著者

橋本 剛明 白岩 祐子 唐沢 かおり

出版者

日本社会心理学会

雑誌

社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.1, pp.13-23, 2012-08-31 (Released:2017-03-01)

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The present study examined the determinants of people's attitudes toward the Japanese government's income inequality policies. We focused particularly on people's perceived inequality of opportunity and self-perceptions of social class, and their effects on the perceived responsibility of income inequality. General survey data of 798 individuals indicated that when people perceive education/work opportunities as generally controllable through personal ability and effort, they attribute both onset and offset responsibilities more to the poor and less to the government, consequently showing less support for government intervention. Moreover, people's perception of social class moderated how they view opportunity: only among low-class respondents did the perception that opportunities are influenced by one's parents' income or their gender lead to the perception that opportunity is uncontrollable. High-class individuals, on the other hand, perceived the effects of parental income and gender on opportunity to be independent of the controllability of opportunities, suggesting that they believe that ability and effort hold strong power over general opportunity.

著者

大髙 瑞郁 唐沢 かおり

出版者

日本グループ・ダイナミックス学会

雑誌

実験社会心理学研究 (ISSN:03877973)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.1, pp.49-59, 2010 (Released:2010-08-19)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

2

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帰属と援助の先行研究は,貧困者が政府に援助されるに値するか否かの判断(Zucker & Weiner, 1993)や,貧困者を援助する社会政策に対する態度の規定因(Applebaum, 2001)を検討してきた。しかし,政府に援助されるに値しないと判断した人々も,社会保障政策を支持するかもしれない。なぜなら,彼らが貧困者に貧困を解決することが不可能であると判断すれば,政府に援助する責任があると判断し,社会保障政策を支持する可能性が考えられるからである。そこで本研究は,社会調査データの二次分析を行って,人々が社会保障政策に対する態度を決定する過程を解決責任(Brickman, Rabinowitz, Karuza, Coates, Cohen, & Kidder, 1982; Karasawa, 1991)の観点から検討した。結果は,低所得者は高所得者よりも,社会保障の対象となる人々の生活を保障する政府の責任を重く判断し,社会保障政策を支持することを明らかにした。考察では,格差が拡大しつつある日本社会に,本研究が与える示唆について議論した。

著者

渡辺 匠 太田 紘史 唐沢 かおり

出版者

日本社会心理学会

雑誌

社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.1, pp.56-69, 2015-08-31 (Released:2015-09-09)

参考文献数

66

被引用文献数

1

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Social psychologists have recently begun to explore the problem of free-will beliefs. Philosophers have been working on the problem of free will over the ages, and studies of social psychologists on free-will beliefs are based on past philosophical theories. Meanwhile, philosophers not only argue over the theoretical issue of free will but also engage with the research program of experimental philosophy. This program shares the methodology of social psychology, and experimental investigation of belief in free will is proceeding at a rapid pace. In consideration of the above arguments, it seems obvious that social psychologists need to collaborate with philosophers on the problem of free-will beliefs. The authors therefore review the findings of each discipline and construct a model of people’s free-will beliefs. In this model, we consider free-will beliefs as composed by alternative possibility and agency, and these components function to promote attribution of moral responsibility, self-control, and social fit.

著者

渡辺 匠 櫻井 良祐 綿村 英一郎 唐沢 かおり

出版者

日本パーソナリティ心理学会

雑誌

パーソナリティ研究 (ISSN:13488406)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.1, pp.53-56, 2014-07-30 (Released:2014-08-26)

参考文献数

6

被引用文献数

2 1

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This research developed a reliable and valid Japanese version of the Free Will and Determinism Plus Scale (FAD+) to measure people's belief in free will. Study 1 developed a Japanese version of the FAD+ using questionnaire data from 203 undergraduates. Study 2 tested the reliability and validity of the Japanese FAD+ in a sample of 362 adults. The results provide evidence that the translated scale has the same factor structure as the original scale. In addition, free will beliefs were associated with locus of control, sense of trust, and belief in a just world, indicating high validity of the scale.

著者

橋本 剛明 白岩 祐子 唐沢 かおり

出版者

日本社会心理学会

雑誌

社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.1, pp.13-23, 2012

---

The present study examined the determinants of people's attitudes toward the Japanese government's income inequality policies. We focused particularly on people's perceived inequality of opportunity and self-perceptions of social class, and their effects on the perceived responsibility of income inequality. General survey data of 798 individuals indicated that when people perceive education/work opportunities as generally controllable through personal ability and effort, they attribute both onset and offset responsibilities more to the poor and less to the government, consequently showing less support for government intervention. Moreover, people's perception of social class moderated how they view opportunity: only among low-class respondents did the perception that opportunities are influenced by one's parents' income or their gender lead to the perception that opportunity is uncontrollable. High-class individuals, on the other hand, perceived the effects of parental income and gender on opportunity to be independent of the controllability of opportunities, suggesting that they believe that ability and effort hold strong power over general opportunity.

著者

清水 佑輔 橋本 剛明 唐沢 かおり

出版者

日本社会心理学会

雑誌

社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2012, (Released:2021-06-15)

参考文献数

24

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Negative stereotypes of mental illness have many kinds of undesirable effects on patients. Existing research has mainly investigated stereotypes of “mental illness” as a general term that covers various kinds of illnesses. While there might be differences among the stereotypes of different specific illnesses, this issue has not been fully focused on in Japan. In the current study, we used the Stereotype Content Model to visualize the stereotype of eight mental illnesses and “mental illness (general term).” The result showed that each mental illness is characterized by distinct stereotype patterns, with differences in associations between competence/warmth and various cognitive aspects (e.g., responsibility, dangerousness, and seriousness) being observed, depending on the mental illness. We discuss the cause of differences in stereotypes for each mental illness and suggest the importance of investigating specific stereotypes in future research.

著者

清水 佑輔 橋本 剛明 唐沢 かおり

出版者

日本社会心理学会

雑誌

社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.36-42, 2021-07-31 (Released:2021-07-31)

参考文献数

24

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Negative stereotypes of mental illness have many kinds of undesirable effects on patients. Existing research has mainly investigated stereotypes of “mental illness” as a general term that covers various kinds of illnesses. While there might be differences among the stereotypes of different specific illnesses, this issue has not been fully focused on in Japan. In the current study, we used the Stereotype Content Model to visualize the stereotype of eight mental illnesses and “mental illness (general term).” The result showed that each mental illness is characterized by distinct stereotype patterns, with differences in associations between competence/warmth and various cognitive aspects (e.g., responsibility, dangerousness, and seriousness) being observed, depending on the mental illness. We discuss the cause of differences in stereotypes for each mental illness and suggest the importance of investigating specific stereotypes in future research.

著者

唐沢 かおり 三谷 信広

出版者

The Japanese Group Dynamics Association

雑誌

実験社会心理学研究 (ISSN:03877973)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.2, pp.158-166, 2006

被引用文献数

2

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本研究は有利な立場にいる人たちの不公平さの認知が他集団に対しての支援的態度に与える影響を,責任帰属と罪悪感の媒介的役割に着目して検討した。データは仮想世界ゲーム(SIMINSOC)の参加者124人がゲーム前半終了時に回答した質問紙から得た。仮想世界ゲームは2つの豊かな地域と2つの貧しい地域から構成されており,貧しい地域に所属する参加者がゲーム内で生存するためには豊かな地域からのサポートを得ることが重要である。豊かな地域に所属した参加者からのデータをパス解析により分析した結果,不公平さの認知が,貧しい地域の苦境に対して自分たちの地域が責任を持つという認知につながり,罪悪感を喚起した。さらに,罪悪感が友好的な関係志向につながり,そのような関係志向が支援的態度を高めた。考察では,罪悪感が実際の相互作用を伴う状況でより重要な役割を果たす可能性や,罪悪感の起源を視野に入れた研究の必要性を議論した。<br>

著者

清水 佑輔 ターン 有加里ジェシカ 橋本 剛明 唐沢 かおり

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.92.20208, (Released:2021-10-15)

参考文献数

49

被引用文献数

1

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Handicapped people have faced discriminatory attitudes from the non-handicapped. This often deprives them of fundamental human rights and can exacerbate mental illness. Symbolic ableism is one of the key forms of discriminatory attitudes toward the handicapped, and this is regarded as a cause of disagreement with policies to support the handicapped. The propensity of symbolic ableism can be measured by the Symbolic Ableism Scale (SAS; Friedman & Awsumb, 2019), which divides symbolic ableism into four components: individualism, lack of recognition of continuing discrimination, lack of empathy for disabled people, and excessive demands. Although this scale is necessary for understanding people’s attitudes toward the handicapped, it is not available in Japanese. This study was conducted to develop a Japanese version of SAS (SAS-J) and examined its reliability and validity. The result showed that SAS-J was divided into two components (i.e., individualism and lack of recognition of current condition), which is different from the original version. We discussed possible explanations of this difference, the reliability and validity of SAS-J, and future directions of symbolic ableism.

著者

橋本 剛明 唐沢 かおり 磯崎 三喜年

出版者

日本グループ・ダイナミックス学会

雑誌

実験社会心理学研究 (ISSN:03877973)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.1, pp.76-88, 2010 (Released:2010-08-19)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

4 2

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大学生が所属するサークル集団は,フォーマルな組織とインフォーマルな集団の双方の特徴を併せ持った集団であり(新井,2004),本研究はこれを準組織的集団と位置づけた。その上で,サークル集団における成員と集団とをつなぐコミットメントのモデルを探り,検討を加えることを目的とした。具体的には,組織研究の領域における3次元組織コミットメントのモデル(Allen & Meyer, 1990)を基盤に,サークル・コミットメントを測る尺度を作成し,学生205名を対象に調査を行った。その結果,サークル集団におけるコミットメント次元として,情緒的コミットメント,規範的コミットメント,集団同一視コミットメントの3因子が抽出された。さらに,それぞれのコミットメント次元の規定要因に関して,集団がフォーマル集団に近い程度を表す集団フォーマル性との関連を含めて分析を行った。情緒的コミットメントは課題および成員への集団凝集性により規定されており,また,課題凝集性と集団フォーマル性の交互作用が示唆された。規範的コミットメントと集団同一視コミットメントはともに,集団フォーマル性と成員凝集性によって規定されていることが認められた。

著者

白岩 祐子 荻原 ゆかり 唐沢 かおり

出版者

日本社会心理学会

雑誌

社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.1, pp.41-50, 2012

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The present study examined the determinants of the sentencing decision for a fictional murder case in which a member of the victim's family participates. Previous research indicates that people see others as more influenced by a victim's statements than themselves, and we focused on whether this asymmetric cognition makes the sentence more lenient or not. The scenario experiment targeting 147 undergraduate students revealed that the majority of participants viewed others as more affected by the victim's statements, and further found that this asymmetric cognition tended to restrain punishment. Attitudes against the victim participant system lead to denying the impact on the self. These results could support the idea that negative attitudes toward the victim participant system have punishment control through asymmetric cognition. Previous studies concerning judicial decisions focused on the assumption that victim participation arouses the judges' compassion towards the victims, resulting in more uncompassionate sentences for the defendant. On the other hand, this study suggests that victim participation could result in a lenient sentence for the defendant.

著者

白岩 祐子 唐沢 かおり

出版者

日本グループ・ダイナミックス学会

雑誌

実験社会心理学研究 (ISSN:03877973)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.1, pp.12-21, 2013 (Released:2013-09-03)

参考文献数

42

被引用文献数

2

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近年,裁判員制度や被害者参加制度が刑事裁判に導入され,一般市民の法的判断を規定する要因が注目され始めている。本研究では,被害者参加人のタイプや表出感情,被害者参加制度に対する個人の態度が,量刑判断にどのような影響を及ぼすのかを検討するため,大学生・大学院生などを対象にシナリオ実験を行なった。その結果,誰が被害者参加人を務め,どのような感情を表出するかという要因と,個人の量刑判断との間に関連はみられなかった。また,「他者は自分よりも被害者参加人の言動に影響される」という社会的影響の非対称な認知が確認され,この判断バイアスは,被害者参加制度に対する態度が否定的であるほど大きくなった。さらに,制度に対する態度は,非対称な認知のうち自己への影響認知を媒介して量刑選択に影響を及ぼしていた。具体的には,被害者参加制度に反対するほど被害者参加人の発言による自己への影響が否定され,それによって短い量刑が選択された。以上の結果を踏まえ,量刑判断の規定因研究における展望と課題が議論された。

著者

白岩 祐子 宮本 聡介 唐沢 かおり

出版者

日本社会心理学会

雑誌

社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.2, pp.109-117, 2012

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Previous studies on attribution judgments concerning crime victims have commonly used the term "responsibility" to measure the negative implications regarding victims. However, responsibility is a concept that should be placed upon offenders, not victims. Victims have frequently been judged negatively, but the use of "responsibility" potentially inhibits the accurate understanding of such negative implications. Additionally, in judicial practice, "responsibility" is basically a term attributed to offenders. We therefore observed a certain shortcoming in the current research framework attributing responsibility to victims. Through judicial decisions and interviews with victims, we derived other labels supposedly containing negative victim judgments ("carelessness" and "fault") , and, together with the label "responsibility," considered whether people evaluate the victims using such labels. Moreover, to confirm whether these labels point to qualitatively distinct concepts, we examined their relationships with causal attribution. The results revealed that respondents rated the victim significantly lower on responsibility than the other negative labels, and we also found different prognostic factors for the labels. The implications of the study were discussed.

著者

渡辺 匠 唐沢 かおり

出版者

日本社会心理学会

雑誌

社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.2, pp.83-92, 2012

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This research deals with determinants of perception of social consensus between the self and ingroup in the minimal group paradigm. Specifically, we predicted that ingroup projection would shield the individual from threats because connection with ingroup members could provide comfort and validate self-concepts. The results confirmed our hypothesis that the manipulation of self-threat invokes enhanced ingroup projection, whereas outgroup projection was not affected by threats to the self. These results are consistent with the previous literature that ingroup members are judged to be similar to the self. Adding to these findings, our data imply that when people are under threat, they tend to project their own traits onto ingroup members for the purpose of self-protection. The findings are discussed within the context of the potential use of self-ingroup relationships as self-defense mechanisms.

著者

具志堅 伸隆 唐沢 かおり

出版者

日本社会心理学会

雑誌

社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.2, pp.155-164, 2006

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Past research based on the unrelated-affect paradigm has demonstrated that distinct emotions exert specific influences on cognition (e.g., Keltner, Ellsworth, & Edwards, 1993). This study investigated the effects of anger or fear on the perceived persuasiveness of an unrelated statement. Under anger, fear, or neutral conditions, participants read two statements, one critical and the other threatening, regarding a bad debt situation. The participants then made judgments about the pursuasiveness of these statements. As predicted, anger enhanced the persuasiveness of the critical statement by increasing the tendency to think that justice had been violated, whereas fear enhanced the persuasiveness of the threatening statement by increasing the tendency to think there would be negative repercussions. These results suggest that emotions increase the persuasive impact of affect-arousing communication by producing specific cognitive tendencies.

著者

渡辺 匠 唐沢 かおり

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, no.1, pp.20-27, 2013 (Released:2013-07-01)

参考文献数

33

被引用文献数

1

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This article examines the effects of language use on explicit and implicit attitudes. We employed the matched-guise technique to measure participants' impressions of standard-Japanese and Osaka-dialect speakers. Implicit attitudes were assessed by the Implicit Association Test (IAT). The Osaka-dialect speaker was evaluated as warmer than the standard-Japanese speaker, suggesting that explicit attitudes toward the Osaka dialect have changed positively. On the other hand, the results for the impression of intelligence were consistent with the previous literature that the standard-Japanese speaker was seen as more intelligent than the Osaka-dialect speaker. Compared with explicit attitudes, the analyses of implicit attitudes revealed that participants showed a consistent implicit bias favoring standard-Japanese language use. The changing processes and relationships of explicit and implicit attitudes were discussed.

著者

齋藤 真由 白岩 祐子 唐沢 かおり

出版者

日本グループ・ダイナミックス学会

雑誌

実験社会心理学研究 (ISSN:03877973)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.1704, (Released:2018-01-13)

参考文献数

38

被引用文献数

3

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本研究の目的は,市民の司法参加に対する認知構造を,広瀬(1994)の要因関連モデルなどで提出されている3つの評価の枠組みから把握するとともに,それらが参加意欲に与える影響を明らかにすることである。本研究が着目した3つの評価とは,市民における知識や経験の有無に関する「実行可能性評価」,負担感についての「コスト評価」,市民による司法参加の効用についての「ベネフィット評価」である。都内の大学生74名を対象とする予備調査で得られた自由回答をもとに,司法参加に対するさまざまな認知を収集し,上記3つの評価に分類した。本調査は都内の大学生を中心とする206名を対象に実施した。因子分析の結果,実行可能性評価とベネフィット評価に関する因子はそれぞれ4つ,コスト評価に関する因子は1つが得られた。その中でもベネフィット評価に含まれる「親和性の向上」と「透明性の向上」が参加意欲を高め,実行可能性評価に関する「知識・経験の欠如」とコスト評価に関する「責任の重さ」が参加意欲を低下させていることが明らかになった。これらの結果にもとづき,今後研究が進むべき方向性について議論した。

著者

唐沢 かおり

出版者

日本社会心理学会

雑誌

社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.2, pp.172-179, 2006

被引用文献数

3

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This study explored the determinants of intent of primary caregivers to continue taking care of elderly family members. The exploration was guided by two previous lines of study, one arguing the additive effect of positive and negative aspects of caregiving, and the other arguing the effect of attitude towards family caregiving. Four hundred and forty-five family caregivers answered questions relating to depression, caregiving intent, attitude towards family caregiving, and positive and negative aspects of caregiving. Structural equation modeling revealed that attitude to wards family caregiving increased both depression and intent to continue family caregiving. It is argued that when constructing a support system for family caregivers one must consider the possibility of family members being trapped by their attitude towards family care.

著者

渡辺 匠 太田 紘史 唐沢 かおり

出版者

日本社会心理学会

雑誌

社会心理学研究 (ISSN:09161503)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, no.1, pp.56-69, 2015

---

Social psychologists have recently begun to explore the problem of free-will beliefs. Philosophers have been working on the problem of free will over the ages, and studies of social psychologists on free-will beliefs are based on past philosophical theories. Meanwhile, philosophers not only argue over the theoretical issue of free will but also engage with the research program of experimental philosophy. This program shares the methodology of social psychology, and experimental investigation of belief in free will is proceeding at a rapid pace. In consideration of the above arguments, it seems obvious that social psychologists need to collaborate with philosophers on the problem of free-will beliefs. The authors therefore review the findings of each discipline and construct a model of people's free-will beliefs. In this model, we consider free-will beliefs as composed by alternative possibility and agency, and these components function to promote attribution of moral responsibility, self-control, and social fit.

著者

ターン 有加里 ジェシカ 橋本 剛明 シュミット マンフレッド 唐沢 かおり

出版者

公益社団法人 日本心理学会

雑誌

心理学研究 (ISSN:00215236)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.90.18234, (Released:2019-09-20)

参考文献数

38

被引用文献数

4

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People differ in how sensitive they are to justice or injustice, how easily they ruminate on injustice, and how strongly they feel justice-related emotions such as anger and guilt. This individual difference can be measured by the Justice Sensitivity Inventory (JSI; Schmitt et al., 2010), which is divided into four components: sensitivity to becoming a victim of injustice, sensitivity to observing injustice, sensitivity to passively benefiting from injustice, and sensitivity to actively committing injustice. Each sensitivity has a different effect on various aspects of human behavior (e.g., cooperation) as well as mental and physical health. JSI is available in German, English, Chinese, and many other languages, but not in Japanese. This study (n = 453) aimed to develop a Japanese version of JSI (JSI-J) and a short version of it, examining their reliability and validity. They were confirmed to be reliable and valid, except for some items. An effective usage of JSI-J and its short version will be discussed.