著者

池田 達昭 勝亦 陽一 鈴木 康弘

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, pp.303-317, 2022 (Released:2022-05-12)

参考文献数

53

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The purpose of this study was to compare the age at which elite athletes started competition, and the age range for advanced athletic activities. The study included 914 athletes and candidate athletes (451 men aged 15-51 years and 463 women aged 14-55 years) who participated in the 2014 Incheon Asian Games. In addition, the study investigated the ages of 1,971 athletes and candidate athletes (992 men, 979 women) at previous Olympic Games (Athens 2004, Beijing 2008, London 2012, Rio 2016). The main results of the study were as follows. 1) There were significant differences among sports event categories in the age at which both male and female athletes started competition: scoring events (boys 6.8 ± 3.0 years, girls 7.3 ± 2.4 years), racket events (boys 7.2 ± 2.1 years, girls 6.4 ± 1.9 years), fighting events (boys 9.2 ± 4.9 years, girls 9.0 ± 4.0 years), ball games (boys 9.2 ± 4.9 years, girls 10.2 ± 4.1 years), record events (boys 12.3 ± 5.2 years, girls 13.5 ± 6.9 years), target events (boys 12.6 ± 6.4 years, girls 14.5 ± 7.7 years) and water events (boys 13.4 ± 3.9 years, girls 12.1 ± 3.9 years) (P <0.05). 2) There were significant differences among competition events in the period from the start of competition until participation in international competition and reaching a winning level in national competition: record events (6.7 ± 5.0 years) vs. ball games (9.6 ± 4.4 years) and scoring events (9.9 ± 4.2 years) for girls, target events (4.9 ± 2.2 years) and record events (6.7 ± 4.6 years old) showed lower values than scoring events (7.5 ± 3.9 years), fighting events (7.7 ± 4.1 years), racket events (8.2 ± 3.5 years) and ball games (8.7 ± 4.0 years) (P <0.05). 3) For both men and women, there were significant differences between competition systems in the age of participation in the Olympics: water events 28.4 ± 4.6 years, target events 30.3 ± 7.1 years and scoring events 31.1 ± 11.6 years for girls, scoring events 20.7 ± 3.3 years, racket events 23.6 ± 4.4 years, record events 24.2 ± 4.5 years. Compared with age, ball games 25.4 ± 4.4 years, fighting events 25.8 ± 3.6 years, water events 26.5 ± 4.8 years and target events 28.1 ± 6.3 years (P <0.05). The findings suggested that the age at which athletes started competition, the period from the start of competition until reaching top level, and the timing of participation in the Olympic Games may be affected by differences in competition type and gender.

著者

蔭山 雅洋 岩本 峰明 杉山 敬 水谷 未来 金久 博昭 前田 明

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.13014, (Released:2014-04-04)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

6 3

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The present study measured isometric muscular strength and mean power elicited by trunk twisting and trunk rotation during pitching in 28 university baseball pitchers aged 18-22 years. Based on the correlations among these measurements, the purpose of the study was to clarify 1) the influence of ball velocity on isometric muscular strength, trunk power output during the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) and trunk rotation during pitching and 2) the influence of augmentation which is an index of SSC elicited by trunk rotation on trunk rotation during pitching. We also determined mean power and augmentation during concentric (CT) and SSC rebound (RT) throws of medicine balls weighing 5 kg while twisting the trunk. Augmentation while throwing the medicine ball was positively correlated with ball velocity (r=0.619, p<0.01), and augmentation of the medicine ball was positively correlated with torso rotation velocity at 18-27% and at 46-75% (r=0.398-0.542, p<0.05), and trunk twist velocity at 60-66% (r=0.378-0.395, p<0.05) of the second phase (from stride foot contact to instant release of the ball) during the pitching motion. In addition, pitched ball velocity was positively correlated with the velocities of pelvic rotation at 37-78% (r=0.378-0.488, p<0.05), torso rotation at 46-87% (r=0.391-0.711, p<0.05) and trunk twist at 63-83% (r=0.375-0.499, p<0.05) during the second phase of the pitching motion. These results indicate that pitchers with a larger ball velocity can use SSC movement generated by twisting the trunk, which effectively increases trunk rotation from the first half to middle of the second phase, and they can also increase trunk rotation during the second phase.

著者

三上 純

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, pp.255-271, 2022 (Released:2022-05-03)

参考文献数

65

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The purpose of this study was to identify issues related to the treatment of sex/gender in studies on the effectiveness of athletic club activities, conducted by comparing individuals belonging and not belonging to athletic clubs, through a critical review of gender and sexuality perspective. The materials for this review, “studies on the effectiveness of athletic club activities”, were collected according to Imashuku et al. (2019). The present study was conducted with reference to previous work that had pointed out existing problems related to gender perspective. In addition, to clarify the perspective of this study, transition of the gender concept was summarized, along with a discussion of sexual diversity. The gender of the respondents in 149 articles was collected. Among them, 12 articles did not report the gender of the respondents (8.1%), 12 articles reported all-female samples (8.1%), 25 articles reported all-male samples (16.8%), 91 articles reported both female and male samples (61.1%), and 9 articles included “neither,” “blank,” or “no-answer” in addition to female and male samples in the analyses (6.0%). An asymmetric nature between the all-male samples and all-female samples was evident. Articles with all female samples stated the reasons for setting the participants, unlike those with all male participants. In articles that included both female and male participants in the analysis, it became clear that there were problems with analytical methods that ignored gender differences or assumed sex differences. In addition, there were problems with interpretation that left gender differences unaddressed or considered them in terms of sex-related traits. The present study also reviewed how sexual diversity can be masked due to research design, exclusion of “no-answer,” and non-consideration of minorities. Finally, using one article as the object to be considered, a concrete example of the significance of introducing a gender perspective was included. Through this review, it is argued that there is a need to re-examine “studies on the effectiveness of athletic club activities” from a gender perspective, and also for social construction of gender and sexual diversity in research design, analysis and discussion.

著者

大峰 光博

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.15109, (Released:2016-09-29)

参考文献数

28

被引用文献数

1

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The purpose of this study was to analyze problems related to the mechanism whereby students can accept corporal punishment during extracurricular sports activities with reference to the books Escape from Freedom and Man for Himself that were central to Erich Fromm's authority theory. Specifically, the author focused on the concepts of “authoritarian character,” “authoritarian ethics,” and “authoritarian conscience.” Fromm pointed out that anxiety prompted Germany's citizens to give up their freedom in order to obey authoritarian powers such as Hitler and the Nazis.  Students taking part in extracurricular sports activities were considered from the viewpoint of Fromm's authority theory. It was revealed that students comply with a leader's authority in order to relieve anxiety, and have positive thoughts about corporal punishment. Furthermore, it was found that such acceptance of corporal punishment succeeded in eliminating conspicuous suffering, but not in removing any underlying conflicts.  Fromm pointed that fear of anxiety was relieved by spontaneous activity. To achieve spontaneous activity by students, it was suggested that some form of measure that does not create the type of partnership that occurred between Germany's citizens and Hitler would be desirable for any relationship between the leader of extracurricular sports activities and the students.

著者

中村 敏雄 前川 峯雄 丹下 保夫 関 春南 早川 武彦

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.5, pp.17, 1967-07-05 (Released:2016-12-31)

著者

中本 浩揮 森 司朗

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.53, no.1, pp.39-50, 2008 (Released:2008-03-04)

参考文献数

35

被引用文献数

1 1

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between baseball expertise and movement correction efficiency in a coincidence timing task that included unexpected changes in target velocity. In particular, we focused on the rate of movement timing correction that is applied to counter unexpected change in the velocity of a moving target under given time constraints. The participants comprised baseball experts (n=11) and novices (n=11). The task was to manually press a button coinciding with the arrival of a moving target, running on a straight trackway. The target moved from one end of the trackway at a constant velocity, and its velocity was increased or decreased in some trials when it reached the other end of the track with a moving target velocity change (TAVC) from 100 to 300ms. The differences in the rate of movement timing correction between the two groups were more evident when the velocity decreased than when it increased. The rate of movement timing correction for the experts was significantly higher than that for the novices under the 100ms and 300ms TAVC conditions. These results indicate that baseball experts can correct movement timing more efficiently than novices when velocity decreases ; this suggests that efficient movement timing correction in response to an unexpected velocity change is one of the characteristics of baseball expertise.

著者

中澤 篤史

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.20128, (Released:2021-06-04)

著者

川戸 湧也 長谷川 悦示 木内 敦詞 梶田 和宏 中川 昭

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, pp.775-792, 2020 (Released:2020-11-18)

参考文献数

37

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The purpose of this study was to design and implement judo courses of physical education (PE) in higher education (HE) based on the ADDIE model and to validate the students’ outcomes and issues. The ADDIE model is part of the Instruction Design (ID) theory of educational technology. The subjects were 162 first-year undergraduate students (91 males: 71 females) attending judo courses in a designated sports university, and the lecturer who was responsible for instruction. Courses were implemented corresponding to each of the ‘analysis’, ‘design’, ‘development’, ‘implementation’ and ‘evaluation’ phases of the ADDIE model. In the analysis phase it was confirmed that the role of the course was to provide a PE teacher’s license. Therefore, the content was designed in accordance with the course of study for junior high and high schools. Considering the lesson time (a total of 50 minutes) in junior high and high schools, the time allocation for one lesson in the course was developed with an introductory 10-minute lesson followed by a 40-minute lesson each in the first and the second half. A learning notebook (learning portfolio) was also created in order to ensure the achievement of cognitive and emotional goals, and students were asked to describe their learning during each lesson. Course implementation was by the lecturer, based on systematic observational analysis of the teaching-learning process and self-reflection. Course evaluation was conducted based on the results of the systematic observational analysis, the distribution of student grades, and self-evaluation by students. Analysis of the teaching-learning process showed that the motor learning duration was sufficiently secured while the management duration was kept low. However, visualization of the teaching-learning process revealed that the initial planned time allocation was not realized. Through these results, the importance of a systematic observational analysis can also be recognized in the PEHE. The verification of the grades distribution and the students’ self-evaluation showed that the courses had the expected outcomes as a subject related to teacher’s qualification license. Furthermore, application of the ADDIE model in this judo course highlighted some critical issues, such as increasing students’ opportunities to teach each other, adjusting the learning environment through control of temperature and hydration, and creating special teaching materials for low-skilled students. Thus, in order to guarantee and improve the quality of PEHE, the authors propose an effective approach for course design and implementation that utilizes the ADDIE model.

著者

小田 伸午 森谷 敏夫 田口 貞善 松本 珠希 見正 冨美子

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.3, pp.255-262, 1991-12-01 (Released:2017-09-27)

被引用文献数

5 2

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The purpose of this study was to investigate tee-batting skills in relation to ground reaction forces. Eithteen batters tried seven swings on the force platform recording three-dimensional kinetic data. A video camera (60 fps) was used to measure ball velocity and swing velocity. The following results were obtnined. 1) A statistically significant correlation was observed between the swing velocity and the swing time. 2 Statistically significant correlations were observed between the swing velocity and the anteroposterior forces during backward swing phase, the mean power calculated from the anteroposterior force during forward swing phase. 3) Statistically significant correlations were obtained betwben the swing velocity, the ball velocity and the mediolateral distance of the CG of the body from the starting position during backward swing phase. 4) The swing velocity and the ball velocity significantly correlated with the mediolateral distance of the CG of the body between the starting phase and the impact phase. 5) Coefficient of variations (cv) of the vertical forces during backward swing phase and the mean power calculated from the vertical force significantly correlated with cv of the swing velocity. CV of the vertical power of the CG of the body significantly correlated with cv of the ball velocity. These findings suggest that the batter should move the body toward the opposite side of the ball and the anterior direction just before the starting phase of the forward swing to obtain the high swing velocity. The result also suggests that the batter should control the vertical movement during backward and forward swing to obtain the high reproducibility of batting.

著者

石河 利寛

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.1, pp.1-8, 1973-08-25 (Released:2017-09-27)

被引用文献数

2 2

著者

川村 卓 小池 関也 阿江 数通

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.17038, (Released:2019-02-05)

参考文献数

22

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This study examined the flow of energy in the right and left upper limbs of skilled baseball batters during the forward swing motion at different bat head speeds to obtain basic insights that would be useful for batting coaching. The subjects were 23 college baseball outfielders in university teams. The subjects were instructed to hit a ball toward the pitcher from a tee set at a mid-height position. Measurements were taken using 47 points on each subject’s body and 6 points on the bat for a total of 53 points, onto which reflective markers were attached. The 3D coordinates of each marker were measured using a 3D optical motion capture device (Vicon Motion Systems’ VICONMX, 12 cameras, 250 Hz). The variables in the kinetics of each hand were measured using a force detection sensor bat (1000 Hz). The subjects were separated into a faster group of 36.8±0.8 m/s and a slower group of 34.7±1.1 m/s for analysis. In terms of energy transmission, the data revealed that the faster group, in addition to showing additional torque on the knob side shoulder joints, were able to transmit more mechanical energy from the knob side shoulder joints to the end of the upper limbs than the slower group, and that this might be related to an efficient bat head speed. In addition, the faster group showed an increased positive torque power, and transmitted greater mechanical energy to the bat from the hand region. In other words, to prevent mechanical energy from being absorbed while adjusting the bat trajectory near the time of impact, skilled bat control involving movement of the hand joints appeared to determine the bat head speed.

著者

末木 新

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.2, pp.595-604, 2018-12-10 (Released:2018-12-20)

参考文献数

19

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In high school baseball games, choosing when to bat influences the likelihood of winning, teams batting second having a significantly higher winning percentage. Three hypotheses can be considered for explaining this trend: the weaker school chooses to bat first (Hypothesis 1), an additional strategy change can favor the team that bats second (Hypothesis 2), and a tied score in a later innings favors the team that bats second (Hypothesis 3). However, to our knowledge, no study has directly tested these hypotheses. Therefore, we analyzed data for all 972 games of the Japan national high school baseball championship tournaments between 1996 and 2015, and the following 5 results were obtained. There was a trend in past Koshien tournaments for weaker schools to bat first when playing against stronger schools (52.8 percent, P = 0.091). The winning percentage for the former was 35.5%, which was significantly lower (P <0.001) than the chance level (50%). In addition, the winning percentage for batting first in games between schools with similar levels of past performance was 44.7%, which was significantly lower (P = 0.025) than the chance level (50%). In games between schools with similar levels of past performance, the winning percentage varied for teams batting first when the bottom half of each inning ended in a tie. In games in which teams were tied at the end of the 6th and 7th innings, the winning percentage of the team batting first was significantly lower (36.0%, P = 0.033; 34.0%, P = 0.016). In other words, Hypothesis 3 was supported, Hypothesis 1 was partially supported, but Hypothesis 2 was not supported. These findings indicate that the higher winning percentage for batting second is attributable to the fact that the weaker school regards itself as inferior to its opponent and therefore chooses to bat first (i.e., the weaker school chooses to bat first) and that the psychological pressure faced when batting first versus batting second differs when there is a tie in the later innings (i.e., a tied score in later innings favors the team that bats second).

著者

松尾 知之 平野 裕一 川村 卓

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.55, no.2, pp.343-362, 2010 (Released:2010-12-28)

参考文献数

43

被引用文献数

4 2

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The purposes of this study were to elicit experiential knowledge from expert baseball pitchers and baseball coaches, to elucidate key coaching points related to movement in baseball pitching, to classify them into categories, and to investigate any commonality among them. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with four former Japanese professional baseball pitchers and seven expert high-performance (national level) Japanese baseball coaches. Each interviewee was requested to comment on the pitching of 25 amateur baseball pitchers (11 junior high school, 8 high school, and 6 collegiate baseball pitchers), which had been videotaped beforehand. The comments were recorded, dictated literally, and divided into segments on the basis of meaning unit. Based on the properties of the various meaning units, some were gathered and classified into categories. For this process, we conducted a member check and triangulation to improve reliability and validity. We extracted 3283 units and classified them into 14 general categories and 71 specific categories. The most frequent category was “trunk open and quick turn during the stride and arm cocking phases”. However, this accounted for only 5.5% of the total meaning units. The next most frequent categories were “weighting on the pivot foot in the balanced position and during the stride phase” (4.7%) and “the throwing arm movement during the stride phase” (4.6%). The contents of all categories covered various aspects of movement. Among the relatively frequent categories, a few elicited the same opinion among the interviewees, but some had different opinions even about the same pitcher. These results suggest that there is a diversity of coaching points among coaches, and that it is important to know the categories that are determinative and those that should be chosen selectively.

著者

川原 布紗子 吉田 拓矢 野中 愛里 谷川 聡

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.66, pp.77-90, 2021 (Released:2021-02-13)

参考文献数

35

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of decision making under a light stimulus on movement during a change of direction (COD). Twelve male soccer players performed 2 types of lightbased backward agility test (BAT): normal condition and pre-planned condition (BAT-PP). Their motions were videotaped using 2 high-speed cameras operating at 300 Hz for three-dimensional motion analysis. The time, step parameter, and each kinematic variable were compared to determine the differences between the BAT and BATPP. The results showed that the times for 5–13 m and 0–13 m in the BAT were slower than those in the BAT-PP. The velocity of the center of gravity at the lowest point of the velocity in the BAT was lower than that in the BATPP. During the pre-COD phase, the body inward lean angle, shoulder rotation angle, and pelvis rotation angle were all smaller in the BAT than in the BAT-PP. At the COD foot contact, foot placement in the left-right direction was shorter and knee flexion was greater in the BAT than in the BAT-PP. Furthermore, hip flexion during the deceleration phase, and shoulder and pelvis rotation during the acceleration phase were larger in the BAT than in the BAT-PP. Overall, these results may indicate that players who performed the BAT were required to maintain a posture that allowed them to turn to the left or right until the presentation of the light stimulus; therefore, their bodies were upright, and their trunks were facing the direction of approach before COD. Moreover, the knee joint flexed with a short distance to the left of the COD foot placement, the velocity of the center of gravity decreased with hip flexion, and the trunk rotated significantly to a new direction in the BAT.

著者

山口 志郎 押見 大地 福原 崇之

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.1, pp.13-32, 2018-06-10 (Released:2018-06-20)

参考文献数

121

被引用文献数

12 2

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Japan will host the 2019 Rugby World Cup, the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games, and the 2021 Kansai World Masters Games. To ensure the success of these events, understanding each event’s impact is extremely important for governments and organizing bodies. However, the structure and influencing factors of event impact are poorly understood in Japan, despite research on event impacts conducted previously in western countries. Additionally, no previous studies in Japan have ever attempted to review and evaluate the literature on event impact. The present study reviewed the literature on the impact of sporting events. Event impact in a sports context can be divided into 3 categories based on the Triple Bottom Line approach (Fredline et al., 2005), namely (1) the economic impact, (2) the social impact, and (3) the environmental impact. For our systematic review, data were selected through electronic searches of several computer databases (SPORT Discus with Full Text, Science Direct, CiNii, and Google Scholar). Based on the studies by Deery and Jago (2010) and Deery et al. (2012), this review focused on 3 aspects: 1) the construct of impacts, 2) the theoretical approach, 3) methodology and 4) the relationship with other constructs. The main conclusions were as follows. First, with regard to economic impact, positive impacts included effects on employment, infrastructure that helped in development and improvement, and increased investment. However, negative impacts were also confirmed, including price increases, construction costs, crowds, and social issues. Second, with regard to social impact, positive impacts mainly included cultural development, awareness and image improvement, new opportunities, increased interest in different cultures, and so on. Negative impacts included increased traffic jams, rising crime rates, and an increase in prostitution. Third, with regard to environmental impact, positive impacts included motivation for conserving the environment and historical buildings, promotion of environmental education, conservation of resources and ecosystems, and environmental improvement for sustainable development. Negative impacts included the destruction of the environment. This research has highlighted practical implications and areas for future study for the development of event impact in Japan.

著者

冨永 哲志 土屋 裕睦 豊田 則成

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.65, pp.723-740, 2020

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Using a qualitative approach, the present study of college soccer players (N=9) was conducted to clarify the psychological impact of scoring or losing points in additional time (AT). The participants had all played in official games in which their teams had scored or lost points in AT. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect narrative data, which were then analyzed by applying the Modified Grounded Theory Approach. The results suggested that before points had been scored or lost in AT, the players were in an unstable psychological state as they reached their mental and physical limits, and used emotion to evaluate their situational superiority or inferiority. In the case of scoring points, this situation created an intensified urge to become aggressive in order to maintain the team's superiority, encouraging the players to attack more strongly. On the other hand, in the case of losing points, this situation triggered an impulsive urge to defend excessively and become passive, trying to defend the goal further while becoming subordinate to the opposing team. Based on the major findings of this research, 3 points were discussed: 1) the psychological state before scoring or losing points in AT, 2) the psychological state when scoring or losing points in AT, and 3) the metamotivational state of players in AT.

著者

舩先 康平 白井 克佳 岡田 幸彦

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.21072, (Released:2021-11-24)

著者

林 陵平 苅山 靖 吉田 拓矢 図子 浩二

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.2, pp.575-587, 2016 (Released:2016-12-14)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

3

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The purpose of this study was to identify the ground reaction force and joint kinetics in the lower extremity during the catch phase of the clean exercise through comparison with the pull phase. Eleven male track and field athletes performed the power clean from the floor with loads of 30%, 60%, and 90% of 1RM (One Repetition Maximum). Kinetic data were collected from data recorded using a Vicon motion system (250 Hz) and force platforms (1,000 Hz). The results of the analyses were as follows:  1) In the catch phase, force development was similar to that of the pull phase because the peak ground reaction force was not significant during the 2 phases.  2) The joint kinetics in the ankle and knee joints were larger during the catch phase than during the pull phase.  3) During the power clean, force development was achieved mainly by concentric muscle contraction during the pull phase and by eccentric muscle contraction during the catch phase.  4) The ground reaction force and joint kinetics were significantly different during the catch phase.  These results show the differences in load characteristics in the lower extremity between the pull and catch phases during clean exercise. Therefore, not only the pull phase but also the catch phase should be considered when performing the clean exercise in weight training.

著者

劉 暢

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.63, no.1, pp.251-264, 2018-06-10 (Released:2018-06-20)

参考文献数

41

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The present study investigated the historical transition in the shape of the character “武”, which appears in both Japanese budo (武道) and Chinese martial arts (武術). A review of related studies conducted in Japan and China revealed that previous studies had focused mainly on the original shape and original meaning of “武”and transitions in its usage. Therefore this study can be considered to complement previous research on the character “武”. The study mainly analyzed the shape of“武”in Jia Gu Wen (inscriptions on animal bones and tortoise carapaces, 甲骨文), Jin Wen (inscriptions on ancient bronze objects, 金文), seal script (篆書), the Chu character (楚 文字), clerical script (隷書) , and regular script (楷書) through carved stones, tombstones, bamboo slips and other related material. The main results were as follows. ・ The earliest representation of “武”in Jia Gu Wen appeared in the Wu Ding (武丁) period (1250 BC), while the earliest “武” in Jin Wen appeared in the Di Xin (帝辛) period (1075―1046 BC). In both Jia Gu Wen and Jin Wen, the character “武” consists of 2 parts: “戈” and “止”. In Jia Gu Wen, the “戈” part is located above “止”, whereas in Jin Wen “戈” is located on the right upper side of “止”. ・ From seal script to clerical script, the character “武” changed to a great extent. Such a change is referred to as clericalization (隷変). Therefore, the Chu character, which was written on a bamboo slip by hand around the Zhan Guo period (475―221 BC), was used to identify the consistent shape of the character of “武”. Specifically, most of the curve stroke of “止” and “戈” became a straight line and the third stroke of “戈” dwindled, while the positions of “止” and “戈” were slightly changed. ・ From clerical script to regular script, the character “武” changed further, especially in the “戈” component. Specifically, the second stroke of “武” changed from curved to straight. Another change was that the 1st and 7th strokes in “武” became separated from each other. Chinese martial arts began to exhibit an atheistic aspect from the Tang dynasty (618―907). The changes that appear in regular script for “武” shows fading of the recognition that “武” is made up of “止” and “戈”, as well as that “戈” represents “weapon” or “combat”. These are considered the reasons why the shape of “武” changed after the Tang dynasty.

著者

安永 明智 谷口 幸一 徳永 幹雄

出版者

一般社団法人 日本体育・スポーツ・健康学会

雑誌

体育学研究 (ISSN:04846710)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.2, pp.173-183, 2002-03-10 (Released:2017-09-27)

被引用文献数

9 6

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本研究では,地域の高齢者209名を対象に,QOLの重要な構成要素である主観的幸福感に運動習慣が及ぼす影響について,心理社会的変数を加えて,その関係性を明らかにしていくことが目的であった.以下のような結果が得られた.1)運動習慣は,特に後期高齢者において,社会的自立因子,健康度自己評価,家族サポート,主観的幸福感で有意に肯定的な影響を及ぼすこと.2)運動習慣はADLを維持すること,そしてADLを維持していくことは,健康度自己評価やソーシャルサポートを高め,そのことが主観的幸福感に影響すること.3)これらの結果から,運動習慣が主観的幸福感に及ぼす影響は,ADLやソーシャルサポート,健康度自己評価を通した間接的な影響であることが推察された.なお,本研究は,地方小都市である一地域を対象に実施したものである.したがって,地域的なバイアスが諸変数に及ぼす影響も考えられる.今後,都市部などを含んだ様々な地域を対象に同様な調査を繰り返し,共通性を明らかにしていく必要があるであろう.また,横断的な分析であるために,因果関係までは言及することができなかった.今後は,縦断的な調査方法を用いて,因果関係を明らかにしていくことを課題としたい.