著者

上野 直樹 ソーヤー りえこ 茂呂 雄二

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.1, pp.173-186, 2014-03-01 (Released:2015-02-02)

参考文献数

24

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According to the viewpoint of this paper, artifacts can be regarded as a socio-technological arrangement. Further, agency is not independent from a socio-technological arrangement but is something emerging from a socio-technological ar-rangement, while agency has traditionally been defined as a human capacity of having needs and preferences and of seeing possible actions. If so, the design of an artifact is not the design of a single artifact but the design of a socio-technological arrangement and of agency. Thus, in this paper, first of all, we attempt concretely to analyze the design of an artifact as that of socio-technological arrangement, based on our field-works concerning the cases of open data and integrated learning. Second, we show how agency emerges from a socio-technological arrangement, also based on our fieldworks. Third, we propose some viewpoints for designing artifacts dependent on the first and the second analysis.

著者

長谷川 眞理子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.2, pp.168-178, 1999-06-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

26

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Following the major paradigm shift from group selection to gene selection, game theoretical approach came into the study of animal behaviour as a powerful tool. Vast aspects of animal beheaviour are thought to be under one or other kind of game situation, and under those circumstances, evolutionary game theory often predicts the coexistence of more than 2 different strategies in one population. Evolutionarily Stable Strategy is the key concept to understand those situations. Game theoretical approaches have played an important role in the study of animal conflict, communication, cooperation, habitat selection, etc. In traditional game theory which are used in social sciences, strategies are assumed to be adopted by rational choice. In evolutionary game theory, each strategy has a genetic basis and the outcome of the competition among them are determined through natural selection. In the analysis of human behaviour, it is not yet clear what is the basic adaptive architecture of the workings of our brain and how cultural contexts insert influence on them. Nor are we yet successful to give full scientific explanation to the origin and maintenance of different types of cultures. However, evolutionary game theory makes a host of testable predictions about human behavioural diversity. It will be productive both for behavioural ecology and human social sciences to reconsider human behaviour from the evolutionary perspective.

著者

的場 隆一 中村 誠 東条 敏

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.3, pp.457-469, 2008 (Released:2010-02-15)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

3

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It is well known that the symmetry bias much accelerates the process of vocabulary learning, especially in infants' first language acquisition where they easily tend to connect objects with their names. However, the grammar learning is another important aspect of language acquisition. In this study, we contended that the symmetry bias also would help to learn grammar rules. We employed Kirby's model (Iterated Learning Model; ILM) in which the parental speakers uttered sentences with their semantic representaions and children guessed the background grammar in their minds; in turn, children became new parents and generated sentences in the following generation. We revised this model to include utterances without semantics. We have shown that children could abduce the meanings from utterances by the symmetry bias, and that they acquired the same language with smaller number of learning data by computer simulation.

著者

岩﨑 雄斗 和泉 潔 伊藤 祐輔 植田 一博

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.3, pp.389-408, 2015-09-01 (Released:2016-03-01)

参考文献数

36

被引用文献数

2

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The purpose of this research is to experimentally clarify the influence both of mar-ket factors related to market conditions and of investors’ individual factors related tocognitive tendency on their investment behavior; for this purpose, we conducted an ex-periment using an experimental market in which participants were asked to buy and sellstocks whose prices were controlled. Specifically, we analyzed generalized linear mod-els where each of three behavioral indicators related to investment (the ratio of trendfollowing trading, the extent to which a participant took risks, and disposition effect)was a response variable and both market factors (market trend and volatility) and in-vestors’ individual factors (risk attitude and degree of proficiency) were explanatoryvariables, so that we could identify whether or not the explanatory variables explainedeach response variable. Five professional traders and 11 personal investors participatedin this experiment. As a result, the following three things were clarified: First, it wasaffected not by market factors but by their risk attitude whether they followed markettrends or not; second, the extent to which they took risks was affected both by marketfactors and by their degrees of proficiency; finally, disposition effect was affected onlyby degree of proficiency, which meant that professional traders could avoid dispositioneffect.

著者

今井 健人 佐藤 優太郎 小鷹 研理

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.112-115, 2023-03-01 (Released:2023-03-15)

参考文献数

7

著者

坊農 真弓 今井 倫太

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.37-45, 2023-03-01 (Released:2023-03-15)

参考文献数

19

著者

小林 一郎

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.1, pp.8-15, 2017-03-01 (Released:2017-09-01)

参考文献数

11

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This paper introduces an approach to ‘meaning' from a viewpoint of Hallidayan lin-guistics, that is, systemic functional linguistics (SFL).It explains the basic idea of SFL,the comparison between Hallidayan and Chomskyan linguistics in terms of an approach to meaning, and the relation between SFL and Wittgenstein's philosophy.

著者

林 創

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.4, pp.389-405, 1999-12-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

16

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This study examined why it is difficult to use recursive processing. Kurland & Pea (1989) took up the recursive call of LOGO procedure and suggested that “embedded recursion” (the recursive call was embedded in between) was more difficult than “tail recursion” (the recursive call came last). In Experiment 1, 10 procedures like LOGO were prepared and tested whether participants (N=36) used procedures correctly or not. There were two types of procedures: 5 tail recursion tasks and 5 embedded recursion tasks. Because participants were not familiar with procedures and recursion, they learned procedure of the recursive call in advance. The result showed that the average of embedded recursion tasks was lower than that of tail recursion tasks. It was confirmed that embedded recursion was more difficult than tail recursion. In Experiment 2, we examined whether the difficulty of embedded recursion is due to embeddedness itself or to embedded recursive structure. There were two types of procedures: 5 embedded recursive tasks and 5 only-embedded tasks. The result showed that the average (N=20) of embedded recursive tasks was lower than that of only-embedded tasks. It turned out that the difficulty of embedded recursion is due to embedded recursive structure.

著者

伊藤 祐康 久保(川合) 南海子 正高 信男

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.2, pp.280-288, 2008 (Released:2009-11-20)

参考文献数

19

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In this experiment, one digit arithmetical problems followed by a masking sound were given auditorily from a computer. Three types of calculation tasks; addition tasks, multiplication tasks, and kuku tasks, were tested under two conditions that varied depending on the position of the masked sound in a given formula. For example, when a left side of a calculating formula consisted of number 6 and 7, the addition task was conducted as “6 + X (masking sound) = 13 (roku, tasu, X, wa, juusan)”, or as “X + 7 = 13”, and the multiplication task was presented as “6 × X = 42 (roku, kakeru, X, wa, yonjuuni)”, or “X × 7 = 42”, while the kuku task was presented as “roku, X, shijuuni”, or as “X, shichi, shijuuni”. When each stimulus was presented, each of the participants of 10 men and 10 women was required to respond by answering with what was missing. The results revealed that they answered faster in the kuku tasks than in addition tasks. The results indicate the possibility that calculation by kuku was mostly executed through a process similar to a playback of verbal memory stored as linguistic representation, and when we could ascertain the kuku tasks, the quantitative representation of numbers almost do not come to the surface. Thus, Japanese adults answered faster in the kuku tasks than in the addition tasks.

著者

古川 康一

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.3, pp.263-264, 2009 (Released:2010-09-10)

著者

内藤 碧 亀田 達也

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.3, pp.354-363, 2022-09-01 (Released:2022-09-15)

参考文献数

72

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The social learning process plays a key role in the emergence of collective intelligence in our society. The recent development of computational frameworks with cognitive modeling has enabled us to mathematically track how people combine their personal experiences and social information. In this article, we first present several variations of social learning processes and the situations in which social learning can be beneficial for each individual. Next, we outline a game-theoretic dilemma that arises from the interdependence between individuals who constitutes a group. As in the “tragedy of the commons” in social dilemmas, rational self-interested individuals could exploit others’ exploratory findings through social learning while behaving as a free-rider in information search. We review how groups of individuals can overcome this challenge and achieve collective intelligence. Finally, we demonstrate how large collectives of rational individuals may spread inaccurate information on the Internet and cause unpredictability in society, such as the diffusion of false information or information cascade. We discuss two possible ways to counter such unintended maladaptive problems in a large-scale society: nudges and algorithmic backups. There have been many works that shed light on how various nudge techniques can mitigate the madness of crowds. Although these efforts are certainly helpful, we argue that interventions based on deeper understanding about algorithms of human decision making may provide more fundamental aid to prevent the spread of false information in our society.

著者

服部 雅史

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.3, pp.371-389, 2022-09-01 (Released:2022-09-15)

参考文献数

108

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This paper reviews and revisits the concept of rationality in the psychology of thinking. First, I consider the ambiguity of the concept of rationality. I point out that this ambiguity is due to (1) the indeterminacy of the normative system itself; (2) differences in the way the task, solver, and environment are perceived; (3) differences in viewpoints such as the theoretical and practical; and (4) the duality of cognitive processes. However, I show that rationality is a goal-dependent concept, and that such ambiguity can mostly be sorted out by the notion of conflict among multiple goals. Next, based on recent findings on reasoning and judgment in autism spectrum disorders, I point out that previous research required “clipped-out” thinking, which is assumed to be rational. Such thinking is non-creative as the goal is a predetermined one given from the outside of the target system. However, since such thinking can deviate greatly from what is rational in the ordinary sense, I point out that an aspect of creativity is essential to the concept of rationality in the event. Finally, I argue that a well-being perspective is indispensable for rational and creative thinking, and that the concepts of self and consciousness are indispensable for acquiring such a perspective.

著者

都築 誉史 松田 憲

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.3, pp.308-314, 2015-09-01 (Released:2016-03-01)

参考文献数

20

著者

三宅 なほみ

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.3, pp.292-301, 2012 (Released:2014-10-10)

参考文献数

28

被引用文献数

3

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The aim of this short article is to explore new trends of studying learning practices in reality, in order to ultimately raise their quality. By having accumulated huge amount of “learning” studies, we now have a rich data-base of “rules of thumb” to promote education. In order to raise the adaptive generalize-ability of such rules, we explore the use of remotely operable robots, by having them play the role of a learning partner as a good listener in constructive interaction that occurs in collaborative classrooms. This allows us, for the first time in our study, to quasi-control different groups of collaboration byintroducing “same” activities only playable by such robots. Their roles as listener also actualize an important function to collect more detailed and desired process data from learner-centered classrooms, which has been practically almostimpossible to collect. To approach these aims, our joint project named “Human-Robot Symbiosis” has been exploring new challenges on robotics engineering,cognitive science of human-robot relation setting, and on understanding and implementing basic mechanisms of collaborative learning. The article demonstrates three new types of study in the third topic. One is on using a series of class-room like Lego-block building class run by a robot to promote spontaneous collaboration among children. Another is on confirming perspective expansion effects to promote spontaneous dialoguing to appreciate art works, by having a robot participate in the dialogue to provide a “new” perspective into it by the highly experienced operators. The other is on identifying effective roles of learning partnersin collaborative classes carefully designed to promote constructive interaction for integration of knowledge. All show the importance of giving learning agency to learners in different situations. It concludes with directions for futurestudy.

著者

松尾 豊

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.1, pp.36-46, 2022-03-01 (Released:2022-03-15)

参考文献数

35

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This paper proposes an integrated architecture for intelligence based on recent advances in deep learning. Two systems, called BeastOS and Language App, represent the sensori-motor and symbolic processing systems. The world model is acquired through physical interaction in the environment. By disentangling factors in the world model, a counter-factual imagination becomes possible. A query to Language App can trigger the generation of data using the world model and generate an answer based on that. Such integration of deep learning models with external modules has been shown to be possible in a number of existing studies. Furthermore, we argue that primitive features such as knowledge processing, reasoning, long-term planning, and decision making can be obtained by learning on the corresponding datasets or tasks, called linguistic tasks. The main claim of this proposal is that symbolic processing is a set of functions acquired through deep learning and discrete inputs and outputs. The proposed model is novel in that it integrates a large amount of prior research discussion in the field of AI and cognitive science with the latest findings in deep learning.

著者

古屋 由美

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.4, pp.580-594, 2020-12-01 (Released:2020-12-15)

参考文献数

22

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The present study aims to elucidate waiting for a patient's reaction as a clinical skill of speech-language-hearing therapists (STs). Our analysis focused on the timing and methods employed by STs when they provide a verbal support to their aphasia patients who had difficulty in speaking. Video recordings of novice and experienced STs providing speech therapy to aphasia patients were documented. The results indicated that experienced STs organized a therapeutic sequence responding not only to patients' utterances, but to nonverbal behaviors such as facial expressions and gestures as well, and arranged a timing of handing a verbal support accordingly. In this study, we call this STs' practice a gradual hint-presentation sequence organization. The sequence consisted of STs' step-by-step processes towards their final hint presentation to the patients, through which STs became able to infer the situation of aphasia patients in a word finding difficulty. These processes are considered to be a procedure in which STs attempted to put off their hint presentation to the maximum extent possible. These results suggest that STs can elicit a word from aphasia patients through multimodal interaction with them. The establishment of multimodal interaction with patients appears to constitute one of important aspects in clinical skills STs should strive for.

著者

牟田 季純 越川 房子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.1, pp.74-85, 2018-03-01 (Released:2018-09-01)

参考文献数

82

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Interacting Cognitive Subsystems (ICS), which explain mechanism of mindfulness, are originally information processing model for multi-modality among audition, vision and body-state. The ICS defines “meaning” as a function of cross-modal stimulus-response transfer, which constructs recursive process that can amplify maladaptive state of mind. Thus, ICS illustrates how we make extra meaning in recursive multi-modality. Here,we propose expanded use of ICS in other fields of cognitive science besides mindfulness.

著者

横山 拓 鈴木 宏昭

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.2, pp.156-171, 2018-06-01 (Released:2018-12-01)

参考文献数

44

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This study aims at revealing the process and mechanism of meta learning in acquiring expertise in the field of insight problem solving. We gave a participant a series of ten geometric insight problems and analyzed the processes microscopically. During solving a series of problems, the participant’s performance was greatly improved. This improvement seems due to three factors. The first factor is increasing variety of combination patterns. The second factor is increasing appropriateness of evaluation, which enables the participant to quickly discriminate feasible trials from unfeasible ones. The third and most important factor is distribution of problem solving load to the environment. Instead of memorizing the goal pattern and mentally evaluating the fitness of a current combination pattern to the goal, the participant recruits external resources on the spot to offload the cognitive burden. These mechanisms are very different from elaborating and sophisticating individual operations. Rather, they contribute to establish the meta level knowledge that enables the participant to improve his performance.

著者

Yohtaro Takano Takashi Yagyu

出版者

Japanese Cognitive Science Society

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.2, pp.271-281, 2021-06-01 (Released:2021-06-15)

参考文献数

64

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Foreign language side effect (FoLSE) refers to a temporary decline of thinking ability while nonproficient foreign language is being used. This decline is produced by stronger interference between thinking and a heavier cognitive load of foreign language processing. Although FoLSE was shown to occur in laboratories, it may not occur in daily verbal communication when thinking is accompanied by inner language. The reason is as follows: In general, the more similar two concurrent cognitive tasks, the stronger their mutual interference. Inner language is usually experienced as effortless native language. When outer language used in verbal communication is native language, it is more similar to inner native language. Therefore, outer native language is expected to produce stronger interference with inner native language involved in thinking, and thus could produce a larger reduction in thinking performance. This larger reduction due to outer native language may cancel out the reduction due to outer foreign language (FoLSE). To examine this possibility, Japanese college students performed verbal and thinking tasks concurrently in two dual-task experiments. The verbal task was presented in either Japanese (native language) or English (foreign language). The thinking task was always presented in Japanese (native language). Past empirical studies strongly suggested that inner language should be evoked in the employed thinking tasks (i.e., validity judgment on categorical syllogism and intelligence test problems that loaded heavily on verbal factors of intelligence). The results revealed that performance in the thinking task was lower when the verbal task was presented in the foreign language. This means that FoLSE was stronger than the interference between the inner and outer native language. It follows that FoLSE is likely to occur in daily verbal communication as well even when it is accompanied by inner language.

著者

伊藤 亜紗

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.2, pp.295-302, 2022-06-01 (Released:2022-06-15)

参考文献数

8

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The diversity of human bodies is often omitted by academic research as well as by the social system because it is more likely to focus on deducing general theories. This paper takes the visually impaired for instance to spell out the points that must be paid attention to cover the diversity of their (in)visuality. We tend to think that the body of someone without impairment is a complete whole and that the body with impairment is an uncomplete one from which some kind of function is somehow missing. However, one's own body is something that generates a unique meaning, in terms of its relationship to the surrounding environment. The uniqueness of each body cannot be expressed by any numerical indicator. The person-centered approach that does not separate the impairment from the living body is necessary.