Tomokuni & Saito, 2000). The following six species are recorded from the Imperial Place for the first time. Aeschnidae: Aeschnophlebia anisoptera Selys, Polycanthagyna melanictera (Selys), Anaciaeschna martini (Selys) (Fig. 30) and Anax nigrofasdatus nigrofasciatus Oguma (Fig. 31). Libellulidae: Libellula quadrimaculata asahinai Schmidt (Fig. 35) and Sympetrum kunckeli (Selys). Three endangered species in Tokyo urban areas, Ceriagrion nipponicum Asahina (Figs. 9-10), Trigomphus melampus (Selys) (Figs. 19-21) and Aeschnophlebia longistigma Selys (Figs. 27-29) were discovered by the former study (Tomokuni & Saito, 2000), and they are still abundant in the Palace. Rhyothemis fuliginosa Selys (Fig. 41), which had also been very scarce in the urban Tokyo, was gradually increase its number from 2002-2004, and we were able to observe its outbreak in the summer of 2005.

著者

近田 文弘 西川 肇 藤井 寿生

出版者

国立科学博物館

雑誌

国立科学博物館専報 (ISSN:00824755)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, pp.441-446, 2006

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Meteorological features of the Fukiage-gyoen Gardens in the Imperial Palace, Tokyo was investigated by measurement of atmospheric temperature, relative humidity, and amount of rainfall from June to October in 2005 under the comparison with those of downtown in Tokyo. It is concluded that the meteorological features of the Fukiage-gyoen Gardens are lower atmospheric temperature and higher relative humidity than those of downtown in Tokyo during the summer season.

著者

河野 愛史 浦辺 幸夫 前田 慶明 笹代 純平 平田 和彦 木村 浩彰 越智 光夫

出版者

JAPANESE PHYSICAL THERAPY ASSOCIATION

雑誌

日本理学療法学術大会

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2012, pp.48101040-48101040, 2013

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【はじめに、目的】 膝関節の靭帯損傷はスポーツで頻発する外傷のひとつであり,なかでも膝前十字靭帯(以下,ACL)損傷は発生頻度が高い.治療には靭帯再建術の選択が一般的で,術後は関節可動域の改善や筋力増強などの理学療法が必要になる.筋力増強の効果判定のひとつとして大腿周径が用いられるが,臨床では大腿周径の回復と筋力の回復が一致しない症例を経験する.一般に,四肢周径は筋や骨の発達状態の把握に役立ち,筋力と有意な相関があるとされ(渕上ら,1990),筋力の発揮には筋量などの筋的要因や運動単位の動員などの神経的要因が影響し,筋力増強はそれらのいずれか,または両者の変容によるものとされる(後藤,2007).本研究の目的は,ACL再建術後の筋力の回復に筋量の回復がどの程度影響するのかを大腿周径と筋力を測定することで検討し,かつそれらを測定する意義を明確にすることである.【方法】 広島大学病院にてACL再建術(STG法)を受け,術後12ヶ月以上経過した初回受傷患者106名(男性50名:平均27.9±11.3歳,女性56名:平均24.8±11.2歳)を対象とした.大腿周径は膝蓋骨上縁から5,10,15,20cmを術後6,12ヶ月時に測定し,非術側に対する術側の割合(以下,患健比)を求めた.筋力測定はBIODEX System3(BIODEX社)を用いて,術後6,12ヶ月時に60°/s,180°/sの角速度での膝関節伸展,屈曲筋力を測定し,患健比を求めた.統計処理は術後6,12ヶ月の各時期での大腿周径と筋力の関係をPearsonの相関分析を用いて検討し,危険率は5 %未満とした.【倫理的配慮、説明と同意】 本研究は広島大学大学院保健学研究科心身機能生活制御科学講座倫理委員会,広島大学疫学研究に関する規則に基づき実施した.対象には本研究の趣旨を十分に説明し,同意を得た.【結果】 大腿周径の患健比は,術後6,12ヶ月で,男性は5cmで97.1%,98.1%,10cmで95.9%,96.9%,15cmで95.7%,96.9%,20cmで96.4%,96.9%,女性は5cmで97.2%,98.2%,10cmで96.4%,96.4%,15cmで96.3%,96.6%,20cmで96.5%,97.6%であった.筋力の患健比は,術後6,12ヶ月で,男性は60°/sでの伸展筋力は67.2%,77.1%,屈曲筋力は80.9%,83.7%,180°/sでの伸展筋力は75.7%,81.6%,屈曲筋力は85.3%,86.5%であった.女性は60°/sでの伸展筋力は69.1%,82.6%,屈曲筋力は84.3%,89.8%,180°/sでの伸展筋力は77.5%,86.2%,屈曲筋力は87.8%,92.6%であった.大腿周径の患健比と筋力の患健比は,術後6ヶ月で,男性は60°/s,180°/sでの伸展筋力と周径5,10,15,20cmそれぞれと,60°/s,180°/sでの屈曲筋力と周径20cm,女性は180°/sでの伸展,屈曲筋力と周径20cmとに有意な正の相関を示した(r=0.29~0.48).術後12ヶ月で,男性は60°/s,180°/sでの伸展筋力と周径5,10,15,20cmそれぞれと,女性は60°/s,180°/sでの伸展筋力と周径5,10,15,20cmそれぞれと,60°/s,180°/sでの屈曲筋力と周径5cmとに有意な正の相関を示した(r=0.28~0.45).【考察】 男性は術後6,12ヶ月,女性は術後12ヶ月で大腿周径の患健比と膝伸展筋力の患健比の間に有意な相関を示したことから,膝伸展筋力の回復に大腿周径すなわち大腿部の筋量の回復が影響し,術後12ヶ月ではその影響が大きいと考える.しかし,女性は術後6ヶ月で大腿周径の患健比と60°/sでの膝伸展筋力の患健比の間に有意な相関を示さなかった.これは,女性はもともと男性に比べて大腿部の筋量が少ないため(Abeら,2003),筋量が筋力に反映されにくいことや,術後6ヶ月は筋量の回復が不十分で神経的要因の回復により筋力が回復したことなどの可能性が考えられる.以上より,ACL再建術後に大腿周径および膝伸展筋力を測定することで,筋力の回復のどの程度が筋量の回復によるものかを評価でき,回復状況を把握することでリハビリテーションプログラムの再考につながる.また術後12ヶ月では筋量が筋力にある程度反映しているため,大腿周径がスポーツ復帰の指標のひとつとして有用である可能性が示唆されたが,例外もありこのような症例には注意が必要である.【理学療法学研究としての意義】 ACL再建術を受けたスポーツ選手のスポーツ復帰時期を決定するために筋力の回復は重要で,男性は術後6,12ヶ月と大腿周径および筋力が順調に回復する傾向にあるが,女性は各時期での回復状況に特に注意し運動療法を行うべきである.

著者

藤井 秀旭

出版者

京都帝国大学

巻号頁・発行日

1925

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博士論文

著者

西岡 加名恵

出版者

日本カリキュラム学会

雑誌

カリキュラム研究 (ISSN:0918354X)

巻号頁・発行日

no.14, pp.15-29, 2005-03-31

被引用文献数

2

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This paper aims to describe in detail the theory of "backward design" advocated by Grant Wiggins and Jay McTighe. They maintain that the process of curriculum development should follow these three stages: (1) to "identify desired results", (2) to "determine acceptable evidence" that shows whether those desired results are achieved, and (3) to "plan learning experiences and instruction". This paper examines the significant points and remaining issues to be discussed in the theory. Stage 1 is to clarify desired results, taking into consideration content standards, regional topic opportunities and teacher expertise and interest. At this stage, the object is to establish curricular priorities. There are three levels of importance: (1) "enduring" understanding, which should remain for the rest of the student's life, (2) important to know and do, and (3) worth being familiar with. For Wiggins and McTighe, "To understand a topic or subject is to use knowledge and skill in sophisticated, flexible ways". They identify six facets of understanding: explanation, interpretation, application, perspective, empathy, and self-knowledge. In order to establish curricular priorities, four filters are to be used: enduring (i.e. representing "big ideas"), at the heart of the discipline, needing uncoverage (i.e. students tend to have misconceptions), and potentially engaging. They also put importance on "essential" questions as the "doorways to understanding". There are two kinds of "essential" questions: overarching "essential" questions; and "essential" and "unit" questions. Stage 2 is to determine acceptable evidence that shows the desired results are being achieved. Wiggins and McTighe argue that it is necessary to use performance tasks and projects in order to assess and promote "enduring" understanding. They make much of assessment methods in which students demonstrate the six facets of understanding. They also say that recurring tasks and longitudinal rubrics should be used in order to assess students' understanding of "big ideas". Stage 3 is to plan learning experiences and instruction, where also the six facets of understanding should be embedded. In order to design good learning experiences and instruction, Wiggins and McTighe suggest design guidelines and self-assessment criteria summarized in the acronym WHERETO. The acronym WHERETO stands for where we are going, hook student interest, equip the student, give opportunities to rethink, self-evaluation, tailor learning to various needs, organize and sequence the learning. Those three stages are to be used at both micro and macro levels of curriculum development. They believe that a focus on units (micro design) is helpful to build more robust and high-quality curricula. But the process of "backward design" also has elements which promote consistency between units and a curriculum as a whole (macro design). Such elements include a nesting structure of essential questions, recurring tasks and longitudinal rubrics. The theory of "backward design" represents a sophisticated version of Tyler Rationale, and it is significant in that it integrates various good ideas on curriculum theory. It makes use of new ideas from research on assessment, such as performance tasks and rubrics. By clarifying the relationship between objectives and various assessment methods, the depth of understanding which should be achieved is clearly defined. The six facets of understanding are useful in designing a curriculum that promotes "enduring" understanding. To build a curriculum around "essential questions" is the key strategy to bring "big ideas" into focus. Elements such as a nesting structure of essential questions, recurring tasks and longitudinal rubrics are particularly helpful to coordinate the macro and micro design of a curriculum. Lastly, the remaining issues to be discussed are examining the applicability of the six facets of understanding, specifying "big ideas", developing tasks and rubrics, and reestablishing the standards on the basis of school-based curriculum development.