著者

室橋 春光

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.3, pp.421-432, 2022-09-01 (Released:2022-09-15)

参考文献数

57

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The brain deals with rationality-related processes in multi-dimensional and diverse ways. It is supposed that the brain starts processing such complicated complex cognitive processes immediately after the stimulus appears. Components in event-related potentials can reflect those processes that are underlying them. For example, mismatch negativity (MMN) reflects the violation of a rule established by a sequence of sensory stimuli. N2 components are supposed to be related to cognitive control. P300 components are elicited when stimulus detection engages memory operations. N400 is related to meaning processing. P600 is associated with syntactic and semantic reanalysis processes. Early left anterior negativity (ELAN) is supposed to be a marker of syntactic first-pass parsing. Error-related negativity (ERN) is a negative waveform that arises after a participant makes a detectable error. These components can reflect various rationality-related processes in decision making. In dual process theory, there are two distinctive types of processes: fast and intuitive process, that is System 1 (Type 1), and deliberative and reflective process, that is System 2 (Type 2). It is supposed that the two processes deal with rationality based on their respective characteristics. However, the detailed processes are not clear. For an analysis using ERP components, it is expected that the rational-related processes in the course of time reveal up to about 1000ms.

著者

鈴木 宏昭 大西 仁

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.154-165, 2009 (Released:2010-06-11)

参考文献数

31

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We discussed symmetry from the viewpoint of form and structure of knowledge representation. First we proposed a hypothesis that explains why nonhuman animals do not exhibit symmetry while humans exhibit symmetry. According to the proposed hypothesis, non-human animals form procedural knowledge where an object (the comparison item) and an action are tightly coupled by knowledge compilation through repetitive training. It prevents them from recognizing the object separate from the action so that non-human animals do not recognize the object as the sample stimulus of the inverted task. Therefore the animal does not exhibit symmetry. In contrast, humans make use of verbal description of the training situation. It prompts them to separate the action and the objects, so that the object is easily recognized as the sample of the inverted task. Second we discussed the problem of similarity in reasoning. Many studies showing human symmetric reasoning presume that the truth value of a proposition is either true or false. However we do not always treat a proposition in such a dichotomous way. In such cases, similarity plays important roles. It is well known that similarity is asymmetric and that similarity is computed based on structured representation. We pointed that these two properties of similarity are crucial for understanding human symmetric as well as asymmetric reasoning.

著者

綾屋 紗月

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.2, pp.312-321, 2022-06-01 (Released:2022-06-15)

参考文献数

10

---

Since childhood, I have been unable to share my experiences with those around me and lived in chaos. With a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, I recognized myself as a member of a minority group and gained connections to minority communities. On the other hand, I also experienced the unfairness of being overly blamed for miscommunication. Therefore, based on the social model of disability, I conducted tojisha-kenkyu in order to explore my characteristics and the conditions of the environment that suited those characteristics. As a result, I was able to gain knowledge about my characteristics behind communication difficulties and how to guarantee informational accommodation appropriate for these characteristics. Although this knowledge improved my current wellbeing, the traumatic memory of the past remained afterwards, and I was unable to integrate my present and past selves. However, the knowledge from others who knew the past gave meaning to such memories and enabled me to construct an integrated self-narrative. The above process of tojisha-kenkyu brought about knowledge that made it possible to connect with the body, the world, and the past, but this knowledge was at the individual level. It was only by acquiring historical knowledge that enabled me to situate my own tojisha-kenkyu in the genealogy of the knowledge of tojishas, which I received from my past peers, updated and transferred to my subsequent peers, that I was able to challenge the exclusive society.

著者

大山 正

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.4, pp.683-688, 2008 (Released:2010-04-23)

参考文献数

17

著者

高野 陽太郎

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.3, pp.555-558, 2008 (Released:2010-02-15)

参考文献数

9

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Tabata (2008b) has criticized Takano and Tanaka's (2008) account of mirror reversal in that it is based on “incomplete comprehension of physical principles.” However, Tabata's comprehension of physical principles is invalid in that it implicitly includes many cognitive processes as well.

著者

田中 茂範

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.1, pp.28-31, 2005 (Released:2009-10-16)

参考文献数

2

被引用文献数

1

著者

谷 淳

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.2, pp.222-230, 2021-06-01 (Released:2021-06-15)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

1

---

Ikegami considers that cognitive systems are constantly exposed to excess observational data, from which it acquires the subtractive representations rather than the contractions that deep learning aims for. Furthermore, he argues that a glimpse of life as the basic principle of cognition can be seen in the moment when the contraction collapses. The current commentary discusses these points by making possible correspondences to the cognitive robotics studies conducted by the author and his colleagues.

著者

川合 伸幸

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.1, pp.155-160, 2007 (Released:2008-12-15)

参考文献数

7

被引用文献数

2

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「ミラーニューロン」の発見から10年が経過した.その間,「模倣」の重要性の再認識とともに,心理学の諸領域(発達,比較認知)や神経科学のみならず,工学(ロボティックス,人工知能),言語学などにも大きな影響を与え,「ミラーニューロン」という言葉が一人歩きしている感さえある.「ミラーニューロン」が模倣に関連していることは広く知られているが,実はかならずしも正確に理解されていないように思われる.たとえば,ミラーニューロンはサルで見つかったが,サルは決して模倣をしない.チンパンジーの模倣でさえ非常に限定的である.サルのミラーニューロンは,模倣にどのように関わり,何をしているのだろうか? そこで,ミラーニューロンを発見した著者の1人がそれ以降の研究をまとめ展望を述べた論文を紹介し,ミラーシステムとはどのようなものであるのかを確認する.結論をいえば,ミラーシステムは模倣に関わっているが,その一義的な働きは,他者の「行為を理解」することである.著者らは,模倣はコミュニケーションや学習メカニズムの一部としてのみ必要とされると考えている.ここでは読みやすくするために,図を補いオリジナルの論文とは多少異なる説の分け方をした.2番目の論文は,サルはこれまでのレパートリーにない新たな行動が要求されるいわゆる運動模倣をしないが,認知的なルールをコピーする認知模倣は可能であることを示している.模倣には,「行為レベルの模倣」と「プログラムレベルの模倣」があり,この論文では,サルはプログラムレベルの模倣が可能であることを示している.3番目の論文は,行為が行われた状況ではそれらのどちらのレベルの模倣が合理的であるか,という推論を14ヶ月齢の赤ちゃんが行うことを示している.つまり,大人のモデルが行った目的指向的な行動が,その目的を達成するための合理性があるかを推論し,そう判断される場合には同じやり方の行為で模倣するが,そうでなければ(すでに行動レパートリーになっている)より簡単なやり方の模倣で目的を達成することを示している.これらの論文を,図などを補足しつつ簡単に紹介したい.

著者

有元 典文

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.1, pp.213-215, 2015-03-01 (Released:2015-09-15)

著者

米田 英嗣 布山 美慕

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.74-80, 2023-03-01 (Released:2023-03-15)

参考文献数

35

著者

中山 友瑛 片山 正純

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.4, pp.567-579, 2020-12-01 (Released:2020-12-15)

参考文献数

23

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In this paper, by classifying a morphological similarity between the human hand and a virtual/man-made hand into structural and appearance similarities, we investigated sense of body consciousness and visual body-part localization for the virtual hands of point-lights and skeleton displays for which structural similarity was high but the appearance similarity was extremely low. In the first experiment, questionnaire ratings of the senses of agency for both displays were high in training of a finger movement task. Because each of the senses of body ownership was evaluated as a bimodal distribution, participants were classified into higher and lower groups. The senses of both of the lower groups were significantly low. The senses of the higher group for the skeleton display were significantly high for the training. For the point-lights display, although the senses of the lower group were relatively low at the beginning of the training, the senses increased to the same rating as those for the skeleton display through the training. In the second experiment, the fingertip positions of each display were shifted to the left by 15 cm. Although the senses of agency were significantly high for both displays, the senses of body ownership of both were significantly low. The drift of the visual body-part localization rose and the proprioceptive drift was also observed after the training. Thus, these results indicate that a sense of body ownership occurs even for a point-lights display, and moreover, the drifts rise even when the sense is not felt.

著者

岡部 大介

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.3, pp.459-461, 2002-09-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

1

著者

宮代 こずゑ 原田 悦子

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.2, pp.118-134, 2016-06-01 (Released:2016-12-01)

参考文献数

50

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To demonstrate the effects of harmonization between a word’s semantics and its typographies on human language word processing, we conducted a series of priming ex-periments using a word-fragment completion task. In the learning phase of experiment 1, words were presented visually as typography was manipulated to be either har-monized or anti-harmonized with a word’s semantics. The results indicated that the visual processing of a word was facilitated when the semantics of the word were harmo-nized with its typographies, compared with instances where they were anti-harmonized,which was observed as a result of decreased phonetic priming. In experiment 2, it was demonstrated that priming was decreased by harmonized typographies, but this decline was canceled by presented speech sounds compared with the results of experiment 1 although neutral speech sound recordings of words were presented with letters visually presented as words. In experiment 3, the harmonization was manipulated using not only letters but also speech sounds that were manipulated to be harmonized or anti-harmonized. The results showed that the processing of letters was interfered with by those harmonized speech sounds. These results imply that greater processing resources were used for the sensory modality that was manipulated its harmonization.

著者

川合 伸幸

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.3-9, 2013-03-01 (Released:2014-11-20)

参考文献数

27

著者

大野 健彦

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.4, pp.565-579, 2002-12-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

66

被引用文献数

21

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Eye movement analysis has been used to understand human higher cognitive processes for over a century. It permits observation of a person's activities in detail without disturbing his or her behavior. This tutorial first discusses eye movement analysis topics, including the definition of gaze, various eye movement detection methods, eye movement analysis methods. Next, it introduces cognitive research on the analysis of eye movement for observing cognitive activities. Finally, it describes gaze based interactive systems as the application of eye movement analysis.

著者

眞嶋 良全 本田 秀仁

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.3, pp.335-342, 2022-09-01 (Released:2022-09-15)

参考文献数

30

著者

塩瀬 隆之 岡田 美智男 椹木 哲夫 片井 修

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.1, pp.66-76, 1999-03-01 (Released:2008-10-03)

参考文献数

9

被引用文献数

1

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According to a study of Situated Cognition, learning for individuals is not valid until they join into practice and acquire their own roles under the social environment. We call such a capability “sociality”, a capability of finding its own role or niche in the social environment through interactions with their restricted neighbors. Our main purpose in this paper is to clarify an emergent mechanism of such “sociality” from the viewpoint of a multiagent study. In this paper, we emphasize that the emergence of “sociality” seems to depend on the dual capabilities of an individual's referencing; self-referential and social-referential abilities. In addition, we present a learning model of an agent having such dual capabilities as a Bi-Referential Model, in which each referencing capability is implemented by an evolutionary computation method of classifier system. Finally we present simulation results obtained by the proposed Bi-Referential Model and discuss the relation between the emergent process of “sociality” and the changes of resources that are commonly available to the agents.

著者

齋藤 洋典

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.3, pp.336-350, 2021-09-01 (Released:2021-09-15)

参考文献数

26

著者

布山 美慕 日髙 昇平

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.2, pp.188-199, 2018-06-01 (Released:2018-12-01)

参考文献数

36

被引用文献数

4

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We can imagine anything — not just an object at our hand, but also something we have never seen in our life, such as a dragon, number, heaven, and so on. In this article, we discuss a potential methodology to characterize such imagination as a conscious process, which we cannot sufficiently associate to the corresponding external stimuli. As one of such conscious processes, here we take reading of text, in which the reader construct a rich imaginary world along the storyline from looking at a quite limited visual stimulus, namely just a series of letters on a text. In particular, in the state of absorption, the reader often feels oneself into the imaginary world as a character. By reviewing past research on the absorption in reading, we propose a hypothesis, in which both conscious process itself and something in the conscious experience are objects, that is defined by the consistency between its intention and extension (inductive and deductive way of definition). In this hypothesis, difference between absorption and non-absorption is considered analogously as difference in the point of view of an object in consciousness. On the basis of the prediction of this hypothesis, we discuss empirical tests on our hypothesis.

著者

奥野 真之

出版者

日本認知科学会

雑誌

認知科学 (ISSN:13417924)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.4, pp.649-658, 2015-12-01 (Released:2016-06-01)

参考文献数

17

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A motion picture is comprised of multiple shots, and filmmakers have developed techniques for projecting smooth and continuous transitions of shots. One of these techniques is known as a matching-action cut in which a cut occurs in the middle of an event and successive shots are spliced. The present study consists of an experi-mental survey that assesses editing methods for making a seamless match-action cut. Participants viewed short movie clips of various events, with varying camera angles,with different timing of cuts, and with time-sequence manipulation of shot transition (straight-match, ellipsis, overlapping). Movie clips were presented in pairs and partici-pants determined which of each pair set of clips appeared continuous. Based on those decisions, psychological scaling was conducted taking effect of time-sequence manipula-tion into consideration. However, from the analysis, a general preference for a specific manipulation was not confirmed.