著者

佐々木 万丈 渋倉 崇行 今薗 由望

出版者

日本スポーツ心理学会

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.1, pp.23-34, 2015-03-31 (Released:2015-08-02)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

1

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The purpose of this study was to investigate cognitive appraisal of menstruation and menstrual symptoms (MMS) by female athletes in the competitive sports context, and to examine the relationships among the women’s cognitive appraisal of MMS, their interpersonal stress experiences in that environment, and their sports competitive trait anxiety. Female college athletes (n=188) aged 18 to 23 years (m=19.81, sd=1.32) completed three questionnaires: one consisting of cognitive appraisal questions created for this study; another made up of interpersonal stressor questions which they were asked to answer while competing during MMS; and a third relating to the trait anxiety scale for sports (Hashimoto et al., 1986). Factor analysis revealed two cognitive appraisal themes, “threat” and “controllability”, related to both menstruation and menstrual symptoms. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) revealed that the athletes experienced social stress in the competitive environment during MMS, strongly recognized “threat”, and felt it was difficult to handle MMS. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the athletes who showed high levels of cognitive anxiety about losing tended to recognize MMS as a threat to their performance. The results suggest that cognitive appraisal of MMS by female athletes is associated with interpersonal stress and is influenced by sports competitive trait anxiety.

著者

田中 輝海 水落 文夫

出版者

日本スポーツ心理学会

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.1, pp.43-57, 2013 (Released:2013-04-27)

参考文献数

38

被引用文献数

8

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In the present study we aimed to confirm that no antagonistic relation exists in the expression between positive and negative affects in male university athletes, and to examine the relation of the positive affect in coping with an aggravating burnout tendency. The subjects for analysis were 456 male university athletes belonging to athletic clubs. We evaluated the positive and negative affects that were characteristic of these athletes by the Japanese version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) scales. By making an inter-group comparison of the burnout tendency that was classified by the two affects evaluated by the Athletic Burnout Inventory, we obtained the following findings:1) It was confirmed that, even among male university athletes, the expressions of positive and negative affects did not show any mutually antagonistic relationship.2) It was suggested that the relation of the positive affect toward the aggravated burnout tendency acted in a suppressive manner.3) The athletes who usually had a higher level of the expression of negative affect were prone to rather show a suppressive effect from the positive affect upon the burnout tendency. This was observed for all the factors, such as a feeling of emotional exhaustion toward a sports event, a decrease in the individual sense of accomplishment, a lack of communication with his teammates, and a confused self-commitment to a sports event.

著者

来間 千晶 小川 茜 関矢 寛史

出版者

日本スポーツ心理学会

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2019-1814, (Released:2019-04-27)

参考文献数

35

被引用文献数

2

---

The purpose of our study was (1) to clarify the elements and mechanisms of loss of spirit (LOS), and the ways to prevent LOS during competition, and (2) to identify the factors that prevent LOS. We interviewed 18 athletes and analyzed their interview transcripts by creating tags and categories. We divided the text of each transcript into text segments (tags) containing information about LOS or ways to prevent LOS. We then gathered tags with similar meanings and labeled the cluster of tags (categories) to briefly indicate the topic (Côté et al., 1993). Results revealed that the phenomenon of LOS had the following three phases: (1) cause of LOS (e.g., game situations, negative emotions), (2) condition of LOS (e.g., poor concentration, losing the will to fight, negative game situations), and (3) response after the game (e.g., undesirable result). The phenomenon of preventing LOS had the following five phases: (1) cause of nearly experiencing LOS (e.g., game situations, negative emotions), (2) condition of nearly experiencing LOS (e.g., decrease of concentration, losing the will to fight), (3) opportunity to prevent LOS (e.g., positive words and actions of others, heightening the fight), (4) condition after preventing LOS (e.g., improvement of performance, emergence of positive emotions), and (5) response after the game (e.g., evaluation of the game). Furthermore, a comparison of these phenomena revealed that LOS may be prevented by high levels of motivation before the game, positive words and actions of others, keeping the fight, reframing one’s thoughts, improving the game situations, and preserving stamina.

著者

河津 慶太 杉山 佳生 中須賀 巧

出版者

Japanese Society of Sport Psychology

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.2, pp.153-167, 2012 (Released:2012-11-23)

参考文献数

39

被引用文献数

11 5

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The purpose of this article is to evaluate the collective efficacy of sport teams and to investigate whether the relationships among collective efficacy, the behavior of sportspersons during a game, and team performance differs depending on the type of sporting event. Hence, we developed and examined a scale of efficacy to measure the above relationships in the first part of the study and applied this instrument in the second part of the study. The results of the first part of the study indicated that our scale consisted of 10 items with one common factor and had internal consistency, stability, construct validity, and criterion-related validity. In the second part of the study, we conducted a simultaneous analysis of several groups in order to investigate the above relationships. The results showed that the relationships among collective efficacy, the behavior of sportspersons during a game, and team performance differed depending on the type of sporting event. From these results, we inferred that the impact of different sporting events should be considered while examining the effects of collective efficacy on team performance.

著者

江田 香織 伊藤 正哉 杉江 征

出版者

Japanese Society of Sport Psychology

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.37-47, 2009 (Released:2009-05-08)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

1 2

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of sense of authenticity (SOA) and contingent self-esteem (CSE) in college athletes' self-development on their mental health. University students (n =241) answered the sense of authenticity scale (SOAS) and the contingent self-esteem scale (CSES) administered as indicators of self-development, and the General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28: somatic complaints, anxiety and insomnia, and severe depression). They were classified as athletes (n =156) or non-athletes (n =85). The results of examining the effect of SOA and CSE were as follows. SOA promoted the mental health in athletes and non-athletes. CSE promoted anxiety and insomnia in athletes, but showed no effect on any subscales of the GHQ-28 in non-athletes. Almost no difference in CSE was seen between athletes and non-athletes, although SOA was higher in athletes than non-athletes. The effect of CSE on anxiety and insomnia among athletes did not disappear with the influence of SOA. It has been suggested that SOA and CSE are located at opposite poles conceptually. However, the commitment of athletes to the athletic setting was promoted by their self-worth contingent on sporting achievements, which lead to performance enhancement. This indicates that neither SOA nor CSE is necessarily located at opposite poles conceptually for athletes. These results suggest first the possibility that there are states of SOA and CSE characteristic to athletes, and second the need to consider self-development from both of SOA and CSE in relation to athletes.

著者

井田 博史 福原 和伸 高橋 まどか 石井 源信 井上 哲理

出版者

Japanese Society of Sport Psychology

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.1-11, 2010 (Released:2010-04-15)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

3 2

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The Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE), which is a computer-simulated 3D virtual reality (VR) system, is expected to provide sport learners with interactive and immersive learning materials. The purpose of this study was to reveal perceptual characteristics of tennis players when they viewed the tennis ball flight reconstructed in CAVE. The visual stimuli of this study were reconstructed based on the actual measured values of the tennis court and the ball flight. Perceptual performances, subjective impression scoring and shot type discrimination (flat, topspin and slice), were assessed by varying the conditions of three visual VR settings: binocular disparity, screen number, and viewpoint. The augmented-disparity setting was likely to induce a higher sense of discomfort than the no-disparity and normal-disparity settings. The four-screen condition was more likely to induce a correct response than the one-screen condition. The viewpoint of the umpire induced a significantly higher sense of discomfort than the field player viewpoints, and the viewpoint close to the approaching ball made it more difficult to discriminate the shot type. This research was a pilot study on sport perception in VR, and the results will contribute to the construction of sport-simulating VR systems.

著者

松竹 貴大 實宝 希祥 門岡 晋 菅生 貴之 浅井 武

出版者

Japanese Society of Sport Psychology

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

2016

---

Primary scientific data for evaluating information processing ability of the central nervous system that are associated with decision making was investigated in football players, by using event-related potentials (ERP; N200, P300) and reaction times. Participants were college football players who were winners of the all Japan university championship (n=8; Elites) and 8 graduate students with no football experience (n=8; Novices). They used an oddball paradigm consisting of a simple visual stimulus (Choice Reaction Task 1: CRT1) and an oddball paradigm consisting of a complex visual stimulus (Choice Reaction Task 2: CRT2). Results indicated that Elites had a significantly shorter reaction time than Novices in the CRT2. This finding corroborated many previous studies, and indicated that reaction times of Elites were faster than Novices. In addition, ERP (N200 and P300) was observed in all participants and there were no significant differences between the two groups in N200, or P300 latencies in the CRT1. However, Elites showed latencies that were significantly shorter than Novices in the CRT2. These results indicated that the process of evaluating and classifying stimuli was faster in Elites, suggesting that information processing ability of Elites was superior to Novices. In conclusion, this study identified basic scientific data on reaction times and ERP associated with evaluating information that are indicative of central nervous system processing ability associated with decision making by football players.

著者

酒井 佑 雨宮 怜

出版者

日本スポーツ心理学会

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.2, pp.104-121, 2023-09-30 (Released:2023-11-11)

参考文献数

94

---

Athletes who train and compete despite health problems are frequently found in competitive sports. In recent years, this phenomenon has been associated with presenteeism that has been studied mainly in occupational health. The research subject is a laborer. Recently, Meyer and Thiel (2018, pp.51-52) applied the concept of presenteeism to athletes as “sickness presenteeism,” which is defined as in the sports context “as training or competing despite having a health problem.” Sickness presenteeism possibly leads to mental illness, burnout, and exacerbation of illnesses and injuries of athletes. Although there are many studies on presenteeism in occupational health, very little exist in sports science. Therefore, this study reviews the literature to investigate presenteeism and its research potential with athletes by examining eight published studies; five by Mayer and his research group. This review focuses on the model of presenteeism created by Mayer and introduces the measurement methods, factors, and influences of presenteeism. The influences of presenteeism can be both negative and positive; therefore, athletes are conflicted about competing while having health problems. Finally, we described the possibilities and prospects for presenteeism research with athletes in Japan.

著者

栗林 千聡 武部 匡也 佐藤 寛

出版者

日本スポーツ心理学会

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.2, pp.51-61, 2023-09-30 (Released:2023-11-11)

参考文献数

15

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The purpose of this study was to develop and examine the preliminary effectiveness of a cognitive behavioral therapy program to address competitive anxiety among junior athletes. This cognitive behavioral therapy program for competitive anxiety in junior athletes was developed based on a cognitive behavioral therapy program for anxiety disorder in children and adolescents (Ishikawa, 2013). The goal of the program was not to eliminate competition anxiety itself, but to make athletesʼ interpretation of competition anxiety and cognition more flexible. A group of seven junior players (four males and three females) from a private tennis club were treated by a clinical psychologist once a week for a total of four sessions. This program was shown to increase their psychological performance selfefficacy post-intervention and at follow-up compared to pre-intervention. Interpretation of competitive anxiety and competitive positive self-statements showed a post-intervention increase compared to preintervention. Finally, the future effective practice of the program is discussed.

著者

雨宮 怜 坂入 洋右

出版者

日本スポーツ心理学会

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.2, pp.81-92, 2015-09-30 (Released:2015-12-08)

参考文献数

71

被引用文献数

12 5

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This study investigates the relationship among athletesʼ mindfulness, alexithymia, and burnout.The participants were 353 athletes (male=223, female=130, mean age=20.54, SD=5.74); they completed a questionnaire comprising the Athletes Mindfulness Questionnaire (AMQ), Sport Alexithymia Scale (SAS), and Burnout Scale for University Athletes (BOSA). The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were calculated, and structural equation modeling was conducted to examine the relationship among AMQ, SAS, and BOSA.The calculated Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients showed that the total AMQ score was significantly negatively correlated with SAS and BOSA. Furthermore, the total SAS score was significantly positively correlated with BOSA. The results of the structural equation modeling revealed good fit indices and explained 41% of the variance in SAS and 30% of the variance in BOSA. In the model, AMQ was directly associated with SAS and BOSA. AMQ was also indirectly associated with BOSA through SAS.The results of this study confirmed that athletesʼ mindfulness directly and indirectly affected athletesʼ burnout by decreasing alexithymia. These results suggest that providing mindfulness training to athletes may be an effective intervention for alleviating their mental health problems.

著者

島本 好平 石井 源信

出版者

Japanese Society of Sport Psychology

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.2, pp.89-99, 2010 (Released:2010-10-08)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

39 7

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The purpose of this study was to investigate causal relationships reciprocally between sport experience in athletic clubs and life skills acquisition, through a three-wave panel study conducted at three-month intervals.Structural equation modeling on the cross-lagged effect model was conducted using panel data obtained from 173 students (93 males and 80 females) who completed questionnaires on sport experience in university athletic clubs (on self-disclosure, daily life guidance from leaders, challenge / achievement, support from others, and effort / endurance), and their level of acquisition of life skills (intrapersonal and interpersonal skills).The results suggested that (1) self-disclosure, support from others, and effort / endurance each had positive causal effects on interpersonal skills acquisition, (2) intrapersonal and interpersonal skills each had positive causal effects on self-disclosure and challenge/achievement experience, (3) there was no causal relationship between daily life guidance from leaders and life skills, and (4) a positive cycle of causality existed between self-disclosure and interpersonal skills.In conclusion, this longitudinal research supported previous studies in sport psychology which supposed that sport experience promotes life skills acquisition, and suggested that a reciprocal causal relationship existed between sport experience in athletic clubs and life skills.

著者

並木 伸賢 堀野 博幸

出版者

日本スポーツ心理学会

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2022-2111, (Released:2022-06-30)

参考文献数

77

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In this review, we examined the literature on psychological aspects among professional soccer players and discussed the research trends in this field. National and international databases were searched using terms such as “psychological and (soccer OR football) and professional” and 56 studies were selected. A total of 15 psychological aspects were extracted from the selected studies. In addition, an overview of the studies revealed that (1) most of the studies were conducted in Europe and targeted approximately one soccer team, (2) most of the studies were survey or observational studies and only a few were intervention studies, and (3) most of the research topics were related to players’ mental health, with many studies dealing with aspects such as stress and coping strategies. From study designs, it can be said that the research targeting professional soccer players is still in the stage of identifying the psychological aspects among the players and organizing these in terms of significance. In the future, it will be necessary to determine the significant psychological aspects through research and suggest and evaluate interventions for professional soccer players.

著者

松竹 貴大 實宝 希祥 門岡 晋 菅生 貴之 浅井 武

出版者

日本スポーツ心理学会

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.1, pp.1-13, 2016-03-31 (Released:2016-04-02)

参考文献数

28

被引用文献数

6

---

Primary scientific data for evaluating information processing ability of the central nervous system that are associated with decision making was investigated in football players, by using event-related potentials (ERP; N200, P300) and reaction times. Participants were college football players who were winners of the all Japan university championship (n=8; Elites) and 8 graduate students with no football experience (n=8; Novices). They used an oddball paradigm consisting of a simple visual stimulus (Choice Reaction Task 1: CRT1) and an oddball paradigm consisting of a complex visual stimulus (Choice Reaction Task 2: CRT2). Results indicated that Elites had a significantly shorter reaction time than Novices in the CRT2. This finding corroborated many previous studies, and indicated that reaction times of Elites were faster than Novices. In addition, ERP (N200 and P300) was observed in all participants and there were no significant differences between the two groups in N200, or P300 latencies in the CRT1. However, Elites showed latencies that were significantly shorter than Novices in the CRT2. These results indicated that the process of evaluating and classifying stimuli was faster in Elites, suggesting that information processing ability of Elites was superior to Novices. In conclusion, this study identified basic scientific data on reaction times and ERP associated with evaluating information that are indicative of central nervous system processing ability associated with decision making by football players.

著者

並木 伸賢 堀野 博幸

出版者

日本スポーツ心理学会

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2023-2209, (Released:2023-06-13)

参考文献数

46

---

This literature review aimed to investigate the literature on career support for university student-athletes to facilitate their career transitions and explore specific support components. National and international databases were searched using terms such as “student athlete,” “career,” and “intervention” and a final total of seven studies were selected. Robust data are not provided because of variations in theoretical background, study design, and outcomes. The content and effectiveness of support for student-athletes were described for each intervention period and support was categorized into six components: (1) Clarifying values and interests, (2) Identifying skills, strengths, and transferable skills acquired throughout their athletic career, (3) Providing or collecting information on work and occupations, (4) Expanding values and interests, and directing their attention to new areas, (5) Based on (1) to (4), considering links with the labor market and developing a career plan, and (6) Providing general support on career transitions. Stakeholders providing career support to university student-athletes should consider the six components presented in this review. In the future, data should be gathered to provide evidence-based practice, as well as examining the relationships between components and identifying which components provide more effective support.

著者

竹内 竜也 幾留 沙智 森 司朗 石倉 忠夫 中本 浩揮

出版者

日本スポーツ心理学会

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2018-1809, (Released:2019-02-06)

参考文献数

59

---

The purpose of the present study was to clarify the influence of individual differences in the automatic imitation tendency on efficiency in observational motor learning. First, twenty participants each having higher or lower automatic imitation tendency were chosen from 210 according to their reaction times in the imitation-inhibition task indicating automatic imitation tendency. Each group performed the observational motor learning that alternately repeated action observation and execution. The participants in each group were further divided into two groups: appropriate model group that observed a model performing the task correctly and inappropriate model group that observed a model performing the task incorrectly. Results revealed that when participants observed the appropriate model, people with higher imitation tendency demonstrated better task performance in the acquisition phase and retention test than did those with a lower imitation tendency. On the other hand, when the participants observed the inappropriate model, the higher imitation tendency group exhibited lower performance in the acquisition phase and the retention test than did the lower imitation tendency group. Additionally, the higher tendency group was more influenced by difference between the appropriate and inappropriate model than was the lower tendency group in learning efficiency. These findings indicate that individual differences in the automatic imitation tendency affect the learning efficiency and retention in observational motor learning. Further, automatic imitation is likely to have a strong influence on observational motor learning regardless of the learnersʼ intention.

著者

高山 智史 高橋 史

出版者

日本スポーツ心理学会

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2017-1606, (Released:2017-07-14)

参考文献数

87

被引用文献数

3 2

---

There has been an increasing interest in the psychological aspects of sports performance and treatment strategies known as sport mental training (SMT). The effects of SMT and its underlying processes have been examined on the basis of cognitive behavioral theories mainly in Western countries. However, only a few studies of SMT based on cognitive behavioral theories have been conducted in Japan. In this paper, we outline the features of the cognitive behavioral theories and organize the relationships between transition of these theories and SMT techniques. Finally, we discuss the future directions of SMT research in Japan.

著者

冨永 哲志 豊田 則成 福井 邦宗

出版者

日本スポーツ心理学会

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2015-1415, (Released:2015-11-28)

参考文献数

42

被引用文献数

2 1

---

The objective of this study was to qualitatively examine and conceptualize a model of the development of ability in the performance process. This qualitative research study was based on the research question, “How do performers narrate the process when they develop the ability to do something?” Data were collected observations and introspective reports from 8 performers who had learned to juggling for the first time and were analyzed using the Trajectory Equifinality Model.Results showed that performers slowly developed a sensuous understanding about the exercise task because they sought to perform better. Moreover, performers developed the ability to complete the task because of their improved sensuous understanding. That is to say, performers’ narration of the process of ability development reflects a qualitative shift resulting from an understanding of oneself through repeated “self-regulation”and “over-adjustment” .The following three points are also discussed: 1) The knack of ability development in performance, 2) They were confronted with their personality implied at qualitative shift, 3) The meaning of “stagnant performance” during task achievement.

著者

豐田 隼 山田 智之 加戸 隆司 飯塚 駿 百瀨 光一 遠藤 俊郎

出版者

日本スポーツ心理学会

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2022-2204, (Released:2023-02-05)

参考文献数

50

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Affirmative opinions on tolerating corporal punishment are deep-rooted in athletic activities. This study investigated conditions of corporal punishment and inappropriate coaching in high school athletic club activities by examining factors explaining attitudes tolerating corporal punishment from the perspective of proactive or reactive aggression. We surveyed university students (n=180) and assessed their rate of experiencing some form of corporal punishment or inappropriate coaching. Next, we examined factors explaining attitudes toward tolerating corporal punishment through hierarchical multiple regression analysis using the Bootstrap method. The results indicated that the experience of corporal punishment had a positive effect on the degree of tolerating corporal punishment. Moreover, positive assessment of aggression, revengeful intentions, and anger continuity positively explained the degree of tolerating corporal punishment. These findings clarify specific psychological variables explaining pro corporal punishment attitudes and would contribute to the future elucidation of their detailed psychological mechanisms.

著者

島本 好平 石井 源信

出版者

Japanese Society of Sport Psychology

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.2, pp.127-136, 2009 (Released:2009-10-31)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

21 6

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This study aimed to investigate the influence of sport experience in physical education classes (PEC) on life skills acquisition between athlete students who participated in athletic clubs and non-athlete students. Investigation based on the causal model incorporating satisfaction as a positive dimension of mental health using Structural Equation Modeling with multi-group analysis was conducted using data obtained from 770 students (413 athlete and 357 non-athlete students). These students answered questionnaires on sport experience in PEC (self-disclosure, cooperation, challenge, and enjoyment) and the acquisition level of life skills (intrapersonal and interpersonal skills). The results indicated that (1) satisfaction mediated the positive effect of sport experience in PEC on life skills acquisition in both groups, and (2) a clear difference of positive effect was found in regard to challenge, i.e., "active practice to enhance athletic level". Concretely, only an indirect effect was found in athlete students, while only direct effects were found in non-athlete students. Moreover, it was indicated that the total effect of sport experience in PEC on life skills acquisition in non-athlete students was stronger than the total effect in athlete students.

著者

坂部 崇政 高井 秀明 大久保 瞳

出版者

日本スポーツ心理学会

雑誌

スポーツ心理学研究 (ISSN:03887014)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2022-2007, (Released:2022-06-07)

参考文献数

42

---

This study aimed to measure karate playersʼ contingent negative variation (CNV) and P3 and to evaluate their information processing when predicting a temporally shielded punch. Based on their experience of karate competition, participants were divided into two groups: an expert group of 11 people belonging to the A university karate club and a novice group of 13 people without karate competition experience. This study employed a choice reaction task and used the karate videos as stimuli. Participants were told to press a button with their right hand if the video showed an upper punch and with their left hand if it showed a middle punch. The measurement indices were the visual analogue scale (VAS) score for task difficulty, correct answer rate, reaction time, CNV, and P3. The results showed that the reaction time of the expert group was significantly shorter than that of the novice group. Similarly, the P3 latency of the expert group was significantly shorter than that of the novice group, indicating that the expert group was quicker to evaluate the stimulus during the prediction of the punch. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in CNV amplitude and P3 amplitude between the expert and novice groups, indicating that the same level of cognitive processing took place between the expert and novice groups during the video presentation. This suggests that the expert group is able to perform better at a certain level of brain activity. Therefore, it is clear that the expert group in this study is able to respond quickly by appropriately adjusting their brain activity in the cognitive and motor preparation stages during the prediction of the punch.