著者
渡辺 茂 伊澤 栄一 藤田 和生
出版者
慶應義塾大学
雑誌
新学術領域研究(研究領域提案型)
巻号頁・発行日
2013-06-28

本研究では3つの項目を検討した。1つは、共感性の動物モデルの確立であった。共感性を2個体間の情動とその一致性によって4分類し,マウスを対象にそれらの可否を検討した。2つめは、共感性の機能と生態因の検討であった。鳥類および霊長類の比較検討によって、協同繁殖と一夫一妻が、共感性進化の生態因であることを示唆した。3つめは、共感性の認知基盤の検討であった。高次共感を霊長類および食肉類で比較検討し、サルおよびイヌの第三者に対する情動評価能力を見出した。これら3項目の研究によって、共感性がヒト以外の動物においても協力性と随伴進化し、高次認知はそれとは独立に進化する可能性を示唆した。
著者
藤田 和生 黒島 妃香 服部 裕子 高橋 真 森本 陽 瀧本 彩加 佐藤 義明
出版者
一般社団法人 日本霊長類学会
雑誌
霊長類研究 (ISSN:09124047)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.24, no.3, pp.241-263, 2009-03-31 (Released:2010-06-17)
参考文献数
85
被引用文献数
2 1

Capuchin monkeys are one of the most important primate subjects in understanding the evolution of kokoro (mind and heart), because of their outstanding intelligence and gentleness despite their phylogenetic distance from humans and apes. Here we report a series of experimental studies on various aspects of the kokoro of tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) conducted at the comparative cognition laboratory, Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University. Briefly, for the physical intelligence, the monkeys amodally completed partly occluded figures basically like humans do. They also perceived never-presented contours by spatially and temporally integrating a sequence of fragmentary information just like humans do. They understood physical causality in a type of tool-use task involving tool, goal, and environment. In the social intelligence domain, they spontaneously took actions interpretable as tactically deceiving the conspecific opponent in an experimental food-competition contest. They also cooperated by dividing a sequence of actions leading to rewards. This cooperation continued when only one of the participants obtained a reward at a time. They were sensitive to attentional states of humans shown by eyes, though they might not try to control human attentional focus. They inferred a conspecific's behavior that they never directly observed and adaptively modified their next behavior based on the predicted consequence. They were also able to correct their actions by observing unsuccessful actions of their conspecific partner. One monkey of this species showed evidence that she recognized the knowledge status of humans suggested by their preceding actions toward the items in question. In the affective domain, this species was shown to utilize affective reactions of a conspecific against a hidden object to regulate their own actions toward it. Finally, the monkeys were sensitive to the benefit of their conspecific partner. They sometimes took thoughtful actions toward a low-ranking individual and in other times spiteful actions against a high-ranking individual. All of these results show that this New World species shares many characteristics of kokoro observed in humans.
著者
藤田 和生
出版者
心理学評論刊行会
雑誌
心理学評論 (ISSN:03861058)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.53, no.3, pp.270-294, 2010 (Released:2019-03-16)
著者
宮田 裕光 藤田 和生
出版者
日本動物心理学会
雑誌
動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)
巻号頁・発行日
pp.1105190072, (Released:2011-06-07)
参考文献数
73
被引用文献数
2 4

Planning, or an internal process of making decisions about one's future behavior, appears advantageous not only for humans but also for non-human species. In fact, recent studies have shown that many non-human primates as well as some avian species may be endowed with planning capacities. Those animals are suggested to plan in order to meet not only present but also future needs, as opposed to the Bischof-Köhler hypothesis. Testing planning in a wider variety of species using various setups would be required to uncover phylogenetic and ecological factors that may have facilitated evolution of planning. In particular, it is important to examine planning abilities by using general learning tasks instead of species-specific situations such as tool-use and food-caching. After reviewing evidence on planning by non-human animals, we introduce recent findings about planning by pigeons in operant tasks including computerized navigation and maze tasks. Planning capacities may be shared across species from wider-ranging taxa than have been assumed. Metacognition of planning would serve as one of the most important topics for the future quest.
著者
藤田 和生
出版者
公益社団法人 日本心理学会
雑誌
Japanese Psychological Research (ISSN:00215368)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.25, no.1, pp.1-8, 1983
被引用文献数
12

Two Japanese monkeys were trained on a higher-order conditional discrimination task with two colors (red and purple) which consisted of a matching-to-sample and an oddity-from-sample discrimination. External stimuli (patterns on a key, etc.) served as conditional discriminative stimuli for matching and oddity. Both subjects mastered this complex task. Then, the stimulus control established in the training was examined with test trials inserted among baseline trials. Subjects correctly responded on the test trials in which the incorrect comparison stimulus specified by the sample was no longer presented. However, subjects could not respond correctly when both sample and comparison stimuli were replaced with two new colors (yellow and yellowgreen). Thus, no evidence that the identity-difference relation of stimuli controlled the subjects' responding was obtained even in the presence of the higher-order conditional discriminative stimuli controlling their matching and oddity responses. These results suggested that the specific relation between the sample and the correct comparison stimulus mainly controlled two-color matching and oddity behaviors of Japanese monkeys.
著者
藤田 和生
出版者
京都大学
雑誌
新学術領域研究(研究領域提案型)
巻号頁・発行日
2016-04-01

本課題の目的は、こころの中に過去や未来を描く働きが、進化史の中でいつどのように発生したのかを、多様な動物種の行動の分析により明らかにすることである。29年度の主要な成果を述べる。「過去を想うこころ」に関する成果:1)これまでにイヌ、ネコで行われた偶発的記憶に関する研究を、手続きを試行錯誤しながらデグーとシリアンハムスターで実施した。その結果、デグーにおいて、傾向はやや弱いものの、これまでのイヌ・ネコ・ウマでみられた結果と同様、前回の訪問で妨害物によって食べることができなかった場所を再訪する個体が多くみられた。国際誌投稿に向け準備中である。「未来を想うこころ」に関する成果:1)フサオマキザルを対象に、2種の遅延時間が明示される遅延見本合わせ課題を行い、遅延時間の初期にヒント希求フェーズを設け、サルがヒント希求をした場合にのみ遅延時間終了直後に見本刺激を再度提示した。2個体中1個体のサルは、遅延時間が長い条件でより頻繁にヒント希求を行った。この結果は、サルが遅延時間の長さに応じて、自身の記憶痕跡が弱まることを予測して、準備行動として情報を希求することを示唆している。この結果は国内学会にて発表された。2)ハトを対象とした研究では、長期記憶課題遂行時に、これから行う課題の知識度に応じて適切なヒント希求を行うかどうかを検討した。結果、難易度の高い課題が到来するときの方が、難易度の低い課題が到来するときよりも、頻繁にヒント希求を行うことがわかった。鳥類であるハトが「近い未来」の自身の知識度を予測し、行動を調節する可能性を示している。この結果はIwasaki, et al. (2018)にて公表された。
著者
宮田 裕光 藤田 和生
出版者
日本動物心理学会
雑誌
動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.61, no.1, pp.69-82, 2011 (Released:2011-07-15)
参考文献数
73
被引用文献数
1 4

Planning, or an internal process of making decisions about one's future behavior, appears advantageous not only for humans but also for non-human species. In fact, recent studies have shown that many non-human primates as well as some avian species may be endowed with planning capacities. Those animals are suggested to plan in order to meet not only present but also future needs, as opposed to the Bischof-Köhler hypothesis. Testing planning in a wider variety of species using various setups would be required to uncover phylogenetic and ecological factors that may have facilitated evolution of planning. In particular, it is important to examine planning abilities by using general learning tasks instead of species-specific situations such as tool-use and food-caching. After reviewing evidence on planning by non-human animals, we introduce recent findings about planning by pigeons in operant tasks including computerized navigation and maze tasks. Planning capacities may be shared across species from wider-ranging taxa than have been assumed. Metacognition of planning would serve as one of the most important topics for the future quest.
著者
藤田 和生 板倉 昭二 明和 政子 平田 聡
出版者
京都大学
雑誌
基盤研究(S)
巻号頁・発行日
2008

意識や内省と呼ばれる自身の心の内部への能動的アクセス、及び読心と呼ばれる他者の心的状態の理解の発生過程、ならびにそれらの相互関連性を、広範な種比較と発達比較を通じて多面的に検討した。その結果、霊長類のみならずイヌや鳥類にもこれらの認知的メタプロセスが存在することが明らかになった。また霊長類は自身の利益には無関係な第3者の評価をおこなうなど、優れた他者理解機能を持つことを示した。さらに、他者理解は対応する自己経験により促進され、自己理解と他者理解に確かに関連性があることを示した。